Terengganu (Malay pronunciation:[tərəŋɡanu];Terengganu Malay:Tranung, formerly spelledTrengganu orTringganu) is asultanate andfederal state ofMalaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific,Dāru l-Īmān ("Abode of Faith"). The coastal city ofKuala Terengganu, at the mouth of theTerengganu River, is both the state and royal capital as well as the most populous city in Terengganu. Other major cities and towns includeJerteh,Kuala Dungun,Chukai,Kuala Berang,Marang, andPermaisuri. At 13,035 square kilometres (5,033 sq mi) in size and a population of over 1.2 million people in 2023, Terengganu is Malaysia's 7th largest state and 10th most populated. Terengganu, along with Kelantan,Perlis, and the Federal Territory ofPutrajaya, is one of the most homogeneous states/territories in the country of which 95% of the population are ethnicMalay-Muslims with its own distinct language/dialect, culture, history, and tradition.
Located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu borders the state ofKelantan to the north,Pahang to the west and south, and theSouth China Sea to the east. Terengganu is geographically divided into sparsely populated and mountainous inland (known as theTerengganu Highlands of which the highest point isMount Lawit at 1,519 metres (4,984 ft)) that span from the border with Kelantan to Kemaman district and largely flat coastal plains where most of the state's 1.1 million people are concentrated. The state is known for having the longest coastline in Peninsular Malaysia and achieved an entry in the Malaysian Book of Records for having the cleanest beach in the country.[9] Many of the most popular islands in Malaysia are located in the state such asPerhentian,Kapas, andRedang islands, as well asBidong Island, once a refuge to tens of thousands ofVietnamese refugees in the 1970s.
There are several theories on the origin of the name "Terengganu". One theory attributes the name's origin toterang ganu,Malay for 'brightrainbow'.[10] Another story, said to have been originally narrated by the ninthSultan of Terengganu,Baginda Omar, tells of a party ofhunters fromPahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a largeanimal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked what animal the fang belonged too. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answeredtaring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked the hunters where they sourced their riches, to which they replied, from the land oftaring anu, which later evolved into Terengganu.[10] Terengganu was calledTrangkanu (Thai:ตรังกานู) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Terengganuans usually pronounce Terengganu asTranung orGanu with the G often being emphasized.[11]
The traditionalChinese name for Terengganu has been "丁加奴" (Pinyin: dīngjiānú), which is a direct transcription of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name, citing[citation needed] that the characters used loosely translate to "giving birth to a child who will become a slave" (Chinese: 添丁加做奴). Therefore, they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to "登嘉楼" (Pinyin: dēngjiālóu), which can be loosely translated to "aspiring/stepping up to a higher level", in September 2004. The new name was in unofficial use by the state's Chinese community for at least 30 years before its official adoption.
Certain segments of the Chinese community opposed the name change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes, making it much more difficult to write. They have proposed to revert the name to the version used before 2004, but with the word "奴" (slave, which was mainly the cause of the controversy) to the similar sounding, but more positive "努" (perseverance).[citation needed]
Human activity may have been present in Terengganu as early as 16,000 years ago during thePaleolithic era as evidenced by the discovery of a skeleton in Gua Bewah,Hulu Terengganu in 2009. The skeleton, calledBewah Man (Malay:Orang Bewah), has been analyzed as 5,000 years older than skeletons found inPerak, making it the oldest known modern human skeleton in the country.[12]
Terengganu's location by theSouth China Sea ensured that it was on trade routes since ancient times. Based onPtolemy's 2nd atlusGeography referred to what is now Terengannu as eitherPerimula,Kole Polis orTharra.[13] The earliest written reports on the area that mentioned the name "Terengganu" were byChinese merchants and seafarers in the early 6th century A.D.[14] During the earlyHindu–Buddhist period, Terengganu was known asTan-Tan which is based in what is now Kuala Telemong. It was a small ancient polity that came under the influence ofLangkasuka, a powerful kingdom based either in Kedah orPatani in the 1st century AD.[citation needed] In the 7th century, the dynasty of Langkasuka that once ruled over Terengganu was replaced by a new kingdom calledSrivijaya.[citation needed] Under Srivijaya, Terengganu traded extensively with other kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra,Champa, theKhmer Empire, theMajapahit Empire and especially the Chinese.[citation needed]
Terengganu was the first Malay state to receive Islam, as attested to by theTerengganu Inscription Stone with Arabic inscriptions found inKuala Berang, the capital of the district ofHulu Terengganu. The inscribed date which is incomplete due to damage can be read as various dates from 702 to 789 AH (1303 to 1387 CE).[15] Terengganu became avassal state ofMalacca, but retained considerable autonomy with the emergence of theJohor Sultanate. In 1710, the Thai kingdom ofAyutthaya invaded Terengganu, but as the Johoreans prepared to repel the attack on their dependency, the Ayutthaya forces diverted to fight a Vietnamese attack in Cambodia.[16] At the end of the Malacca-Johor dynasty in 1699, Terengganu had emerged as a key supplier of pepper for Chinese merchants andperahu of the eastern archipelago, although the polity only had 500 warriors and no fleets. After being defeated in Johor's civil war in 1718, SultanAbdul Jalil Shah IV of Johor fled to Terengganu. He set up a rival court and handed out important titles to the local chiefs, drawing Terengganu into the forefront of Malay politics.[17]
AMao Kun map fromWubei Zhi which comes from the 15th century navigation maps ofZheng He showing Terengganu (丁架路) at the top left.
Terengganu emerged as anindependent sultanate in 1724. The first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin, the younger brother of a former sultan ofJohor, and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu's politics through the 18th century. However, in the bookTuhfat al-Nafis, the author, Raja Ali Haji, mentions that in 1725, Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu by Daeng Menampuk – also known as Raja Tua – under the rule of SultanSulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor. Meanwhile, oral tradition records that Zainal Abidin was installed as sultan by thePatani Queen.[18]
Scottish sailorAlexander Hamilton was known to have made several recorded visits to Terengganu in 1719 and 1720.[19]
In 1741, Sultan Sulaiman installed Sultan Mansur as ruler of Terengganu, his rule from 1741 to 1793 saw him creating a strong united Malay front against the rising power of theBugis. He expanded his power on a weakened and divided Kelantan in 1764, culminating in his son's marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Kelantan. European accounts of the time praised the well-ordered administration of his rule, while at the same time he was highly respected by his subjects.[20]
In the 19th century, Terengganu became a vassal state of the ThaiRattanakosin Kingdom, and sent tribute every year calledbunga mas. This occurred under the reign ofSultan Omar Riayat Shah, who was remembered as a devout ruler who promoted trade and stable government. Terengganu prospered, and was largely left alone by the authorities inBangkok unlike in neighbouring Patani and Kelantan.[21] The period also witnessed the existence of a Terengganuan vassal ofBesut Darul Iman.
The terms of theAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 saw power over Terengganu transferred from Siam toBritain. A British advisor was appointed to the sultan in 1919, and Terengganu become one of theUnfederated Malay States. The move was highly unpopular spurring several uprisings in 1922 and 1925 before climaxing in May 1928 with the Peasant's Rebellion (Pemberontakan Tani) led byAbdul Rahman Limbong which was quashed by British military force.[22]
DuringWorld War II,Japan occupied Terengganu and transferred sovereignty over the state back to Siam – which had been renamed Thailand in 1939 – along withKelantan,Kedah, andPerlis. After the defeat of Japan, British control over these Malay states was reestablished. Terengganu became a member of theFederation of Malaya in 1948, then a state of a sovereign Malaya in 1957, which became Malaysia in 1963.
Terengganu is situated in easternPeninsular Malaysia, and is bordered to the northwest byKelantan, to the southwest byPahang, and to the east by theSouth China Sea. The state has a total area of 13,035 km2 (5,033 sq mi).[7] Its topographical profile ranges from relatively level on the east coast and gradually becomes more hilly and mountainous towards the west, as its western borders are delineated by thePantai Timur Range, with the highest point beingMount Lawit. The range acts as the main watershed for the state's riverine systems, as it is also home toKenyir Lake, which is the source of theTerengganu River, is the largest man-made lake in Malaysia and serves as the state's major reservoir. Several outlying islands, including thePerhentians,Kapas andRedang, are also a part of the state.
The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911. It has a supplement that came into force in 1959. The official English title for the 1911 constitution is "The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty". The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections. The sections' official English language titles are "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (First Part)" and "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (Second Part)"
The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu. The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is "the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government in the State and Territory of Terengganu", the Head of the Religion of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. He is also vested with the Executive Power of the State. The hereditary Sultan of Terengganu since 1998 has been Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin.
As per both the Malaysian and state constitutions, theYang di-Pertuan Agong or King of Malaysia cannot simultaneously reign as federal Head of State and ruler of his own state. This means that a state ruler must appoint aregent to govern in his absence. Between 2006 and 2011, the current Sultan served as the 13th King of Malaysia, naming his eldest son and heir apparent,Tengku Muhammad Ismail, as Regent (Pemangku Raja) of Terengganu. As he was only eight years old upon his father's election, the young Prince co-reigned with a three-member Regency Advisory Council (Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja) headed by Raja Tengku Baderulzaman (the King's younger brother) as dictated bysyarat (2) Fasal 16 AA Undang-Undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu (Bab Yang Kedua) of the Terengganu State Constitution.
When Terengganu was an absolute monarchy, the Chief Minister was selected by the Sultan. Since the declaration of independence of Malaysia(then called Tanah Melayu) and the first general election, the Chief Minister has been the State Assembly (ADUN) member elected by a majority of all State Assembly members, who are themselves elected by universal adult suffrage of the citizens of their constituencies. Below is the list of the Chief Ministers of Terengganu from 1925.
TheSultan of Terengganu appointedAhmad Said instead for the job, with the Regency Advisory Council handing him the letter of appointment. The PM claimed that the appointment ofAhmad Said was unconstitutional as it went against the wishes of the assemblymen and the Prime Minister's office who have supportedIdris Jusoh candidacy for Menteri Besar.[27]
In spite of threats to stripAhmad Said of his party membership "for disobeying the leadership", he went to the office in Wisma Darul Iman to begin the first day of his new appointment on 25 March 2008. The party announced earlier that they made good on their promise to remove his membership, which technically disqualifies him to be appointed as Menteri Besar in the first place.[28] The ruling also planned to vote down the sultan's choice through a motion ofno-confidence by 22 UMNO state assemblymen.
The opposition partyParti Islam SeMalaysia in the meantime promised that its assemblymen would support Ahmad Said as Menteri Besar.[29]
On 26 March 2008 however, PMAbdullah Ahmad Badawi and SultanMizan Zainal Abidin met atIstana Negara to resolve the deadlock.[30] The Prime Minister reversed his stance and decided to accept the King's appointment ofAhmad Said as Chief Minister of Terengganu.[31][32] He also apologised to the King for the public spat over the appointment of the Menteri Besar, explaining that there was no intention to disparage or humiliate the royal household.
The apparent backdown was due to threat that the royal household would be prepared to dissolve the state assembly if the motion of no-confidence was initiated againstAhmad Said, which would trigger another election in what is already a climate of discontent towards the ruling party and the possibility of dissenting assemblymen defecting to the opposition.[33]
TheUMNO Supreme Council proceeded to endorse Ahmad Said as the new Menteri Besar of Terengganu. With the resolution of the impasse, Ahmad Said expressed his gratefulness on his appointment and paid tribute to Idris, an old friend he has known since university, for the work he has done for the Terengganu people so far and to seek his advice. After the swearing in ceremony where the duties are handed over from Idris, he also expressed hopes in moving on to discharge his responsibility to the people and eradicate poverty within the state.[34][35]
Note: Most districts have a single local government, excepting Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu, respectively under the jurisdiction of Kuala Terengganu City Council.
On 18 September 2014, it was announced that theKuala Terengganu District sub-district of Kuala Nerus would become Terengganu's 8th district, to be calledKuala Nerus by sixth Prime Minister Datuk SeriNajib Razak.[41]
The state is ruled by Sharia Law which only applies to Muslims. In 2002, the state of Terengganu passed Syariah Criminal Offenses (Hudud And Qisas) Enactment 2002 which would allow canings, amputation of hands, stoning and crucifixion however this was unenforced due to the limit set in Act 355.[42] In September 2018, two women were given six strokes of the cane for attempting to have same-sex relations.[43]
Terengganu has a population of 1,015,776 as of 2010[update],[44] which increased to 1,149,440 in 2020.[45] The official mid-year estimate in 2023 was 1,209,400.[46] In 2006,Malays made up 94.7% of the population andChinese, 2.6%, whileIndians 0.2% and other ethnic groups comprise the remainder, 2.4%.[47] According to the 2010 census, the ethnic composition of Terengganu was 97% Bumiputras, 2.6% Chinese, 0.2% Indian, and 0.1% others.[48]
In 2000, the state's population was only 48.7%urban; the majority lived in rural areas.[49] By the 2005 census, the proportions had changed significantly, with 51% of the population living in urban areas and 49% in the rural areas.[49] Terengganu recorded the lowest life expectancy in Malaysia for both males and females for the period 2021-2023.[50]
Terengganu is one of Malaysia's mosthomogeneous states along with Kelantan. More than 95% of the population is ethnically Malay, but there are other ethnic groups that live in the state as well, including Chinese (mostly Hokkien), Indians (mostly Tamils), Siamese, and Orang Aslis (Batek and Semaq Beri).
Malays are the largest ethnic group in the state with more than 94% of the population. The Malays in Terengganu are distinct from Malays of other parts of the country, they have unique cultures, traditions and spoken language. There are two sub-groups of Malays in the state:
Terengganu Malays
Terengganu Malays are the majority Malay sub-group in the state. They are the dominant Malay sub-group in all districts of Terengganu except for Besut and northern Setiu. They habitually speak Terengganu Malay language which is distinct but closely related to Kelantanese variety in the north. Terengganu Malays are also known for their rich cultures and traditions, one of the most well known is theUlek Mayang.
Besut Malays
Besut Malays are predominantly found in the district of Besut and northern Setiu. Despite being Terengganu citizens, they are ethnically, linguistically, and culturally closer to, and still maintain strong ties with, Kelantan. Most Malays in Besut and northern Setiu speak only Kelantanese, although those who have long been exposed to other districts of Terengganu can speak Terengganuan as well.
The Chinese Terengganuan form the largest minority ethnic group in the state. They are mostlyHokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect ofHokkien. Unlike other parts of Malaysia, the Chinese in Terengganu are much more assimilated; they speak fluent local Malay (Terengganuan in most parts of Terengganu and Kelantanese in Besut) and also share a similar lifestyle. They also have a local Peranakan culture known as "Mek Awang" which is a mixture of Chinese (mostly Hokkien) and Malay (Terengganu Malay) cultures, which can be seen in their cuisine and clothing and their language as well.
Indians in Terengganu are mostlyTamils and the majority are adherents of Hinduism, although a minority followIslam. Like their Chinese counterparts, the Indian community in Terengganu are highly assimilated, with many fluent in Terengganu Malay along with Tamil, Standard Malay and English. There is one major Hindu temple in Kuala Terengganu. Most Indians in Terengganu live in urban areas like Kuala Terengganu.
The Siamese in Terengganu maintain a small but well-organised community. They can be found in Besut and few in Setiu and Kuala Terengganu. Physically, there is little difference between Malays and Siamese other than their name and religion. Their native language isSouthern Thai language but most speak Kelantanese as large numbers of them live in Besut.
The Orang Aslis are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. In Terengganu they can be found mostly in Hulu Terengganu and Besut districts. There are two Orang Asli ethnic groups in Terengganu, theSemaq Beris live nearLake Kenyir or other parts of the district. They belong toSenoi group. Besides the Semaq Beris, there are alsoBatek people, aSemang ethnic group mostly found in interior parts of Terengganu, especially inTaman Negara area or in other parts of Terengganu. Both Semaq Beris and Bateks still maintain their semi-nomadic lifestyle, although some now live in permanent homes. Both are also speakers ofAustroasiatic languages.
The people of Terengganu generally speak CoastalTerengganu Malay, which is distinct from standard Malay andKelantan-Pattani Malay, except for those in Besut district,Perhentian Islands and some parts of Setiu where Kelantanese are more dominant. Those that live inHulu Terengganu had their own distinct variant but closely related to Coastal Terengganu Malay. Chinese Terengganuans are predominantlyHoklo people and thus mostly speakHokkien as theirfirst language, although a number ofMandarin speakers are increasing. Indians in Terengganu mostly speakMalaysian Tamil. There is also anOrang Asli languages such asBatek andSemaq Beri, spoken in inland parts of Terengganu and is part of theAustroasiatic language family. There is also a small number ofCham language speakers spoken by a small community ofCham people in Dungun.[51]
According to the 2020 Census, the population of Terengganu is 97.3%Muslim, 2%Buddhist, 0.2%Hindu, 0.2%Christian, and 0.04% follower of Chinese folk religions or unknown affiliation.[52]
Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91.4% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (4.7%),Chinese folk religions (1.6%) and Muslims (1.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (69.8%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Muslims (18.1%), Christians (5.3%) and Buddhists (4.9%). The non-Malaybumiputera community are predominantly Muslims (56.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (33.2%) and Buddhists (5.6%). All Malays are Muslims.[53]
Terengganu used to be Malaysia's poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline in the 80s.[54] Terengganu's main industry now ispetroleum and gas. There are hugepetrochemical complexes nearPaka andKerteh, involving manyjoint ventures between the Malaysian national oil company,Petronas, and foreignmultinationals.Tourism and fishing are also major industries in Terengganu, a state with a longcoastline. Agriculture also remains important, withbanana,rambutan,durian,watermelon, and various other fruits and vegetables available in season. Terengganu was traditionally famous for boatbuilding, with highly decorated carved wooden boats calledbangau to be found in the harbour of every village and town in days not so long gone by, before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state's fishermen.
Terengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants, and thereforeMalay cultural influences predominate. Traditional pursuits such as kite-flying contests, top-spinning contests, and traditionalarts & crafts, such asbatik andsongket are still very much alive. The people of Terengganu have always had a reputation for being socially conservative and devoutMuslims.
The major tourist attractions in the state include:Kuala Terengganu, the capital;Islamic Heritage Park,Tasik Kenyir, a large artificial lake; Sekayu Waterfalls; Kuala Ibai Lagoons; Batu Burok Beach, Kemasik Beach, Rantau Abang,Setiu Wetlands, Marang,Chukai town and several offshore islands such asPulau Redang,Pulau Lang Tengah, andPulau Kapas, and thePulau Perhentian, which attract beachgoers and snorkelers because of their picture perfect beaches. Many travellers find the relatively rural and tranquil atmosphere in the state conducive to a relaxing holiday.
Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host ofMonsoon Cup, which was first held in 2005 and then became an annual national sporting event. The event brought millions ofringgit of investment into the state from the private sectors and Malaysian Government. Tourists flocked toKuala Terengganu and Duyong to witness this event, held during themonsoon season, which had previously been low season for tourism in Terengganu.
Terengganu, along with Kelantan, is known as the cradle of the Malay civilization in Peninsular Malaysia. There are various traditional dances in the state such as theUlek Mayang,Rodat, Saba, Balai, and Nur Sakti; some even predate the arrival ofIslam in the region. Terengganu is also one of few states to adopt thegamelan as part of their traditional theatre (afterRiau andPahang); the Terengganu gamelan has developed a distinct identity fromSundanese andJavanesegamelan. The gamelan was originally brought to Pahang and later to Terengganu, and was played only during royal occasions. Today the gamelan is part of the state's cultural heritage.
The most famous local food isKeropok Lekor, which is made primarily from a combination of dough (sago flour) and pounded fish mainly from mackerel and sardines, fried and served with hot chilli sauce for afternoon tea.Keropok Keping (fish crackers) are made from sun-dried slices ofKeropok Lekor. Numerouskeropok stalls are to be found on the side of the highway that passes through coastal communities. Keropok lekor is best eaten with local chili sauce, made from dried chili, tamarind, sugar and vinegar.
Budu, a very pungent and saltyanchovy sauce is also popular among the locals. It is often mixed with sliced onions and chillies as condiments. Budu made fromikan bilis fermented with salt. There are other version of budu, known as Pelara were made by using mackerel were popular among the older generation, can be found in traditional market sold in bottles.
Laksam (orlaksang in Terengganu Malay), a modified version oflaksa, is made from rice flour (thick and soft slices). It is served in a bowl of light fresh coconut milk mixed with boiled fish flesh (mainly mackerel), finely chopped cucumbers, chillies, onions and long beans. It is eaten cold at breakfast.
Another Terengganu speciality issata, a type ofotak-otak or fish cake wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over a grill. Sata made from combination of fish and grated coconut, with some portion of spice.
There are several institutes of higher learning in Terengganu. They are either categorised as Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA); public university or Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS); private university. Among public universities which have campus in Terengganu is theUniversiti Sultan Zainal Abidin andUniversiti Malaysia Terengganu. Both universities have campus in Gong Badak, in north Kuala Terengganu.
Beside that, Terengganu also had 3Universiti Teknologi MARA branches, in Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Bukit Besi. Also, Terengganu host several private university and college, such asTATI University College in Kemaman, UCSI Terengganu campus in Marang, Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) in Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu and Kolej Teknologi Bestari in Setiu, Politechnics Sultan Zainal Abidin, among others.
List of Tertiary Institutes (public and private)
Politeknik Kuala Terengganu
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Universiti Teknologi MARA (3 branches)
Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
Kolej PTPL
Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara (KKTM) Kemaman
Kolej Teknologi & Inovasi KRIM
Institut Teknologi Petronas
Kolej Seri Iman
Kolej Ketengah
RANACO Education and Training Institute (RETI)
Kolej Teras Timur
Kolej Islam Sains Teknologi (KIST)
TATI University College(TATIUC)
MARA KETENGAH International College (MKIC)
Secondary school (high school) education is provided by Sekolah Kebangsaan (National School, i.e.: Sekolah menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman,Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Balai besar,SMK Sura), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (National-type School) Chinese primary schools, and Sekolah Ugama (Religious schools, e.g.: SMA Sultan Zainal Abidin Ladang). All of them follow the syllabus and curriculum provided and regulated by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). Every year the state government spends RM34 million to develop education in Terengganu. Part of these grants ensures that every eligible primary school student in Terengganu is able to get a Netbook worth RM1000 to help in their studies.
There are three airports located in Terengganu, of which two of them are open to the public.Sultan Mahmud Airport located in Gong Badak,Kuala Nerus is the state's main airport and serves as a main gateway by air to and from Terengganu. Other public airport is theRedang Airport, located inRedang Island off the coast of Terengganu.
Kerteh Airport, located in the town ofKerteh,Kemaman is the state's second largest airport but is not open to public because the airport is owned and operated by Petroliam Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office (ECRO), and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees andExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100–200 km offshore South China Sea. The airport although small, has a single 1,362 m (4,469 ft) long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737-400 aircraft.
A military air force base,RMAF Gong Kedak is located between the borders of Kelantan (Pasir Puteh) and Terengganu (Besut) and has an airstrip which crosses the two state borders.
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^ab"Kod Dan Nama Sempadan Pentadbiran Tanah" [Land Administration Boundary Code And Name](PDF) (in Malay). Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia. 2011. pp. 1–49 [1/55]. Retrieved18 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
^ab"Data Asas Negeri 2006" (in Malay and English). Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri. 2006. Archived fromthe original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved6 January 2008.
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