Honorifics are a class ofwords or grammaticalmorphemes that encode a wide variety of social relationships between interlocutors or between interlocutors and referents.^[1] Honorific phenomena inThai include honorificregisters, honorificpronominals, and honorificparticles.

Thai honorifics date back to theSukhothai Kingdom, a period which lasted from 1238 to 1420 CE.^[2] During the Sukhothai period, honorifics appeared in the form ofkinship terms.^[3] The Sukhothai period also saw the introduction of manyKhmer andPali loanwords to Thai.

Later, in theAyutthaya Kingdom (1351 to 1767 CE), a new form of honorific speech evolved. While kinship terms continued to be used, a royalvocabulary known as "raja-sap" (Thai:ราชาศัพท์;RTGS: Rachasap, also speltrajasap andratchasap) emerged.^[4]Raja-sap, an honorific register, was created as a way for commoners and aristocrats alike to talk to and about theking of Thailand. Soon after its creation, the use of royal vocabulary was extended to address all members of the royal family as well as aristocrats. At the same time, aclerical vocabulary used to talk to or about monks arose, very similar to the raja-sap. With the development of royal and clerical vocabularies, means for honorific speech increased significantly.

TheBangkok period saw even greater expansion of theraja-sap as it became the formal, or polite, way to address all peoples or topics. Specifically,lexical items from honorific registers replaced native Thaipronouns, resulting in an entirely new set of pronominal forms. Kinship terms continued to be used as honorifics, and a new type of honorific emerged as well, polite particles.

Following theSiamese revolution of 1932,raja-sap fell out of daily use in Thailand.^[5] By the end of World War II, popular media used the most informal term for the king,nai luang.^[5] In the 1960s,raja-sap was revived by royalists as an anchor for the Thai monarchy, alongside court customs like mandatory prostration to the royal family, which had officially ended during the reign ofChulalongkorn.^[5]

The roots of Thai honorific registers lie in Khmer and Khmer-Indic (Pali orSanskrit words borrowed first into Khmer, then from Khmer into Thai)loanwords.^[2] Khmer and Khmero-Indic words were originally borrowed into Thai by an educated, Thai upper class, specifically kings and monks, in order to discussBuddhism. When the need for honorific registers arose, the Thai people turned again to Khmer. Borrowing heavily from Khmer, the Thai constructed a royal vocabulary, a largelexicon of Khmer and Khmero-Indic words, appropriate for addressing the monarchy. At the same time, a clerical vocabulary emerged, much smaller but similar in function and origin to the royal vocabulary. The clerical vocabulary, also composed mainly of borrowings from Khmer, enabled the common people to communicate with and about monks. Lexical items from standard Thai, royal vocabulary, and clerical vocabulary are shown side by side in the table below:

Thai exhibitspronoun avoidance, often using kinship or status terms instead, particularly for social equals or superiors.^[6]

Personal pronouns are the most numerous and complex of pronominal forms in Thai. Personal pronouns may make the followingsemantic distinctions:^[7]

1. Number: singular, plural, ambiguous
2. Person: first person, second person, third person, ambivalent
3. Gender
   1. Primary distinctions are distinctions of gender that are inherent to pronouns: male, female
   2. Secondary distinctions are distinctions of gender that depend on the presence or absence of other semantic features like status, intimacy, or non-restraint: male orientation, female orientation, neutral orientation
4. Age: absolute, relative
5. Speaker-addressee-referent relationship
   1. Primary distinctions
      1. Status-the status of the speaker relative to an addressee or referent. Status may be determined by relative age (elders have higher status), rank (king>royalty>monks>government and military>professionals>white collar>blue collar), or non-intimacy (strangers are treated as at least equals)
      2. Intimacy - the kind and degree of close, day-by-day association
      3. Non-restraint
   2. Secondary distinctions
      1. Deference
      2. Politeness
      3. Assertiveness

Kinship terms are used pronominally to elevate or demonstrate solidarity with an addressee.^[2] To address a listener as kin is, in effect, to confer the listener with the same status as the aforementioned kin. Generally, kinship terms contain both literal and displaced meanings.^[7] Kinship terms are considered literal in cases of blood kin,affinal kin, andteknonymy. They are considered displaced when used with kinlike individuals: intimate friends of kin or kin of intimate friends. When using kinship terms, age is critical.^[2] Speakers must estimate the age of an addressee to determine his or her generation and choose an appropriate kinship term. Kinship terms commonly used as honorific pronominals are summarized in the table below.^[8]

Speakers may demonstrate additional respect by adding the polite titlekhun (คุณ) before any kinship term. Kinship terms are commonly followed by personal names or nicknames.

Status terms denote referents in terms of occupation or status.^[2] While some status terms are used as first, second, or third person pronouns, others are restricted to second and third person only. Many pronominal status terms are preceded by titles. Status terms may also be used as titles before given names.^[3] A few status terms frequently used aspronominals are presented in the table below:^[8]

In Thai, a person's full name consists of agiven name followed by asurname orfamily name.^[7] In addition, most individuals have a nickname. As pronominals, given names are used most frequently in second person form. Given names are often preceded by the courtesy titlekhun when addressing friends or acquaintances. Given names are sometimes truncated to convey mild informality. Nicknames, like given names, are used most often in second person. They generally do not take titles. Nicknames are a friendly, affectionate way to show intimacy between interlocuters.

Honorific particles are added to the end of anutterance orclause to show respect to the addressee.^[9] Honorific particles may exhibit the following semantic distinctions:

1. Gender: male, female, neutral
2. Status: superior, equal, inferior
3. Social mood: a continuum ranging from formal at one end to extremely intimate at the other
4. Illocutionary force: affirmative, imperative, interrogative

Polite particles are not used in conjunction with honorific registers or in written language.^[2] Commonly used polite particles^[8] are summarized in the table below.

Thanphuying (ท่านผู้หญิง/tʰâːnpʰûːjǐŋ/) andkhunying (คุณหญิง/kʰūnjǐŋ/) were originally titles for wives of nobles ofchaophraya andphraya rank, respectively. Today they are used as titles for married female recipients of theOrder of Chula Chom Klao. Those of the rank Dame Grand Commander and above use the titlethanphuying, while others usekhunying. Unmarried recipients use the titlekhun, which is the same word as§ Khun (courtesy title) below.

Khun (คุณ/kʰūn/), acourtesy title pronounced with a midtone, should not be confused with the noble title ofkhun (ขุน/kʰǔn/, pronounced in a rising tone). Today, this word is used informally to courteously address nearly anyone.^[10]

• Honorifics by country
• Thai language
• Culture of Thailand

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