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TheTen Wings (十翼Shí Yì) is a collection of commentaries (傳zhuàn) to the classical ChineseBook of Changes (易經Yìjīng) traditionally ascribed toConfucius, though they were likely composed by later scholars.[1] These writings represent the earliest known interpretations of the周易Zhōuyì, the Bronze Age divination manual underlying theBook of Changes (易經Yìjīng). By offering philosophical and moral insights, the Ten Wings transformed the text from a practical guide for divination into a profound treatise on metaphysics, ethics, and cosmology.[1]
The Ten Wings consist of the following commentaries on theBook of Changes (易經Yìjīng):
Doubts concerning Confucius' authorship of theWings were expressed byOuyang Xiu (1007-1072) andSima Guang (1019-1086) during the NorthernSong dynasty. They were further consolidated byYao Jiheng [zh] (1647-1715) andKang Youwei (1858-1927) of theQing dynasty. The 20th-centurysinologists provide argumentation for rejection of the traditional creed.[3]
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