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Terêna orEtelena is an Arawakan language spoken by 15,000Terenas. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[2] Many Terena people have lowPortuguese proficiency. It is spoken inMato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]
Terêna originally had four varieties:Kinikinao, Terena proper,Guaná, andChané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[3] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[5] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
^Rosa, Andréa (2010).Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák)(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Três Lagoas: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. pp. 71–72.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved2024-05-26.
^Carvalho, Fernando O. de (Fall 2019). "Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco".Anthropological Linguistics.61 (3):341–363.doi:10.1353/anl.2019.0020.JSTOR27023791.
^Silva, Denise (2013).Estudo lexicografico da lingua terena: proposta de um dicionário terena-português (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Araraquara: Universidade Estadual Paulista.hdl:11449/102358.
^Nascimento, Gardênia (2012).Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
