ThisCitation Style 1 template is used to createcitations for print liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media. When citing the contents of the media, commentary, featurettes, etc., use{{Cite AV media}}.
Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as|isbn= have upper-case aliases like|ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, thenpurge the page.
Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format
{{cite AV media notes|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|date=|chapter=|chapter-url=|title=|title-link=|url=|work=|others=|location=|publisher=|page=|pages=|at=|id=|access-date=|ref=}}
Full parameter set in horizontal format
{{cite AV media notes|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|display-authors=|author-mask1=|author-mask2=|collaboration=|df=|date=|year=|orig-date=|orig-year=|chapter=|script-chapter=|chapter-url=|chapter-url-access=|trans-chapter=|chapter-format=|location=|editor-last1=|editor-first1=|editor-link1=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|editor-link2=|display-editors=|editor-mask1=|editor-mask2=|title=|script-title=|title-link=|url=|url-access=|trans-title=|format=|department=|work=|script-work=|trans-work=|type=|series=|language=|interviewer-last1=|interviewer-first1=|interviewer-link1=|interviewer-last2=|interviewer-first2=|interviewer-link2=|display-interviewers=|interviewer-mask1=|interviewer-mask2=|translator-last1=|translator-first1=|translator-link1=|translator-last2=|translator-first2=|translator-link2=|display-translators=|translator-mask1=|translator-mask2=|others=|name-list-style=|edition=|publication-place=|publisher=|publication-date=|minutes=|time-caption=|time=|page=|pages=|at=|no-pp=|arxiv=|asin=|asin-tld=|bibcode=|bibcode-access=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|doi=|doi-access=|doi-broken-date=|eissn=|hdl=|hdl-access=|isbn=|ismn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|jstor-access=|lccn=|medrxiv=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|ol-access=|osti=|osti-access=|pmc=|pmc-embargo-date=|pmid=|rfc=|sbn=|ssrn=|s2cid=|s2cid-access=|zbl=|id=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-format=|archive-date=|access-date=|via=|quote-page=|quote-pages=|quote=|script-quote=|trans-quote=|mode=|ref=|postscript=}}
Most commonly used parameters in vertical format
{{cite AV media notes|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|date=|chapter=|chapter-url=|title=|title-link=|url=|work=|others=|location=|publisher=|page=|pages=|at=|id=|access-date=|ref=}}
Full parameter set in vertical format
Parameters
Prerequisites
Brief instructions / notes
Vertical list
last1
Author's last name or single name author. Author(s) notes. Don't link.
{{cite AV media notes|last1=|first1=|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|display-authors=|author-mask1=|author-mask2=|collaboration=|df=|date=|year=|orig-date=|orig-year=|chapter=|script-chapter=|chapter-url=|chapter-url-access=|trans-chapter=|chapter-format=|location=|editor-last1=|editor-first1=|editor-link1=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|editor-link2=|display-editors=|editor-mask1=|editor-mask2=|title=|script-title=|title-link=|url=|url-access=|trans-title=|format=|department=|work=|script-work=|trans-work=|type=|series=|language=|interviewer-last1=|interviewer-first1=|interviewer-link1=|interviewer-last2=|interviewer-first2=|interviewer-link2=|display-interviewers=|interviewer-mask1=|interviewer-mask2=|translator-last1=|translator-first1=|translator-link1=|translator-last2=|translator-first2=|translator-link2=|display-translators=|translator-mask1=|translator-mask2=|others=|name-list-style=|edition=|publication-place=|publisher=|publication-date=|minutes=|time-caption=|time=|page=|pages=|at=|no-pp=|arxiv=|asin=|asin-tld=|bibcode=|bibcode-access=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|doi=|doi-access=|doi-broken-date=|eissn=|hdl=|hdl-access=|isbn=|ismn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|jstor-access=|lccn=|medrxiv=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|ol-access=|osti=|osti-access=|pmc=|pmc-embargo-date=|pmid=|rfc=|sbn=|ssrn=|s2cid=|s2cid-access=|zbl=|id=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-format=|archive-date=|access-date=|via=|quote-page=|quote-pages=|quote=|script-quote=|trans-quote=|mode=|ref=|postscript=}}
first1
last1
Author's first name. Don't link.
author-link1
last1
Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
last2
last1
Likelast1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:last3, etc.
first2
last2
Likefirst1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:first3, etc.
author-link2
last2
Likeauthor-link1, but for 2nd author. Don't link. Similar:author-link3, etc.
display-authors
last1
Number (number of authors displayed) oretal (more authors)
Set toamp orampersand to separate the last author with" &"; set toand to separate with" and"
edition
publication-place
publisher
publisher
publication-date
minutes
time-caption
time
time
page
choose one:page,pages, orat
pages
choose one:page,pages, orat. Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
at
choose one:page,pages, orat
no-pp
page orpages
set to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
arxiv
asin
asin-tld
asin
bibcode
biorxiv
biorxiv-access
biorxiv
citeseerx
doi
doi-access
doi
doi-broken-date
doi
eissn
hdl
hdl-access
hdl
isbn
ismn
issn
jfm
jstor
jstor-access
jstor
lccn
medrxiv
mr
oclc
ol
ol-access
ol
osti
osti-access
osti
pmc
pmc-embargo-date
pmc
pmid
rfc
sbn
ssrn
s2cid
s2cid-access
s2cid
zbl
id
Publisher's identifier
url-status
archive-url
archive-url
archive-date,url
archive-format
archive-url
archive-date
archive-url
access-date
url
via
quote-page
choose one:quote-page,quote-pages
quote-pages
choose one:quote-page,quote-pages. Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages.
quote
script-quote
trans-quote
mode
cs1 orcs2
ref
postscript
If a field name is listed in thePrerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.
Examples
General
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Album Title |first=First |last=Last |others=[[Artist]] |date=2025 |url=http://www.wikipedia.org |page=1 |type=Type |publisher=Publisher |id=Publisher ID |location=Location}}
Last, First (2025).Album Title (Type).Artist. Location: Publisher. p. 1. Publisher ID.
{{Cite AV media notes |title=Album Title |title-link=Album Title |first=First |last=Last |others=[[Artist]] |date=2025 |page=1 |type=Type |publisher=Publisher |id=Publisher ID |location=Location}}
Last, First (2025).Album Title (Type).Artist. Location: Publisher. p. 1. Publisher ID.
Basic
{{Cite AV media notes |title=New Moon |title-link=New Moon (Elliott Smith album) |first=John |last=Doe |others=[[Elliott Smith]] |date=2007 |page=4 |type=booklet |publisher=Kill Rock Stars |id=KRS455 |location=Olympia, Washington, USA}}
Doe, John (2007).New Moon (booklet).Elliott Smith. Olympia, Washington, USA: Kill Rock Stars. p. 4. KRS455.
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
parent
OR:parent2—may be used instead ofparent
child—may be used withparent (and is ignored ifparent is not used)
OR:child2—may be used instead ofchild (and is ignored ifparent2 is not used)
Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
COinS
This template embedsCOinS metadata in the HTML output, allowingreference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata.SeeWikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
use|date=27 September 2007 not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example ,–, or , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in theUsage section near the top of this documentation page.
last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—useauthor-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, uselast or one of its aliases (e.g.|author=Bono). Aliases:surname,author,last1,surname1,author1.
author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of|first= and|last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supportsaccept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
first: Given or first names of author; for example:Firstname Middlename orFirstname M. orFirstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—useauthor-link instead. Aliases:given,first1,given1. Requireslast; first name will not display iflast is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance withMOS:JRSR and use honorifics (includingDr.,Sir, and similar) only in accordance withMOS:HON.
OR: for multiple authors, uselast1,first1 throughlastn,firstn, wheren is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (eachfirstn requires a correspondinglastn, but not the other way around).See thedisplay parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases:surname1,given1 throughsurnamen,givenn, orauthor1 throughauthorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use|first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:author-link1,author1-link,authorlink.
OR: for multiple authors, useauthor-link1 throughauthor-linkn. Aliases:author1-link throughauthorn-link.
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set toamp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists inVancouver style when the lists use thelast/first forms of name parameters.
vauthors: comma-separated list of author names inVancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names indoubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
author-link andauthor-mask may be used for the individual names in|vauthors= as described above
authors: deprecatedFree-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias oflast.
translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—usetranslator-link instead. Aliases:translator-surname,translator1,translator1-last,translator-last1. Supportsaccept-this-as-written markup.
translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—usetranslator-link instead. Aliases:translator-given,translator1-first,translator-first1.
OR: for multiple translators, usetranslator-last1,translator-first1 throughtranslator-lastn,translator-firstn, wheren is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (eachtranslator-firstn requires a correspondingtranslator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases:translator1-last,translator1-first throughtranslatorn-last,translatorn-first, ortranslator1 throughtranslatorn.
translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:translator-link1,translator1-link.
OR: for multiple translators, usetranslator-link1 throughtranslator-linkn. Aliases:translator1-link throughtranslatorn-link.
collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requiresauthor,last, orvauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, writeIllustrated by John Smith. Note that specifying others= without an author= (or one of its aliases) will place the article inCategory:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes).
Note: When usingshortened footnotes orparenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Date
"Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, seeTemplate:Undated.
date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.For acceptable date formats, seeHelp:Citation Style 1 § Dates.
Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate{{sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case,year orref is required to disambiguate the link targets.
For approximate year, precede with "c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
For no date, or "undated", use|date=n.d.
The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for acreated orupdated date; a comment for editors such asdate=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
Automatic date formatting:Citation Style 1 and2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as|date=,|publication-date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) except for|orig-date= in the style specified by the article's{{use dmy dates}} or{{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
year: Year of publication. The more flexible|date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the|date= parameter, unlessboth of the following conditions are met:
Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates aCITEREFdisambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
The|date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after thedate (oryear). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:|orig-date=First published 1859 or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df= (or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates= of a{{use dmy dates}} or{{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the|date= parameter. Alias:orig-year
df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
mdy – as above for month day, year format
ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
^Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.SeeMOS:DATEUNIFY.
Editors
editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—useeditor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply useeditor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases:editor-last1,editor1-last,editor-surname,editor-surname1,editor1-surname,editor,editor1.
editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supportsaccept-this-as-written markup.
editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example:Firstname Middlename orFirstname M. orDr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—useeditor-link instead. Aliases:editor-first1,editor1-first,editor-given,editor-given1,editor1-given.
OR: for multiple editors, useeditor-last1,editor-first1 througheditor-lastn,editor-firstn (Aliases:editorn-last,editor-surnamen oreditorn-surname;editorn-first,editor-givenn oreditorn-given;editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=....
editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:editor-link1.
OR: for multiple editors, useeditor-link1 througheditor-linkn (aliaseditorn-link).
name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set toamp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists inVancouver style when the lists use thelast/first forms of name parameters.
veditors: comma separated list of editor names inVancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names indoubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
editor-linkn andeditor-maskn may be used for the individual names in|veditors=, as described above
Display:
Usedisplay-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article orurl may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays initalics. Ifscript-title is defined, usetitle to hold aRomanization (if available) of the title inscript-title.
script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined intitle (if present). Must be prefixed with one of thesupported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets aftertitle. Use of thelanguage parameter is recommended.
Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named intitle – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keywordnone can be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Media notes. Alias:medium.
chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may usechapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. Ifscript-chapter is defined, usechapter to hold aRomanization (if available) of the title inscript-chapter
script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); followsRomanization defined inchapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of thesupported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after thechapter field; ifchapter-url is defined, thentrans-chapter is included in the link. Use of thelanguage parameter is recommended.
contribution: A separately-authored part ofauthor's book. May be wikilinked or may usecontribution-url, but not both. Values ofAfterword,Foreword,Introduction, orPreface will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given incontributor.
language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either theISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese.See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory ofCategory:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g.espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases:lang
URL
url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named bytitle can be found. Cannot be used iftitle is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.#ixzz2rBr3aO94 or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=....For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, seeWP:PAGELINKS. Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such asAmazon; use|isbn= or|oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
access-date: Full date when the content pointed to byurl was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requiresurl; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1]Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example,access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; seeWP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note thataccess-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with{{use dmy dates}} and{{use mdy dates}}. Can behidden or styled by registered editors. Alias:accessdate.
archive-date: Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with{{use dmy dates}} and{{use mdy dates}}. Alias:archivedate.
url-status: A control parameter to select one of|url= or|archive-url= to link|title=; requiresurlandarchive-url. Use{{dead link}} to mark dead|url= when there is no|archive-url=.
Accepts multiple keywords:
dead – (default condition when|url-status= omitted or empty) selects|archive-url=
live – selects|url=; used when|url= is preemptively archived with|archive-url=
deviated – selects|archive-url=; used when|url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article
unfit – selects|archive-url=; used when|url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitablepage; links to|url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider insteadusurpation orblacklist. Bot help is available atWP:URLREQ
usurped – selects|archive-url=; used when thedomain in|url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to|url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available atWP:URLREQ
bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed inCategory:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
archive-format: File format of the work referred to byarchive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change theexternal link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not includealt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)SeeUsing |format=
format: File format of the work referred to byurl; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses aftertitle. (For media format, usetype.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change theexternal link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not includealt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)SeeUsing |format=
URLs must begin with a supportedURI scheme.http:// andhttps:// will be supported by all browsers; however,ftp://,gopher://,irc://,ircs://,mailto: andnews: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs incitation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to bepercent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by%20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
Character
space
"
'
<
>
[
]
{
|
}
Encoding
%20
%22
%27
%3C
%3E
%5B
%5D
%7B
%7C
%7D
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
^abAccess-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.SeeMOS:DATEUNIFY.
Chapter URL
chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named bychapter orcontribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site asurl, if any. Ifchapter-url is used,url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases:contribution-url,section-url.
chapter-format: Format of the work referred to bychapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses afterchapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change theexternal link icon. Note: External link icons do not includealt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.
Periodical (work, newspaper, website)
work (required by{{cite journal}} and{{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays initalics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. Ifscript-work is defined, usework to hold aRomanization (if available) of the title inscript-work. Aliases:journal,newspaper,magazine,periodical,website. UseLatin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standardRomanization in this field.
script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined inwork (if present). Must be prefixed with one of thesupported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases:script-journal,script-newspaper,script-magazine,script-periodical,script-website.
trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets afterwork orscript-work. Aliases:trans-journal,trans-newspaper,trans-magazine,trans-periodical,trans-website.
department: Title of a regular department,column, or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays aftertitle and is in plain text.
When set,work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Edition, series
edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so|edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
series orversion: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
Publisher
publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked[1] if relevant. Thepublisher is thecompany,organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state|publisher=self-published.[2] Donot use thepublisher parameter for the name of awork (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead ofwork in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishesThe New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays aftertitle.
place: For news stories with adateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias:location
publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example,The Boston Globe,The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one ofpublication-place,place, orlocation is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; ifpublication-place andplace orlocation are defined, thenplace orlocation is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" andpublication-place is shown after the title.
publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Ifdate (oryear) is also defined and is different, thenpublication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, followingpublisher. Ifdate (oryear) is not defined,publication-date is displayed asdate. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
via: Name of the content deliverer (ifdifferent frompublisher).via is not a replacement forpublisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. inYahoo News) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g.NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g.EBSCOhost), or if the deliverer requests attribution.See theaccess level parameters to display access restrictions, and theagency parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service.
In-source locations
minutes: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in".
OR:time: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at".
time-caption: Changes the default text displayed beforetime.
page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either|page= or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp. unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use{{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12 to|pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias:p.
OR:pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either|page= or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp. unless|no-pp=yes. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, usedouble parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages= without processing it, and use{{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias:pp.
no-pp: Set toyes,y, ortrue to suppress thep. orpp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where|page=Front cover or|pages=passim.
OR:at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by|page= or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
For|quote-page= and|quote-pages= used in conjunction with|quote=, seehere.
id: Aunique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use anexternal link template as applicable. For example,|id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}} to appendNCJ122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.|rfc=822 or|pmc=345678.
arxiv:arXividentifier; for example:|arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases:eprint.
asin:Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character ofasin value is a digit, useisbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases:ASIN.
asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.
bibcode:bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
doi:Digital object identifier; for example:10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases:DOI.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicatevalid DOIs using a non-standard format, seebelow.
doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive athttps://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
eissn:International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using ahyphen, but not anen dash or a space; example|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases:EISSN.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicatevalid eISSNs using a non-standard format, seebelow.
hdl:Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases:HDL.
isbn:International Standard Book Number; for example:978-0-8126-9593-9.(SeeWikipedia:ISBN andISBN § Overview.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, usesbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN withoutany additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases:ISBN.
Use the{{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicatevalid ISBNs using a non-standard format, seebelow.
ismn:International Standard Music Number; for example:979-0-9016791-7-7.Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN withoutany additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases:ISMN.
jstor:JSTOR reference number; for example:|jstor=3793107. Aliases:JSTOR.
lccn:Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example|lccn=79-57364 or|lccn=2004042477 or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases:LCCN.
pmc:PubMed Central; use article number foropen repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value.See also thepmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases:PMC.
pmc-embargo-date: Date thatpmc goes live; if this date is in the future, thenpmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
pmid:PubMed; use unique identifier; example|pmid=17322060See also thepmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases:PMID.
In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=,|eissn=,|isbn=,|issn=, and|sbn=) support a specialaccept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as|<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify theaccess status using the corresponding|<param>-access= parameter.
For{{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when|url= and|title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for|title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or|title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a linkidentical to a link also produced by an identifier. The|url= parameter (or|title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or aconvenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented inVerifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant toverifying claims in articles.
registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Online sources linked by|url=,|article-url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|entry-url=,|map-url=, and|section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked asfree. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add|archive-url= and|archive-date= values if possible.
URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
URL
Access
Allowed keywords
|url=
|url-access=
registration limited subscription
|article-url=
|article-url-access=
|chapter-url=
|chapter-url-access=
|contribution-url=
|contribution-url-access=
|entry-url=
|entry-url-access=
|map-url=
|map-url-access=
|section-url=
|section-url-access=
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web|url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php|url-access=registration|date=2021-04-15|title=Nifty example data}}
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked aslimited,registration, orsubscription.
Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
Identifier
Access
Allowed keywords
|bibcode=
|bibcode-access=
free
|doi=
|doi-access=
|hdl=
|hdl-access=
|jstor=
|jstor-access=
|ol=
|ol-access=
|osti=
|osti-access=
|ssrn=
|ssrn-access=
|s2cid=
|s2cid-access=
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=
|biorxiv=
|citeseerx=
|medrxiv=
|pmc=
|rfc=
For embargoedpmc that will become available in the future, seepmc-embargo-date.
Tracking of free DOIs
The template is able to recognize known free-to-readDOI registrants, based on a list inModule:Citation/CS1/Configuration. Once a free registrant is identified, the10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list underlocal function build_free_doi_registrants_table(). If|doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page inCategory:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI, which is routinely cleared byUser:Citation bot.
The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added toModule:Citation/CS1/Configuration underlocal extended_registrants_t = { with the format['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'},. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'},.
quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. Ifscript-quote is defined, usequote to hold aRomanization (if available) of the text inscript-quote.
script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined inquote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of thesupported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in|quote=. Use either|quote-page= or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages= or|at=. Displays preceded byp. unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use{{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
OR:quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in|quote=. Use either|quote-page= or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages= or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp. unless|no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, usedouble parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages= without processing it, and use{{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,|ref=ID generates an anchor with the givenID (theid= attribute in the citation's<citepadding-right: 1px;">ID"> HTML tag). Setting|ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allowswikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations likeshortened notes andparenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with{{sfn}} and{{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting shouldnot be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none.SeeTemplate:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates.
Display options
mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation usepostscript.
author-mask:
contributor-mask:
editor-mask:
interviewer-mask:
subject-mask:
translator-mask:
Replaces the name of the (first) author withem dashes or text. Set<name>-mask to a numeric valuen to set the dashn em spaces wide; set<name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with<name>-link—in this case, the value of<name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such asshortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by{{reflist}},<references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specificname.
display-authors:
display-contributors:
display-editors:
display-interviewers:
display-subjects:
display-translators:
Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,|display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).|display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify|postscript=none – leaving|postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.|postscript= is ignored ifquote is defined.
TemplateData
This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information seeHelp:Citation Style 1#TemplateData
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.
Page name
optional
Author link 6
author-link6author6-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.
Page name
optional
Author link 7
author-link7author7-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.
Page name
optional
Author link 8
author-link8author8-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.
Page name
optional
Author link 9
author-link9author9-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.
Page name
optional
Archive URL
archive-url
The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'
Line
optional
Page
page
Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'
Line
optional
Pages
pages
Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.'
Line
optional
At
at
May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient
Line
optional
Chapter
chaptercontributionentryarticlesection
The chapter heading of the source. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last
String
optional
Others
others
Free-text field for people involved in creating a work who cannot be added with another name parameter such as author or editor
String
optional
Publisher
publisherinstitution
Name of the publisher; displays after title
String
optional
Language
language
The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name; do not use icons or templates
String
optional
id
id
A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable
Line
optional
Quote
quote
Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation
Content
optional
Ref
ref
An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates
Line
optional
URL access date
access-date
The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink
Date
optional
Archive date
archive-date
Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink
Date
optional
URL status
url-status
The status of the URL- live, dead, usurped/unfit (inappropriate content) or deviated (different content)
Suggested values
livedeadusurpedunfitdeviated
Unknown
optional
Title link
title-link
Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
Page name
optional
Citation Style
mode
Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use the postscript parameter.
Suggested values
cs1cs2
Default
cs2
String
optional
Type
type
Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case
