 | |
 Thailand |  United States |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Royal Thai Embassy, Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the United States, Bangkok |
| Envoy | |
| AmbassdorSuriya Chindawongse | AmbassdorRobert F. Godec |
Bilateral relations betweenThailand and theUnited States date back to 1818. The two nations have long been close allies and diplomatic partners.
According to a 2012Gallup public opinion poll, 60% ofThais approved of U.S. leadership, while 14% disapproved.[1] As of 2013, there were 7,314international students of Thai origin studying in the United States, accounting for 0.9 percent of all foreigners pursuing higher education in America.[2]
The first recorded contact between Thailand (then known asSiam) and the United States occurred in 1818, when an American ship captain visited the country bearing a letter from PresidentJames Monroe.[3]Chang and Eng Bunker, the originalSiamese twins, were brought to the United States in the early 1830s.
In 1832, PresidentAndrew Jackson sent his envoyEdmund Roberts on theUSSPeacock to the court of Siam.[4] Roberts signed aTreaty of Amity and Commerce on March 20, 1833, withChao Phraya Phraklang Prayurawongse representing KingNangklao (Rama III).[5] Naval surgeonWilliam Ruschenberger accompanied the return mission for exchange of ratifications. His account and that of Mr. Roberts were collected, edited, and re-published asTwo Yankee Diplomats in 1830s Siam.[6] Thailand is thus the first Asian nation to have made a formal diplomatic agreement with the United States,eleven years before theGreat Qing andtwenty-one years beforeTokugawa Japan. This was affirmed in 2008 by Prime MinisterSamak Sundaravej, who met PresidentGeorge W. Bush "on the auspicious occasion of the celebration of 175th anniversary" of Thai–American relations.[7]
In 1983, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of relations, it was revealed that President Jackson had given Nangklao a gold sword with designs of an elephant and an eagle chased on a gold handle.[8] The king was also presented aproof set of American coins, which included the "King of Siam"1804 dollar struck in 1834. The set, minus a Jackson gold medal, was purchased for a record $8.5 million by Steven L. Contursi on November 1, 2005, from an anonymous owner described as "a West Coast business executive", who purchased it for over $4 million four years before.[9]
In May 1856,Townsend Harris, a representative of PresidentFranklin Pierce, negotiated a modified treaty with representatives ofKing Mongkut (Rama IV) that granted Americans additionalextraterritorial rights. Stephen Mattoon, an American missionary who acted as Harris's translator, was appointed the first United Statesconsul to Siam.[10][11]
During the presidency ofJames Buchanan, Mongkut, after receiving presents from the United States, offered elephants for breeding stock in return. The offer was received by PresidentAbraham Lincoln, who courteously declined. This was dramatized inRodgers and Hammerstein's playThe King and I, which mentions in passing that the King planned to send war elephants to assist Lincoln in his"Great War".[12]
Following the death of General Advisor in Foreign AffairsGustave Rolin-Jaequemyns in 1902, Phya Suriyanuwat, the Siamese Minister in Paris, was instructed to find a replacement. Phya Suriya was unable to find a suitable candidate in Europe, and notified Phya Akaraj Varathon, the Siamese Minister in Washington, that under the circumstances, he had decided to engage an American. In 1903, former US diplomatEdward Henry Strobel took a leave of absence from his position as theBemis Professor of International Law atHarvard School of Law to represent the Kingdom of Siam inThe Hague at theInternational Peace Court—which Rolin-Jaequemyns had been instrumental in founding. In 1906, Strobel moved to Bangkok to take the position of general advisor, where he died January 15, 1908. Among his successors wereJens Westengard (1909–1914), Wolcott Pitkin (1915–1917), Eldon James, andFrancis B. Sayre—all but for Pitkin former Harvard law professors. "The Siamese government trusted the American Adviser in Foreign Affairs to act in the best interests of Siam. Authority and responsibility were delegated to him. He was permitted a considerable degree of freedom in his work. It was in his capacity as a lawyer, a jurist, an advocate, and a policy counselor that the American adviser contributed significantly to the successful conclusion of the treaty negotiations with the West. The first U.S. White House state dinner of the twentieth century, and just the second White House state dinner ever, occurred in April of 1931, while King Prajadhipok was visiting America in order to get eye surgery. "[13] An agreement on relations between the two countries was signed in Washington, D.C., on December 16, 1920.[14]
During the 1940s, theImperial Japanese Army invaded Thailand and Malaya. Thailand resisted landings on its territory for about 5 to 8 hours; it then signed a ceasefire and a Treaty of Friendship with Japan, later declaring war on the UK and the USA. The Japanese then proceeded overland across the Thai–Malayan border to attack Malaya. At this time, the Japanese beganbombing Singapore.[15]
In 1954, Thailand joined theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to become an active ally of the United States in theCold War in Asia. In 1962, came theThanat–Rusk communiqué in which the U.S. promised to defend Thailand and fund its military.[16][17]
SinceWorld War II, the United States and Thailand have developed close relations, as reflected in several bilateral treaties and by both countries' participation in UN multilateral activities and agreements. The principal bilateral arrangement is the1966 Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations, which facilitates U.S. and Thai companies' economic access to one another's markets. Other important agreements address civil uses of atomic energy, sales of agricultural commodities, investment guarantees, and military and economic assistance.
In June 2004 the United States and Thailand initiatednegotiations on a free trade agreement which, when concluded, will reduce and eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the two countries. These negotiations were placed on hold following the dissolution of the Thai parliament in February 2006 and the subsequent coup in September. The new military government issuedcompulsory licenses for several anti-HIV drugs, effectively ending the FTA negotiations.[18] According toThitinan Pongsudhirak, a political science professor atChulalongkorn University, this has put bilateral relations on a "back burner".[18]
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On 22 May 2014, theRoyal Thai Armed Forces, led by GeneralPrayut Chan-o-cha,Commander of theRoyal Thai Army (RTA), launched acoup d'état against thecaretaker government of Thailand, following six months ofpolitical crisis. US Secretary of StateJohn Kerry issued a statement condemning the coup, saying that he was "disappointed" by the army's decision and "this act will have negative implications for the U.S.–Thai relationship, especially for our relationship with the Thai military".[19]
In 2022, Thailand and the US signed a communique on "strategic alliance and partnership".[20] After 6 April 2022[21] to 13 August 2024[22]Suvarnabhumi Airport nothingNon-stop flight to America
In 2025,Suvarnabhumi Airport had ThreeDirect flight and oneNon-stop flight to America. One wasQantas Freight viaShanghai Pudong International Airport toTed Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Another wasSingapore Airlines Cargo viaIncheon International Airport toCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport[23][24] andAeroLogicNon-stop flight toTed Stevens Anchorage International Airport[25]
In April 2025,United Airlines had a flight to Suvarnabhumi Airport viaHong Kong International Airport fromLos Angeles International Airport.[26][failed verification] Flights had been suspended following a downgrade in Thailand's safety category by theFederal Aviation Administration in 2015, from Category 1 to Category 2.[27]
Thai Airways previously operated flights fromSuvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok toLos Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles andJohn F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.[28]United Airlines previously operated flights fromLos Angeles International Airport, viaNarita International Airport toSuvarnabhumi Airport inflight UA891, fromO'Hare International Airport viaNarita International Airport toSuvarnabhumi Airport inflight UA881, and fromSan Francisco International Airport viaNarita International Airport toSuvarnabhumi Airport inflight UA837.Northwest Airlines previously operated flights fromDaniel K. Inouye International Airport viaNarita International Airport toSuvarnabhumi Airport inflight NW21 & NW 27.[citation needed]
On 8 April 2025, Dr. Paul Chambers, a U.S. citizen, was arrested in Thailand onlèse majesté charges and the Computer Crimes Act.[29]
According toStratfor, "Bangkok's support could prove pivotal for the United States in the years to come, as it presses war against militant Islamic groups in the region and prepares for the expansion of Chinese power".[30] According to Crispin, however, it is "clear that Thailand fails to share the US's threat perception of China's rapid regional rise", trying to maintain strong relations with both the United States and China.[31]
In the words of one analyst, "Despite being both a bilateral and multilateral US treaty ally, as well as holding major non-NATO status, Thailand has hardly factored into Washington's regional strategy." Since the Thai military coup in 2014 China has become Thailand's leading trading partner and its second largest source of foreign investment. Thailand's military budget forFY2017 includes the purchase of at least one Chinese submarine and Chinese armoured vehicles. China's premier became the first foreign national ever to address Thailand's parliament. Joint naval and marine exercises have been added to Sino-Thai army drills begun under Prime Minister Thaksin.[32]
On February 28, 2025, theU.S. Embassy in Bangkok issued a security alert following Thailand’sdeportation of 40 Uyghurs to China, citing past incidents where similar actions led to violent retaliation. A 2015 deportation of 100 Uyghurs was linked to a deadly bombing at a Bangkok shrine. The Japanese embassy also issued a warning, while Thai authorities did not immediately comment.[33] In March 2025, the U.S. put visa restriction on current and former Thai officials concerning the deportations.[34][35]
The United States and Thailand are among the signatories of the 1954 Manila pact of the former SEATO. Article IV(1) of this treaty provides that, in the event of armed attack in the treaty area (which includes Thailand), each member would "act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes." Despite the dissolution of the SEATO in 1977, the Manila Pact remains in force and, together with the Thanat–Rusk communiqué of 1962, constitutes the basis of U.S. security commitments to Thailand. Thailand continues to be a key security ally in Asia, along with Australia, Japan, the Philippines, and South Korea. In December 2003, Thailand was designated amajor non-NATO ally (MNNA).
Thailand has received U.S. military equipment, essential supplies, training, and assistance in the construction and improvement of facilities and installations for much of the period since 1950. The United States supplies sophisticated weapons systems to Thailand, which Thailand has at times used for domestic suppression.[36] Over recent decades, U.S. security assistance included military training programs carried out in the United States and elsewhere. A smallU.S. military advisory group in Thailand oversaw the delivery of equipment to theRoyal Thai Armed Forces and the training of Thai military personnel in its use and maintenance. Funding for the International Military Education and Training and the Foreign Military Financing programs, along with selected other programs totaling US$29 million, was suspended following theSeptember 19, 2006 coup d'état in Thailand. As part of their mutual defense cooperation over the last decade, Thailand and the United States have developed a vigorous joint military exercise program, which engages all the services of each nation and averages 40 joint exercises per year.
Thailand'sU-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield SupportAirbus 380 is currently the "only facility in Southeast Asia capable of supporting large-scale logistical operations".[31] Thailand has allowed the US to use U-Tapao to land and refuel after traveling across thePacific Ocean on the way to US operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[31]
Thailand remains a trafficking route for narcotics from the Golden Triangle—the intersection of Burma, Laos, and Thailand—to both the domestic Thai and international markets. The large-scale production and shipment ofopium andheroin shipments from Burma of previous years have largely been replaced by widespread smuggling ofmethamphetamine tablets (ya ba), although heroin seizures along the border continue to take place with some frequency. The United States and Thailand work closely together and with the United Nations on a broad range of programs to halt illicit drug trafficking and use and other criminal activity. The U.S. supports theInternational Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Bangkok, which provides counter-narcotics and anti-crime capacity-building programs to law enforcement and judicial officials from a number of regional countries.
According toBarry McCaffrey, a US four-star general, "the excellent U.S.-Thai counter-narcotics relationship has been an enormous success and stimulus for greater regional cooperation".[37]
Thailand has been important to the USwar on terror, "providing access to military facilities, sharing information on the movements of terrorist organizations and suspected terrorists, offering military engineering and medical personnel to support reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan".[38] The most visible element of this cooperation was a joint operation between the CIA and Thai police which capturedRiduan Isamuddin (better known by hisnom de guerre, Hambali) in 2003.[31]
According to Shawn Crispin, theAsia Times Southeast Asia editor, Thailand represents one of the U.S.'s "once strong, now strained bilateral alliances".[39] Crispin surmises that the long history of bilateral cooperation and Thai fears of China's rise enabled Bush to have "his way with Thailand".[39] The US war on terror combined withThailand's southern Islamic insurgency has created tension, particularly with Thailand'sPeople's Alliance for Democracy (PAD).[39] The U.S. has pressured and enabled Thailand to crack down on the insurgency with more proactive military force.[40]
In 2008, Thai courts refused to turn over Jamshid Ghassemi, an Iranian national accused of missile parts smuggling to the US, the "first-ever failed extradition" between Thailand and the US.[31] US-Thai friction also increased when Thailand refused to quickly extradite Russian arms dealerViktor Bout, according to Crispin, signalling that "Washington is slowly but surely losing influence over its long time strategic ally".[31] Crispin viewed it as "no doubt significant" that Secretary of StateHillary Clinton chose to visit Indonesia, but not Thailand, on her first trip to Southeast Asia.[31]
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Economic assistance has been extended in various fields, including rural development, health, family planning, education, and science and technology. The formalU.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) program ended in 1995. However, there are a number of targeted assistance programs which continue in areas of mutually defined importance, including: health and HIV/AIDS programming; refugee assistance; and trafficking in persons. The U.S.Peace Corps in Thailand has approximately 100 volunteers, focused on primary education, with an integrated program involving teacher training, health education, and environmental education.
The United States is Thailand's third largest trading partner after Japan and China. In 2006 merchandise imports from Thailand totaled US$22.5 billion, and merchandise exports totalled US$8.2 billion. The U.S., Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and the European Union are among Thailand's largest foreign investors. American investment, concentrated in the petroleum and chemicals, finance, consumer products, and automobile production sectors, is estimated at US$21 billion.
As of 2021, "Thailand remains on the US Trade Representative's (USTR) watch list (WL) as it attempts to suppress intellectual property (IP) violations and online piracy", according toBangkok Post.[41]
The US, under theSecond Trump administration, plans to restrict its AI chip shipments to Thailand over Chinese smuggling concerns in July 2025.[42][43] That same month, the US threatened Thailand to impose 36% tariffs on all Thai imports. In response, Thailand proposed cutting tariffs to zero on many US imports to prevent high tariffs on its products.[44]
Since the 1980s,US farm subsidies for rice, along with copyright and patent issues, have constituted the "major problems in U.S.-Thai trade ties".[45] The rice subsidy was one of the primary obstacles to the negotiation of a bilateral FTA.[46] Approximately two-thirds of Thailand's population are rice farmers, and the U.S. subsidy "severely strains U.S.-Thai relations as Bangkok finds itself unable to explain the income lost to its 35 million rice farmers".[45] USDA-funded research to produce variants ofJasmine rice capable of growing in the US are viewed asbiopiracy by many Thai rice farmers.[47] In 2005, Thai rice farmers gathered outside the US embassy to chant a "traditional ritual to bring misfortune to enemies".[47] Farmer protests also occurred outside the US embassy during the2001 WTO ministerial meeting in Doha.[48]
Thai officials "sharply criticized" theFarm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, and retaliated by joining twoWTO dispute resolution cases against the US: one againstanti-dumping subsidy offsets, and theShrimp-Turtle Case.[49] According toOxfam, the US spends US$1.3 billion on rice subsidies annually for a crop that costs US$1.8 billion to grow, allowing the US to become the second largest global rice exporter (after Thailand) anddump rice at 34 percent below the cost of production.[47] Following the election of Obama and the2008 financial crisis, there were Thai fears of renewed US protectionism.[39]
The U.S. maintains an embassy in Bangkok, one of the largest in the world, and aconsulate in the northern city of Chiang Mai. Thailand maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officers were, in 2024:[50]
TheCIA reportedly operated a "black site" in Thailand where terrorist suspects were interrogated and tortured, prior to incarceration atGuantanamo Bay Detention Camp. It is referred to as a "black site" as its existence is not acknowledged by the US government. Every Thai government since 2002 has also denied its existence.[51] The site has been variously referred to as "Detention Site Green"[52] and "Cat's Eye".[53] Its whereabouts has remained secret despite media efforts to uncover its location.[51] Some experts believe it was at a US installation inUdon Thani Province.[54] Some say it was at an air base southeast of Bangkok used by US forces as a refueling hub for flights to Afghanistan. Others point to a section of Bangkok'sDon Mueang International Airport controlled by theRoyal Thai Air Force.[55] The site was reportedly closed down in December 2002.[55]
1833. Convention of amity and commerce. concluded March 30, 1833; ratification advised by the Senate June 30, 1834; ratified by the President; ratifications exchanged April 14, 1836; proclaimed June 24, 1837. (Treaties and conventions, 1889. p. 992.) (The provisions of this treaty were modified by the Treaty of 1856.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Archived by WebCite®
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Both original letters still exist today in archives.
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.
Background Notes are no longer being updated or produced. They are being replaced with Fact Sheets focusing on U.S. relations with countries and other areas and providing links to additional resources.
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