| Texan Silesian | |
|---|---|
| teksasko gwara | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Panna Maria,Texas |
| Ethnicity | Silesian Americans inTexas |
Native speakers | less than 96 (in 2000)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | sile1253 |
| Linguasphere | 53-AAA-cck,53-AAA-dam |
| IETF | szl-u-sd-ustx |
Texan Silesian[a] is asubdialect of theSilesian ethnolect used by descendants of immigrantSilesians inAmerican settlements from 1852[1] to the present. The speakers of the dialect came to America from the area ofPłużnica Wielka,Strzelce Opolskie andToszek inOpolian Silesia.[2] The dialect evolved around the area of theunincorporated community ofPanna Maria inKarnes County, Texas[3] which is considered by theTexas State Historical Association "the oldest permanent Polish settlement in America and as the home of the nation's oldest Polish church and school."[1][4] Another significant settlement in which Texan Silesian is present is neighboringCestohowa.
Texan Silesian is substantially less influenced byGerman because its speakers emigrated before theKulturkampf, a government campaign ofGermanization enacted by theGerman Empire, which added manyGermanisms to theSilesian dialect within said country's pre-1914 state borders.[5] The language is kept alive by its current speakers, but they know it only in its spoken form.[5] Texan Silesian has not been replaced byEnglish as a spoken language by the older generations of the Panna Maria area, because the localSilesian Polish community was historically strongly isolated. Nevertheless, Texan Silesian has adopted some words from English.
One of the characteristic features of Texan Silesianphonetics is calledmazuration, a widespread linguistic process within thePolish language, especially extant in rular areas, in whichpostalveolarfricatives andaffricates (Polishcz,sz,ż, dż) are pronounced[t͡s, s, z, d͡z], whereas in the Silesian dialect of theKatowice urban area they are pronounced[t͡ʂ, ʂ, ʐ, d͡ʐ]. Mazuration was already present in Texan Silesian. Another phonetic peculiarity of the dialect is its more recentdenasalization. For example, the nasal vowel[ɛ̃], still common in modern Polish and present in Texan Silesian of the 19th century, became the oral vowel[ɛ] ordiphone[an], differing from most other Silesian dialects, in which denasalization of[ɛ̃] produced the diphone[ɨn]. This might suggest that Texan Silesian split from other Silesian dialects before the denasalization process began. A visible product of these language changes is the name of the settlement ofCestohowa. Its name is derived fromCzęstochowa, a city oflarge religious importance within Poland, but, due to the phonetic processes mentioned above,cz was written asc, whileę was written ase.[2]
1855 Letter from Texas to Poland.
Moi Kochani strykowie. Pozdrawiam was obuch iwasze dziatki tosz Piszecie domnie odoradę iakosz ia wam mam radzić iak bywam się sam nie podobało to byśćie namnie narżykali wy zrobicie iak chcecie ia mowiołem ziozefem koletego to mi zelzami od powiadał iże iak neilepszy bych im czynioł kieby ieno sam przyśli bo sam nieiest tak trudno iak wesląsku bosam może chować co chce anic nie kosztuie powiadał mi iże za pomocą Boską latoś może uprzedać za sto dularow przynice atoch my latoś niewiela zaśioli bo my nie mieli ieno sztyry woły aieden puk oba amowiłem Xiedzę to samo mi powiadał ale na przyszły rok toniewiela bo Antoniowi bardzo mocki wydał ieno wam chce chałupę wy stawić a zantoniem toch nie mowioł bo poiechał do Kastrofile, aia tysz myślę bytysz zaden taki niebył co by owas zle myslał boim sam każdymu dobrze idzie apowiadaią iże by nam ieszcze lepszy szło kieby sam byli naśi Oycowie, a August się sam dobrze bo iest zdrowy aiest ters przy Xiędzu aotem wycugu to ia wam tysz inaczy nie mogę radzić ieno byleśćie mieli dobrego człowieka co bywas nie oszukał toby boło tak dobrze. teras mi pozdrowcie moich Oycow i Brata i Żonę iego iże bymi przywioś twardy smoły ikonopi na bratwy bosam niema iwłosku atosz ieno iak nei prędzy boto iest nailepszy przychocie Johan Moczigemba
| Texas Silesian | Silesian | Polish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| turbacyjŏ[2] | niyprzileżytość | trudność, problem | problem |
| zaszanować[2] | zaszporować | oszczędzać | to save money |
| kapudrok[2] | zalōnik | surdut | frock coat |
| furgocz[5] | fliger | samolot | aeroplane |
| szczyrkowa[2] | szczyrkowa(loanword from Texas Silesian) | grzechotnik | rattlesnake |
| po warszawsku[2] | po polsku, po polskimu | po polsku | in Polish |
| prastarzik[2] | starzik, ôpa | pradziadek | great-grandfather |
| cieżko[2] | fest, fes, fys | bardzo | very |
| kole tego[6] | ô tym, koly tego | o tym | about that |
| pokłoud[5] | gipsdeka | sufit | ceiling |
| bejbik[7] | bajtel | dzieciak | baby |
| kara[7] | auto | auto | car |
| wiater[7] | luft | wiatr | air |
| korn | kukurzica | kukurydza | corn |
| farmiyrz | gospodŏrz | rolnik, gospodarz | farmer |
| plōmzy, piczesy | fyrzichy | brzoskwinie | peaches |
| garce | buncloki, garki, gorce | garnki | pots |
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