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Terrorism in Germany

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Use of violence to achieve aims in Germany

Terrorism in Germany has occurred in several distinct periods, most notably during theWeimar Republic and theCold War. Acts of political violence have been carried out byfar-left andfar-right German groups, as well as byforeign organisations operating on German territory. These episodes have included assassinations, bombings, kidnappings, and other forms of politically motivated violence, and have had varying impacts on German politics, society, and security policy.

In the 21st century, Germany has faced renewed far-left, far-right, andIslamist extremist activity. Several attacks and plots linked tojihadist networks have occurred, including the2016 Berlin Christmas market attack, prompting expanded security measures andcounter‑terrorism efforts.

Contemporary threats include internationally connected jihadist networks, far‑right groups, and far‑leftmilitants, with authorities regularly disrupting planned attacks and monitoring radicalisation within the country.

Response to terrorism

[edit]

The terrorism of the 1970s significantly shaped Germany's political culture and reinforced its policy of not negotiating with terrorists. It also led to the creation ofGSG 9 in 1972, shortly after theMunich Olympics massacre, a federal counter‑terrorism unit established within the then‑Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Guard, renamedBundespolizei in 2005), which became one of the earliest dedicated counter‑terrorism andpolice special‑operations units and a model for similar units worldwide. That same year, theRadikalenerlass ('Radicals Decree') was introduced, which restricted individuals considered 'radical' or politically unreliable from holding public‑sector jobs.

In addition to organisational and administrative measures, the federal government also expanded criminal law to address terrorism. Forming, joining, or supporting terrorist organisations became a specific criminal offence under § 129a of the GermanStrafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code). The provision was introduced by the Act of 18 August 1976 as part of a broader package of counter‑terrorism legislation, which also established "terrorist organisation" as a defined legal category. These measures are sometimes collectively referred to as the "Lex RAF", reflecting their particular relevance to the activities of theRed Army Faction (RAF).

Traditionally, counter‑terrorism agencies in Germany have responded more quickly to extreme left‑wing groups than to extreme right‑wing ones. One explanation offered by researchers is that right‑wing extremists were often viewed as "corrigible", pursuing concrete and negotiable goals, whereas left‑wing extremists were regarded as "incorrigible", driven by ideological aims seen as non‑negotiable. Because left‑wing groups were perceived as challenging the foundations of the political system, they attracted a stronger state response, while right‑wing violence was sometimes treated as less politically threatening. In addition, far‑right attacks were at times not recognised as terrorism by security services, as they were not accompanied by explicit political statements or claims of responsibility. For example, the1992 Mölln arson attack on a house occupied by Turkish immigrants was initially attributed to organised crime and only later identified as the work of extreme right‑wing perpetrators, leading officials to question whether it constituted terrorism at all.[1]

In 2019, theFederal Criminal Police Office (BKA,Bundeskriminalamt) created a specialised department focused on Islamic terrorism and extremism.[2]

Weimar Republic (1919–1933)

[edit]

TheWeimar Republic (1919–1933) was Germany's first parliamentary democracy, established after theFirst World War. Germany's defeat created a period of political instability in which numerous far‑left and far‑right groups attempted to seize power. Both sides formed their ownmilitias and carried out political assassinations. For example, Foreign MinisterWalther Rathenau was assassinated in 1922 by a far‑right organisation, while members of theCommunist Party of Germany killed police captainsPaul Anlauf and Franz Lenck in Berlin in 1931.

Terrorism in West Germany and reunified Germany

[edit]
Operatives ofGSG 9, the German counter‑terrorism unit, returning fromMogadishu in 1977 after liberating the passengers ofLufthansa Flight 181

During theCold War, particularly in the 1970s,West Germany experienced a wave ofterrorism, most of it carried out by far‑left groups such as theRed Army Faction (RAF), and culminating in theGerman Autumn of 1977, one of the most serious national crises in the country's postwar history. Terrorist incidents continued into the 1980s and 1990s. Some of these groups also maintained links to international terrorism, notablyPalestinian militant organisations, and some received support from theEast German Ministry for State Security (Stasi). In addition, both theProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and theIrish National Liberation Army (INLA) carried out attacks against British military personnel based in West Germany, including the1987 Rheindahlen bombing and the 1996Osnabrück mortar attack, as part of their campaigns to target British forces stationed abroad.

Terrorism in 21st‑century Germany

[edit]
Aftermath of the2016 Berlin truck attack

Turkish and Kurdish Islamist groups are also active in Germany.[3] Political scientist Guido Steinberg stated that many top leaders of Islamist organizations in Turkey fled to Germany in the 2000s, and that theKurdish Hezbollah has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany."[3] Also many Kurds from Iraq (there are about 50,000 to 80,000 Iraqi Kurds in Germany) financially supported Kurdish-Islamist groups likeAnsar al-Islam.[3] Many Islamists in Germany are ethnic Kurds (Iraqi and Turkish Kurds) or Turks. Before 2006, the German Islamist scene was dominated by Iraqi Kurds and Palestinians, but since 2006 Kurds from Turkey and Turks are dominant.[3]

In 2015, 11 verdicts concerning jihadist terrorism related offences were issued by German courts.[4] In 2016, 28 verdicts for jihadist terrorism related offences were delivered.[5] In 2017 there were 27 verdicts.[6]

Almost all known terrorist networks and individuals in Germany have links toSalafism,[7] an ultra-conservative Islamic ideology.[8]

Known terrorist groups in Germany (both active and in-active)

[edit]
Known terrorist groups in Germany (both active and in-active)
Right Wing ExtremistsAnarchists and Left Wing ExtremistsIslamists and SalafistsSeparatists and foreign Nationalists
Atomwaffen Division since 2018Red Army Faction 1970–1998Al-Qaeda since 2006Provisional Irish Republican Army 1980–1989
Freikorps Havelland 2003–2005Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineIslamic State since 2015Black September 1972
Gruppe Freital 2015–2018Revolutionary Cells 1973–1993Ansar al-IslamGrey Wolves since 1968
National Socialist Underground 1999–2011Anti-Imperialist Cell 1992 – 1995
Deutsche Aktionsgruppen 1980Movement 2 June 1972–1980
Wehrsportsgruppe Hoffman 1973–1980Tupamaros West-Berlin (andMunchen) 1969–1970
Combat 18 since 1992Revolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) 2009–2011[9]
Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists 1977–1983Rote Zora 1974–1995
Revolution Chemnitz 2018–2019[10]Militante gruppe 2001–2009
Nationale Bewegung 2000–2001Klasse gegen Klasse [de]1992–2003
Hepp-Kexel-Group 1982Feministische Autonome Zelle (FAZ) since 2019

List of significant terrorist incidents in Germany

[edit]
Germany
DateLocationDeathsInjuriesTypePerpetrator or motivesDescription
2 April 1968Frankfurt——ArsonRed Army Faction-- Shopping Mall
Two founding fathers of the RAF, Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin, set fire to a shopping mall in Frankfurt as a political statement against capitalism.[11]
11 April 1968Berlin—1Small arms fireJosef Bachmann-- Rudi Dutschke, prominent figure of the left-wing students movement
23 year old worker Josef Bachmann tried to assassinate the prominent left-wing figure Rudi Dutschke by firing multiple shots at him. The victim was seriously wounded and scarred for life.[12]
10 February 1970Munich123Grenade attack andSmall arms firePDFLP andAOLP(Palestinian nationalists)-- Airports & airlines
Three terrorists attackedEl Al passengers in a bus at theMunich-Riem Airport with guns and grenades; one passenger was killed and 23 injured.[13] All three terrorists were captured by airport police. ThePopular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and theAction Organisation for the Liberation of Palestine claim responsibility for the attack.[14]
13 February 1970Munich710ArsonAnarchist group (suspected)-- Cultural institutions
A Jewish cultural center was burned to the ground in Munich. Arab nationalist and German far-right organisations were initially suspected. Further evidence surfaced in 2012 involving a local anarchist group.[15][16]
2 February 1972Berlin1—Bomb attack2 June Movement-- British Military Vehicles and a British yacht-club (British Armed Forces)
As a reaction to theBloody Sunday, an event duringThe Troubles, the 2nd June Movement bombed two vehicles of theBritish Armed Forces as well as a British yacht-club.
Main article:2 June Movement
11 May 1972Frankfurt113Bomb attackRed Army Faction-- Government institutions (Foreign:United States Army)
A bomb exploded at the Headquarters,V Corps (US Army) in theAbrams Building (IG Farben Building) in Frankfurt, killingUS Army officerPaul A. Bloomquist and injuring a further 13.[17][18]
24 May 1972Heidelberg35Car bombingRed Army Faction-- Government institutions (Foreign:United States Army)
Two large car bombs were detonated at theUS Army Supreme European Command within theCampbell Barracks in Heidelberg, killing three. The dead were identified as Ronald A. Woodward, Charles L. Peck andCaptain Clyde R. Bonner.[17][18][19][20]
5 September 1972Munich17
(5 perps.)		—Hostage taking

(2 days)

Black September (Palestinian nationalists)-- Olympic Games
Eight armed terrorists staged an attack during the1972 Summer Olympics inMunich,West Germany on 11 members of theIsraeli Olympic team, who were takenhostage and eventually killed, along with aGerman police officer. Five of the attackers also died in the raid to free the hostages.[21][22][23][24]
7 April 1977Karlsruhe3—Small arms fireRed Army Faction-- Government institutions
Shortly after 9:00CET, a motorcycle pulled up next to the car ofGermany's chief federal prosecutor,Siegfried Buback, a stoplight on the outskirts ofKarlsruhe in western Germany. The motorcycle passenger proceeded to fire at least 15 bullets into the car. Buback and his 30-year-old driver Wolfgang Göbel died at the scene; the head of the chauffeur service Georg Wurster, 33, succumbed to his injuries six days later.[25]
See also:German Autumn
30 July 1977Oberursel1—Small arms fireRed Army Faction-- Business
Jürgen Ponto, the head ofDresdner Bank, is shot and killed in his house inOberursel. It is thought that three assailants attempted to kidnap Ponto, and after he resisted they shot him. He was shot five times and later died of his serious wounds.Susanne Albrecht, the daughter of a good friend of the Pontos, was later identified as one of the attackers.[26]
See also:German Autumn
5 September 1977Cologne5—Small arms fireRed Army Faction-- Business
A group of armed terrorists attacked the car carryingHanns Martin Schleyer, then president of the German employers' association, inCologne. Four masked RAF members sprayed bullets into the two vehicles, killing Schleyer's driver Heinz Marcisz and a police officer, Roland Pieler. The driver of the police escort vehicle, Reinhold Brändle, and a third police officer, Helmut Ulmer, were also killed.[27]
Schleyer was abducted and held prisoner in an apartment in a residential neighborhood near Cologne. He was forced to appeal to the West German government underHelmut Schmidt for several RAF members -- then imprisoned -- to be exchanged for him. On 18 October 1977, three of the imprisoned RAF members were found dead in their cells. In response, Schleyer was shot dead en route toMulhouse,France, where his body was left in anAudi 100.[28]
See also:German Autumn
22 August 1980Hamburg23ArsonDeutsche AktionsgruppenRight-wing terrorism-- Private citizens (Refugees) & property
An Arson attack perpetrated by the Right-Wing terrorist groupDeutsche Aktionsgruppen targeted a refugee home for Vietnamese.[29]
27 September 1980Munich12
(one perp.)		213Suicide bombingRight-Wing Terrorism (perpetrator:Gundolf Köhler)-- Private citizens & property
A bomb detonates at theOktoberfest fairgrounds inTheresienwiese,Munich, killing twelve and injuring over two hundred more. The dead include the alleged bomber Gundolf Kohler, a member of the neo-Nazi Military Sport Group Hoffman.[30][31]
Main article:Oktoberfest bombing
11 May 1982Seckbach (Frankfurt am Main)1—AssassinationRevolutionary Cells (German group)-- German Politician Heinz-Herbert Karry
German Politician and Ministry of the economy of Hesse was murdered in his house by the Revolutionary Cells for supporting further construction of Frankfurt's Airport as well as further construction of the nuclear power plantBiblis.[32][33]
15 January 1982Berlin146Bomb attackPalestinianNationalists-- Private citizens & property
An explosion at the Mifgash-Israel, a Jewish owned restaurant inWest Berlin, injures 46 people. An infant girl, who was in critical condition after the blast, later dies of her injuries.[34][35]
25 August 1983Berlin223Bomb attackASALA (Armenian nationalists) andCarlos the Jackal-- Diplomatic (French)
A bomb detonates on the fifth floor of the six-story French consulate building in West Berlin, causing extensive damage on the floor below, in which the consulate offices and a visitor's lounge were situated. The 11:20am explosion collapsed sections of the front facade and attic and catapulted parts of interior walls to the street below, although all dead and injured had all been inside the building.[36]
1 February 1985Munich1—Small arms fireRed Army Faction-- Business
Head of theFederal Union of German Aerospace and Heavy Industries (BDLI),Ernst Zimmermann, is shot once in the head by a man with a sub-machine gun. The assailant forced his way into the industrialist's home in suburban Munich after his wife opened the door for a woman allegedly claiming to have a letter for Mr. Zimmermann.[37]
19 June 1985Frankfurt374BombingAbu Nidal Organization-- Airports & airlines
A powerful bomb rips through an international departure lounge of theFrankfurt Airport, killing three people and wounding 42. The dead include a man and two children, and of the many injured, 18 were hospitalized. The explosive device, which the police said appeared to have been placed among seated passengers waiting for their flights, blasted a large hole in the cement floor of the airport terminal, then one of the busiest inEurope.[38][39] German investigators concluded the perpetrator to be theAbu Nidal Organization.[40]
8 August 1985Rhein-Main Air Base220Car bombingRed Army Faction &Action Directe-- Government institutions (Foreign:United States Army)
A car bomb explodes outside the headquarters building at theRhein-Main Air Base, where members of theUnited States Armed Forces are stationed, killing two Americans and wounding about 20 people.
The dead were Airman Frank H. Scarton, 19, who was serving with the 437th Military Airlift Wing, and Becky Jo Bristol, the wife of Senior Airman John Bristol, who was with the Medical Airlift Squadron at the base.[17][41]
4 April 1986Berlin3231BombingLibyan agents-- Private Citizens & Property
A bomb placed on the dance-floor of theLa Belle Discotheque, popular withUnited States military personnel, explodes, killing 3 and injuring hundreds more. Two of the dead were members of theUnited States military.[42]
9 July 1986Munich2—BombingRed Army Faction-- Business
The physicistKarl-Heinz Beckurts, director of research and technology at theSiemens electronic company, and a driver are killed by a remote controlled bomb planted in his car in aMunich suburb.[43][44]
23 March 1987Rheindahlen—31Car bombingProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)-- British military base
19 June 1989Osnabrück——Bomb attackProvisional Irish Republican Army-- Government institutions (Foreign:British Army)
An IRA cell aroundDonna Maguire planted five explosive devices at the Quebec Barracks in Osnabrück. Of the five devices, only one exploded causing damage to a building. No casualties.[45][46][47]
30 November 1989Bad Homburg vor der Höhe11BombingRed Army Faction-- Business
BankerAlfred Herrhausen dies instantly and his driver is seriously wounded in a blast caused by a remote controlled bomb under his vehicle. Herrhausen, who headedDeutsche Bank A.G., was described as the most powerful person in theWest German economy and a dominant figure in European banking.[48]
13 February 1991Bonn——Sniper attackRed Army Faction-- Government institutions (Foreign: United States)
RAF members fire sniper bullets at the American embassy.
16 June 1991Friedrichshafen1—StabbingMario R. (Neo Nazi)-- Angolan migrant
A 19-year-old neo-Nazi stabbed 36-year-old Angolan man Agostinho Comboio to death out of racial hatred. He was calledthe hero of Friedrichshafen by neo-Nazis after the incident.[49]
12 October 1991Holzminden20Ambush, ShootingAction Group for the Destruction of the Police State--Police officers
The officers Joerg Lorkowski and Andreas Wilkending were ambushed after heading towards a distress call, near the parking lot in a wooded area in Holzminden. The attackers were captured four days later.[50][51]
24 August 1992Koblenz17ShootingAndy Johann H. (Neo-Nazi)--Civilians
Andy Johann H. shot an entire magazine of a semi-automatic weapon into a crowd of homeless people and punks at the central plazza in Koblenz. He was charged with 1 count of murder and seven counts of attempted murder.[49]
23 November 1992Mölln3—FirebombingNeo-Nazis-- Private Citizens & Property
Amolotov cocktail is thrown into the house of aTurkish migrant family, destroying the property and killing three occupants. Two knownneo-Nazis were convicted of murder a year later.[52][53]
29 May 1993Solingen514FirebombingFar-Right-- Private Citizens & Property
Four young German men (aged between 16 and 23) belonging to thefar rightskinhead scene, the oldest with knownneo-Nazi ties, set fire to the house of a largeTurkish family in Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia. Three girls and two women died; fourteen other family members, including several children, were injured, some of them severely.[54][55]
17 November 1993Cologne——Small arms fireAnti-Imperialist Cell-- Property
Multiple shots were fired at the employers AssociationGesamtmetall.[56]
27 October 1994Bad Freienwalde——ArsonDas K.O.M.I.T.E.E.--Bundeswehr Building & Property
A Bundeswehr building of the Verteidigungskreiskommandos 852 was completely destroyed.[57]
28 June 1996Osnabrück——Mortar attackProvisional Irish Republican Army-- Government institutions (Foreign:British Army)
23 October 1996Leipzig1—StabbingNeo-Nazis--Syrian migrant
After verbally attacking and threatening multiple people with a knife, two Neo-Nazis stabbed to death a Syrian refugee.[49]
23 February 1997Roseburg11ShootingKay Diesner (Neo-Nazi)--Police officers
Kay Diesner, a prominent figure in Berlin's neo‑Nazi scene, opened fire on two policemen at a highway pull‑in near Rosenburg, killing one officer and wounding the other.[49]
9 June 2004Cologne—22Pipe bombingNational Socialist Underground-- Private Citizens & Property
9 September 2000 to 25 April 2007

Munich

Nuremberg

Heilbronn

Dortmund

Rostock

Kassel

101Serial Killing,Small arms fireNational Socialist Underground-- Government institutions, Private Citizens & Property
26 February 2009Burg bei Magdeburg——ArsonMilitante gruppe left-wing extremists--Bundeswehr vehicle
The left-wing extremist group militante gruppe (mg) firebombed a Bundeswehr vehicle. The arson attack was officially their last attack out of at least 25.[58]
11 November 2009Frankfurt——ArsonBewegung Morgenlicht Solitary activist pretending to be a movement attacked a bank with fire bomb[59]
30 December 2009Berlin——Bomb attackRevolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) left-wing terrorists--Employmeent agency
The left-wing extremist group Revolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) bombed an employment agency building in Berlin.[60]
4 February 2010Berlin——Bomb attackRevolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) left-wing terrorists--House of economy
The left-wing extremist group Revolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) bombed the house of economy in Berlin.[60]
19 November 2010Berlin——FirebombingRevolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) left-wing terrorists--German Federal Administrative Office Berlin
The left-wing extremist group Revolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) firebombed the German Federal Administrative Office Berlin.[61]
2 March 2011Frankfurt22Small arms fireArid Uka-- Government institutions (Foreign:United States Army)
An immigrant fromKosovo fires upon aUnited States Air Force bus, killing two and wounding two. At the time of the attack, the vehicle was parked outside the terminal building waiting to transport 15 U.S. airmen toRamstein Air Base. The attacker first shoots an airman outside the vehicle, and then enters the bus, shooting and killing the driver and firing three shots at two other airmen, wounding them.[62] Perpetrator had done it to avenge U.S. military operations in Afghanistan[63]
3 December 2011Göttingen——FirebombingRevolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ)--County Court
The left-wing extremist group Revolutionäre Aktionszellen (RAZ) bombed the Courthouse in Göttingen.The bombing was their fifth attack.[64]
14 May 2012Potsdam00ArsonFriends of Loukanikos--County Court
Assailants set fire to the car and vandalized the house of Horst Reichenbach (an important European Union (EU) official) in Potsdam city, Brandenburg state, leaving important material damage. The groupFriends of Loukanikos claimed the attack for to protest austerity measures imposed on Greece.[65][66]
17 September 2015Cologne—5StabbingFrank S. (Right-wing extremist)--Henriette Reker (Politician)
44 year old Frank S. seriously injured Henriette Reker with a knife in an assassination attempt. He then injured 4 additional people who tried to disarm him.[67]
17 October 2015Berlin1
(one perp.)		1StabbingRafik Mohamad Yousef-- Government institutions (Police)

41-year-old Rafik Yousef threatened several civilians with a knife and was fatally shot after stabbing an intervening police officer. Yousef was a member ofAnsar al-Islam in Kurdistan and had been previously convicted for planning an assassination attempt against Iraqi prime ministerAyad Allawi in 2004[68]

1 November 2015Freital—1 Bomb attackGruppe Freital (Right-wing extremists)-- Refugee accommodation
Members of the right-wing terrorist groupGruppe Freital detonate an illegal explosive in front of a window of a refugee housing. One refugee gets injured in the face.[69][70]
5 February 2016Hanover——ArsonSaleh S. (Islamist)-- Civilians
17-year old Saleh S. threw two Molotov Cocktails at the entrance of a shopping-mall in Hanover. He was later charged with 7 counts of attempted murder after admitting that he wanted to kill as many people as possible. Just 3 weeks later his sister Safia S. attacked a police officer with a knife.[71][72]
26 February 2016Hanover—1StabbingSafia S. (Islamist)-- Government institutions (Police)
A policeman was severely injured by a 15-year old girl, Safia S., who was acting "on behalf of the Islamic State"[73][74]
16 April 2016Essen—3Bomb attack Yussuf T. and Mohammed B.Islamic Terrorism-- Sikh temple
Around 7 pm, the two radicalized youths threw an improvised explosive device onto the grounds of a Sikh-temple in Essen. Three people were injured by the bombing.[75]
19 July 2016Würzburg1
(one perp.)		5Axe attackRiaz Khan Ahmadzai (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)-- Private Citizens & Property
22 July 2016Munich10
(one perp.)		36ShootingDavid Sonboly (Right-wing terrorism)-- Private Citizens & Property
24 July 2016Ansbach1
(one perp.)		12Suicide bombingMohammad Daleel (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)-- Private Citizens & Property
26 September 2016Dresden——Pipe bombingNino K.Right-wing terrorism-- Mosque & International Congress Center Dresden
In the late evening of 26 September 2016, Nino K. set up two bombs in Dresden, one targeting a Mosque and the other targeting the International Congress Center Dresden. He pledged guilty in February 2018.[76]
19 December 2016Berlin1355Truck attackAnis Amri (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant)-- Private Citizens & Property
28 July 2017Hamburg16StabbingAhmad Alhaw (Islamic State)-- Private Citizens
Main article:2017 Hamburg attack
March 2018Multiple cities——Multiple arsonKurdish extremists and left-wing extremists--Turkish Mosques, stores and cultural centers
As part of a wave of attacks and acts of violence against Turks and Turkish organizations as a response to theTurkish-kurdish conflict, Kurdish and left-wing extremists committed numerous arson attacks and non-violent operations in all of Germany.[77][78][79][80]
12 March 2018Gütersloh——ArsonLeft-wing extremist cellVulkangruppe NetzHerrschaft zerreißen--Power supply system
After an arson attack on part of Berlins power supply system, roughly 6.500 households were left without electricity for numerous hours. A left-wing extremist group, calling itselfVulkangruppe NetzHerrschaft zerreißen claimed responsibility for the attack.[81]
26 March 2018North Rhine-Westphalia——ArsonAnarchist communist extremist groupAction Cell Haukur Hilmarsson--Power supply system
Militants burn three vehicles in Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia. The Action Cell Haukur Hilmarsson claimed responsibility for the incident and stated that the attack was carried out in retaliation forTurkish military operations in Afrin.[82]
24 December 2018Hambach Forest——ArsonGreen anarchist groupHambi Chaos Crew--Pumping station
3 January 2019Döbeln——Bomb attackLeft-wing extremists--Alternative for Germany office
After a bomb attack on the AfD office in Döbeln, three men were arrested and convicted.[83]
31 May 2019Bremen—1StabbingRight-wing extremists--Muslim civilian
A Muslim teenager was insulted islamophobically in a tram and stabbed with a knife in the neck.[84]
2 June 2019Wolfhagen1—AssassinationRight-wing extremist--Walter Lübcke
Walter Lübcke, President of the districtKassel and member of theChristian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) was shot dead outside his home in Wolfhagen. A political, right-wing motive has been confessed by the murderer Stephan Ernst who is a member of the terrorist groupCombat 18 (C18) and theNational Democratic Party of Germany (NPD).[85]
22 July 2019Wächtersbach1
(one perp.)		1Murder-suicide/Drive-by-shootingRight-wing extremist--Random African citizen
On Monday, the 22nd of July, the unnamed perpetrator set off to randomly kill a person, the only requirement he had for his target was dark skin. After seriously wounding a man from Eritrea in a drive-by-shooting, the perpetrator went to a bar, where he boasted about his crime. Later on, the perpetrator killed himself.[86]
23 July 2019Zittau——BombingSuspected right-wing extremists--Ramona Gehring (Politician)
A powerful explosion destroyed multiple windows of the home of the targeted politician ofDie Linke. Right-wing extremists, possiblyCombat 18, are the susptected perpetrators.[87]
27 September 2019Berlin——ArsonLeft-wing extremists--Court building
A left-wing group has claimed responsibility for an arson attack on the Pankow court in Berlin. The arson attack was part of the left-wing campaignTu Mal Wat days.[88]
9 October 2019Halle (Saale)22Attempted mass shootingRight-wing extremist--Synagogue and Turkish restaurant
A man who was armed with multiplefirearms andhome-made bombs unsuccessfully attempted to force his way into asynagogue duringYom Kippur prayers, shooting and killing one passer-by. He subsequently fired into a nearbykebabrestaurant, killing one customer. Pursued by police, he shot and wounded another man in an attemptedcarjacking, before being captured. Video and text material which the suspect posted online expressed his extremistanti-Semitic,anti-immigrant, andanti-feminist views as well as his admiration for perpetrators of earlier acts ofright-wing terrorism.[89]
19 February 2020Hanau11
(one perp.)		5Mass shootingsRight-wing extremist--Hookah bars
Main article:Hanau shootings
On 19 February 2020, twomass shootings occurred, targeting twoshisha bars/hookah lounges inHanau,Hesse,Germany. Eleven people, including the perpetrator, were killed and five others injured in the shootings, sparking a police manhunt. The gunman, identified as Tobias Rathjen, was eventually found dead in his apartment alongside his mother, who had also been killed.[90]
18 August 2020Berlin—6Vehicle-ramming attackSarmad al-Z.(Islamist)--Motorists
On 18 August 2020, a 30-year-old Iraqi man rammed his car into other motorists on theBundesautobahn 100 inBerlin injuring six people. The man expressed support for Islamic extremist views.[91]
4 October 2020Dresden11StabbingAbdullah al-H. H. (Islamist)--Civilians
On 4 October 2020, a 20-year-old Syrian asylum seeker stabbed a gay couple, killing one and injuring another inDresden. The man was known by authorities to be an Islamist extremist.[92]
26 May 2021Berlin——ArsonLeft-wing extremist groupVulkangruppe NetzHerrschaft zerreißen--Power cables to factory
Tesla Gigafactory Berlin was attacked by saboteurs who set cables supplying electricity to the construction site on fire.[93]
18 September 2021Idar-Oberstein1—ShootingMario N. (Opponent of Covid restrictions)--Civilian
After a dispute between a cashier and a customer about mandatory mask wearing at a petrol station, the 49-year old customer returned an hour later and killed the 20 year old cashier with a gunshot to the head. The perpetrator stated that the murder was motivated by his opposition to restrictions in place to contain theCOVID-19 pandemic in Germany.[94]

Islamic terrorism

[edit]
Main article:Islamic terrorism in Europe

In the 2015–2020 time span, there were 9Islamic terrorist attacks and thwarted terrorist plots where at least one of the perpetrators had entered Germany as an asylum seeker during theEuropean migrant crisis. The Islamic terrorists entered Germany either without identity documents or with falsified documents. The number of discovered plots began to decline in 2017. In 2020 German authorities noted that the majority of the asylum seekers entered Germany without identification papers during the crisis and security agencies considered unregulated immigration as problematic from a security aspect.[95] Between 2020 and May 2025, 9 terrorist attacks classified as Islamist took place, including the 2020 Dresden stabbing and the2024 Solingen stabbings. These attacks typically used knives and vehicles; attackers were increasingly young and radicalized online, especially as a result of theGaza war, and typically acted alone without formal membership of terrorist groups such asIslamic State.[96]

Thwarted islamist terror attacks

[edit]

In December 2019, German authorities reported to have thwarted ten Islamic terrorist plots since the2016 Berlin truck attack, includingone in Cologne in 2018.[97][98] Between 2020 and 2025, 20 Islamic terrorist attacks were publicly reported as being prevented by German authorities.[96]

2025 Christmas market arrests

[edit]

In December 2025, five men were arrested in Germany on suspicion of plotting a vehicle attack on a Christmas market in southern Bavarian state, with authorities suspecting an"Islamist motive". The suspects included three Moroccans, an Egyptian, and a Syrian, who were detained over the plan. Prosecutors stated that the 56 year old Egyptian, reportedly animam, had called for a vehicle attack "with the aim of killing or injuring as many people as possible," while the Moroccan men, aged 30, 28, and 22, allegedly agreed to carry out the attack. The 37-year-old Syrian was accused of encouraging the others in their planned actions. Officials did not disclose the intended date or exact target but believed the planned attack was in the Dingolfing-Landau area, northeast of Munich. Bavarian Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann praised the "excellent cooperation between our security services" for preventing a potentially Islamist-motivated attack.[99][100]

List of international terrorist incidents (outside Germany) with significant German casualties

[edit]

Terrorist incidents in Germany since 1970

[edit]
Terrorist incidents in Germany[105]
YearIncidentsDeathsInjuries
202418205
202031112
201912314
20182208
201727110
20164427117
201566138
20141300
2013000
2012500
2011822
2010100
2009400
2008302
2007311
2006420
2005320
20043125
2003200
2002302
2001836
20008128
199913347
1998600
199712027
19965215
19951471026
199479285
199337758
199215617217
1991651035
19901314
19892258
198818114
198720233
19864910276
1985579114
19842203
19836225
198230544
198131231
19802017218
197917010
19782004
19774162
197650436
197535112
197429210
19732711
1972242345
19711700
19703289
Total1,3082131,838

In popular culture

[edit]
Berlin citizens attending the funeral ofassassinated police captains Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck in 1931

A number of books and films address this topic.

Films

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Taylor, Max, Donald Holbrook, and P. M. Currie, eds. Extreme right wing political violence and terrorism. A&C Black, 2013, pp.187-212
  2. ^AFP (1 November 2019)."Deutschland: BKA richtet neue Abteilung gegen islamistischen Terror ein".Die Zeit (in German).ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved25 December 2019.[dead link]
  3. ^abcdGuido Steinberg,German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism, Columbia University Press, 2013
  4. ^"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2016".EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat). Europol: 47. 2016.ISBN 978-92-95200-68-5.
  5. ^"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2017".EU Terrorism Situation & Trend Report (Te-Sat). Europol: 52. 2017.ISBN 978-92-95200-79-1.
  6. ^European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2018 (TE SAT 2018)(PDF).Europol. 2018. p. 58.ISBN 978-92-95200-91-3. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 20 June 2018. Retrieved23 June 2018.
  7. ^"Salafistische Bestrebungen".Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (in German). 15 January 2018. Archived fromthe original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved13 January 2019.Die Mehrzahl der Salafisten in Deutschland sind keine Terroristen, sondern politische Salafisten. Andererseits sind fast alle in Deutschland bisher identifizierten terroristischen Netzwerkstrukturen und Einzelpersonen salafistisch geprägt bzw. haben sich im salafistischen Milieu entwickelt. [The majority of Salafists in Germany are not terrorists, but political Salafists. On the other hand, almost all hitherto identified terrorist networks and individuals in Germany are influenced by Salafism, for instance having developed in a Salafist environment.]
  8. ^"Gewaltbereite Islamisten: Erstmals mehr als 10.000 Salafisten in Deutschland".FOCUS Online (in German). Retrieved13 January 2019.
  9. ^"Verfassungsschutzbericht 2013"(PDF) (in German).Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  10. ^"Zwei mutmaßliche Rechtsterroristen in U-Haft" (in German).FAZ. 1 October 2018. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  11. ^Nettelbeck, Uwe (23 February 2006)."Die Frankfurter Brandstifter".Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved14 March 2018.
  12. ^"Zeitleiste Rechtsterrorismus".bpb. 27 August 2013. Retrieved18 February 2020.
  13. ^"West German Government Condemns Arab Terrorist Attack on El Al Airline". JTA. 12 February 1970.
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  15. ^Times, David Binder Special to The New York (15 February 1970)."Police Cite Arson in Munich Deaths".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved22 May 2020.
  16. ^"50 Years After Deadly Arson Attack on Jewish Elderly Home in Munich, Local Activist Seeks Justice".Algemeiner.com. Retrieved22 May 2020.
  17. ^abc"2 Americans killed by car bomb at USAF base in West Germany".Schenectady Gazette. 9 August 1985. Retrieved8 February 2014.
  18. ^abVaron, Jeremy (2004).Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. University of California Press. p. 210.ISBN 9780520930957.bomb heidelberg.
  19. ^Desmond Butler; Mark Landler (9 September 2002)."Threats and Responses: Heidelberg; One Terror Plot May Have Been Foiled, but a U.S. Base in Germany Is Still Vulnerable".The New York Times. Retrieved8 February 2014.
  20. ^Moncourt, André (February 2009).The Red Army Faction: A Documentary History. Projectiles for the people. PM Press. p. 178.ISBN 9781604861792.
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  22. ^Aubrey, Stefan M. (11 September 2001).The new dimension of international ... vdf Hochschulverlag AG.ISBN 9783728129499. Retrieved22 June 2010.
  23. ^Kushner, Harvey W. (2003).Encyclopedia of terrorism. SAGE Publications. p. 248.ISBN 9780761924081. Retrieved22 June 2010.munich massacre terrorists.
  24. ^Simon, Jeffrey David (18 July 1976).The terrorist trap: America's ... Indiana University Press.ISBN 0253214777. Retrieved22 June 2010.
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  28. ^Büchel, Helmar; Aust, Stefan (17 September 2007)."Dann gibt es Tote".Der Spiegel (in German).
  29. ^Diedrich, Oliver (27 November 2012).""Deutsche Aktion": Neonazi-Terror 1980" (in German).NDR. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  30. ^"Neo nazis Arrested in Octoberfest Bombing".Beaver County Times. Associated Press. 28 September 1980. Retrieved5 February 2014.
  31. ^Gerber, Larry (29 September 1980)."Neo Nazi group suspected in Munich Oktoberfest bomb".The Lewiston Daily Sun. Retrieved6 February 2014.
  32. ^Vinocur, John (27 May 1981)."Germans Link P.L.O. to Domestic Terror".The New York Times. Retrieved15 March 2020.
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  35. ^Rubin, Barry; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015).Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. Routledge. p. 196.ISBN 9781317474654.
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  37. ^"Guerrillas Kill Top West German Arms Executive".The Glasgow Herald. 2 February 1985. Retrieved16 February 2014.
  38. ^"Bomb at Frankfurt Airport Kills 3 and Wounds 42".The New York Times. 20 June 1985. Retrieved7 February 2014.
  39. ^"Arab Group Asserts it Planted Bomb in Frankfurt".The New York Times. 22 June 1985. Retrieved7 February 2014.
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  41. ^Tagliabue, John (9 August 1985)."Car Bomb Kills 2 on a U.S. Air Base in West Germany".The New York Times. Retrieved7 February 2014.
  42. ^Chalk, Peter (2012).Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 401–402.ISBN 9780313308956.
  43. ^"Germans Get 3 Suspects In an Ice Cream Parlor".The New York Times. 4 August 1986. Retrieved8 February 2014.
  44. ^Tagliabue, John (26 July 1986)."Car Bomb Hits a West German Company Involved in 'Star Wars'".The New York Times. Retrieved8 February 2014.
  45. ^"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 22 Jun 1989".Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. UK Parliament. Retrieved12 July 2018.
  46. ^"German court frees IRA bomber Maguire".The Independent. Retrieved12 July 2018.
  47. ^"Man jailed over IRA base bombing". 4 April 2006. Retrieved12 July 2018.
  48. ^Protzman, Ferdinand (1 December 1989)."Head of Top West German Bank Is Killed in Bombing by Terrorists".The New York Times. Retrieved8 February 2014.
  49. ^abcdRadke, Johannes; Staud, Toralf (27 September 2018)."Todesopfer rechter Gewalt in Deutschland seit der Wiedervereinigung" (in German).Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  50. ^"Sie waren gekommen, um zu helfen".Westfalen Blatt. Retrieved14 June 2023.
  51. ^"In Gedenken an den Polizistenmord von Holzminden".Gewerkschaft der Polizei. Retrieved14 June 2023.
  52. ^Charles Hawley; Daryl Lindsey (24 August 2012)."Twenty Years after Rostock: Racism and Xenophobia Still Prevalent in Germany".Der Spiegel. Retrieved20 September 2015.
  53. ^"Mölln 1992: Neonazis ermorden drei Menschen" (in German).NDR. 15 November 2012. Archived fromthe original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved15 October 2017.
  54. ^Kinzer, Stephen (4 June 1993)."Thousands of Germans Rally for the Slain Turks".The New York Times. Retrieved20 September 2015.
  55. ^"Neo-Nazi Asks Forgiveness for Death of Turks".The New York Times. 14 April 1994. Retrieved20 September 2015.
  56. ^"Die Antiimperialistische Zelle" (in German). Ministerium des Innern des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  57. ^"Knapp daneben ist auch vorbei" (in German). nadir. 9 December 1995. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  58. ^"Verfassungsschutzbericht 2009 (Vorabfassung)"(PDF) (in German).Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  59. ^"Flaming ATMs: New Militant Group Torches Cash Machines in Frankfurt".Der Spiegel. 12 November 2009.ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved15 September 2022.
  60. ^abKopietz, Andreas (18 February 2010)."Radikale verüben Anschläge: Mysteriöse "Aktionszellen"" (in German).Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  61. ^Litschko, Konrad (20 November 2010)."RAZ veröffentlicht Bekennerschreiben - Brandanschlag auf Bundesamt".Die Tageszeitung: Taz (in German).TAZ. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  62. ^"US soldiers shot dead in Germany".Al Jazeera English. 2 March 2011.
  63. ^Pleitgen, Frederik."Killer of U.S. airmen is radical Muslim, German official says". CNN. Archived fromthe original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved4 April 2018.
  64. ^"Anschlag auf Göttinger Amtsgericht" (in German).NDR. 3 December 2011. Archived fromthe original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  65. ^"Greece: Attacks against the head of EU task force for Greece strongly condemned".European People's Party group. Retrieved24 March 2024.
  66. ^"EU Task Force chief's car and home attacked in Germany".Ekathimerini. Retrieved24 March 2024.
  67. ^Pfahl-Traughber, Prof. Dr. Armin (3 November 2015)."Der Anschlag auf Henriette Reker – ein Fall von "Lone Wolf"-Terrorismus".Federal Agency for Civic Education. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  68. ^"Berlin police shoot dead convicted militant after knife attack".Reuters. Retrieved4 April 2018.
  69. ^Schawe, Andrea (6 November 2015)."Wie die Bürgerwehr Angst verbreitet" (in German).Sächsische Zeitung. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  70. ^"Lange Haftstrafen für Mitglieder der "Gruppe Freital"" (in German).MDR. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  71. ^Evers, Michael (8 June 2017)."Bruder von Safia S. erhält wegen Anschlags acht Jahre Haft" (in German). ruhrnachrichten.de. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  72. ^"Bruder von Safia S. erhält wegen Anschlags acht Jahre Jugendhaft" (in German).FAZ. 8 June 2017. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  73. ^Kampf, Lena; Mascolo, Georg (30 May 2016)."15-Jährige soll im Auftrag des IS Polizisten verletzt haben" (in German).Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  74. ^"Hanover teen stabbed police officer 'on orders from Isis'". thelocal.de. 31 May 2016. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  75. ^"Bombenanschlag auf Sikh-Gebetshaus war "Terrorakt"" (in German).TZ. 21 April 2016. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  76. ^"Angeklagter gesteht Anschlag auf Moschee".Die Zeit (in German). 5 February 2018. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  77. ^"Nach Brandanschlag sucht Polizei fünf Täter" (in German).SWR. 9 March 2018. Archived fromthe original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  78. ^Gehm, Eckard (12 March 2018).""Schutt und Asche": Kurdischer Appell an Jugendliche bereitet Sorgen" (in German). shz.de. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  79. ^Hasselmann, Jörn; Schwietering, Caspar (11 March 2018)."Die Lage nach dem Brandanschlag" (in German).Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  80. ^"In Ahlen Brandsätze auf türkisches Kulturzentrum geworfen" (in German). wa.de. 12 March 2018. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  81. ^Nibbrig, Hans H. (26 March 2018)."Anschlag auf Berliner Stromnetz: 6500 Haushalte betroffen" (in German).Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  82. ^"GTD ID:201803120024".Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved5 June 2023.
  83. ^"Verdächtige nach Anschlag auf AfD-Büro gefasst".Die Zeit (in German). 4 January 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  84. ^"Polizei nimmt Verdächtigen nach Messerangriff fest" (in German).Die Welt. 5 June 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  85. ^"Stephan E., vorbestraft, stramm rechts – und ein Mörder?" (in German).Die Welt. 17 June 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  86. ^Maxwill, Peter (24 July 2019)."Warum uns der rassistische Anschlag von Wächtersbach aufrütteln muss" (in German).Der Spiegel. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  87. ^"Sprengstoffanschlag auf Wohnung von Linken-Politikerin" (in German).Die Zeit. 24 July 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  88. ^"Brand an Eingangstür vor Gericht in Pankow" (in German). Berliner Morgenpost. 27 September 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  89. ^"Tödliche Schüsse in Halle: Was über den Anschlag bekannt ist" (in German).Tagesschau. 10 October 2019. Retrieved15 March 2020.
  90. ^"Was bislang über die Tat in Hanau bekannt ist" (in German).Der Tagesspiegel. 20 February 2020. Retrieved20 February 2020.
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  92. ^"German Authorities Probe Tourist's Killing as Possible Islamist Terrorist Attack".WSJ. 21 October 2020. Retrieved23 October 2020.
  93. ^Lambert, Frederic (26 May 2021)."Tesla Factory Construction Site Attacked by Saboteurs" (in German).Electrek.co. Retrieved26 May 2021.
  94. ^"Tankstellen-Kassierer nach Streit über Coronamaske erschossen" (in German).spiegel.de. 20 September 2021. Retrieved21 September 2021.
  95. ^"Terroristen "kein Massenphänomen" in der Flüchtlingskrise".Merkur.de (in German). 20 July 2020. Retrieved28 July 2020.
  96. ^abEnslin, Julika (May 2025)."The Evolution of the Islamist Terror Threat Landscape in Germany Since 2020".CTC Sentinel.18 (5):36–55.
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  98. ^Associated Press."Germany Arrests 4 IS Suspects Planning Attack on US Bases".www.usnews.com/. Retrieved22 February 2022.
  99. ^"Five arrested over plot to attack German Christmas market".www.bbc.com. 14 December 2025. Retrieved21 December 2025.
  100. ^"Polish authorities foil IS-inspired Christmas market attack plot".euronews. 16 December 2025. Retrieved21 December 2025.
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  103. ^"Was über die deutschen Hamas-Geiseln bisher bekannt ist".focus.de (in German).
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  106. ^Der Baader Meinhof Komplex vs RAF Film Chronicle by Ron Holloway, accessed 19 April 2009

Further reading

[edit]
Main attacks
(more than 10 deaths)
Notable attacks
Notable terrorists
In terrorist groups
Lone perpetrators
Terrorist groups
Domestic groups
Foreign groups
Counter-terrorism units
Federal Police units
State Police units
Military units
Sovereign states
States with limited
recognition
Dependencies and
other entities
Other entities
General
Attacks
East
North
United
Kingdom
South
West
Belgium
France
Germany
Netherlands
Counter-
terrorism
Operations
Raids
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