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Template:COVID-19 vaccine candidates

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Main article:COVID-19 vaccine clinical research
COVID‑19 vaccine candidates in Phase I–III trials[1][2][3]
()
Vaccine candidates,
developers, and sponsors		Country of originType (technology)Current phase (participants)
design		Completed phase[a] (participants)
Immune response		Pending authorization
Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine(VAT00008, Vidprevtyn)
Sanofi Pasteur,GSK		France, United KingdomSubunit (SARS-CoV-2 S adjuvantedrecombinant protein)Phase III (37,430)[4][5]
A Parallel-group, Phase III, Multi-stage, Modified Double-blind, Multi-armed Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Two SARS-CoV-2 Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein Vaccines (Monovalent and Bivalent) for Prevention Against COVID-19 in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.
May 2021 – Mar 2023, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, India (3,000), Japan, Kenya,[6] Mexico,[7] Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda, United States		Phase I–II (1,160)
Phase I-IIa (440): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine Formulations (With or Without Adjuvant) in Healthy Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[8]
Phase IIb (720): Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine With AS03 Adjuvant in Adults 18 Years of Age and Older.[9]
Sep 2020 – Apr 2022, United States
Emergency (5)
Nanocovax[16]
Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC		VietnamSubunit (SARS‑CoV‑2recombinantspike protein with aluminumadjuvant)[17][18]Phase III (13,000)[19][20]
Adaptive, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Jun 2021 – Jul 2022,Vietnam		Phase I–II (620)[21]
Phase I (60): Open label, dose escalation.
Phase II (560): Randomization, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021,Vietnam
Emergency (1)
UB-612
United Biomedical, Inc, Vaxxinity,DASA		Brazil, Taiwan, United StatesSubunit (Multitope peptide based S1-RBD-protein based vaccine)Phase III (18,320)[23][24]
Phase IIb/III (7,320): Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Dose-Response.
Phase III (11,000)
Jan 2021 – Mar 2023, Taiwan (phase 2b/3), India (phase 3)[25]		Phase I–II (3,910)[26]
Phase 1 (60): Open-label study
Phase IIa (3,850): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blind Study.
Sep 2020 – Jan 2021, Taiwan
Emergency (1)
SCB-2019[28][29]
Clover Biopharmaceuticals,[30][31] Dynavax Technologies,[32]CEPI		ChinaSubunit (spike proteintrimericsubunit with combined CpG 1018 and aluminium adjuvant)Phase III (30,300)
Phase II/III (30,000): Randomized, double-blind, controlled.
Phase III (300): Double-blind, randomized, controlled.[33]
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Nepal, Panama, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine		Phase I–II (950)
Phase I (150): Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, First-in-human.
Phase II (800): Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled.[34]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Australia (phase 1), China (phase 2)
Emergency (1)
S-268019
Shionogi		JapanSubunitPhase III (54,915)[35][36]
Phase II/III: Open-label.
Phase III: Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over.
Oct 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan (3,100), Vietnam		Phase I–II (300)[37]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group.
Dec 2020 – Aug 2021, Japan
West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine
Jiangsu Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,West China Hospital (WestVac Biopharma),Sichuan University		ChinaSubunit (recombinant with Sf9 cell)Phase III (40,000)[38]
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021 – Feb 2022, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia,[39] Mexico, Nepal, the Philippines (5,000)[40]		Phase I–II (5,128)[41][42][43]
Phase I (168): Single-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind.
Phase IIa (960):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Phase IIb (4,000):Single-center, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled.
Aug 2020 – May 2021, China
DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT(DelNS1-nCoV-RBD LAIV)
Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy,University of Hong Kong,Xiamen University		China, Hong KongReplicatingviral vector (influenza virus vector that expresses the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain)Phase III (40,000)[44]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo controlled.
Oct 2021 – Apr 2022, the Philippines		Phase I–II (895)[45][46]
Phase I (60+115=175)
Phase II (720)
Sep 2020 – Sep 2022, China (60), Hong Kong (115)
Versamune-CoV-2FC [pt]
Farmacore Biotechnology, PDS Biotechnology Corporation,Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto		Brazil, United StatesSubunitPhase III (30,000)[47]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Aug–Dec 2021, Brazil		Phase I–II (360)[48][49][50]
Double-blind, randomized controlled.
Mar–Aug 2021, Brazil
Walvax COVID-19 vaccine(ARCoV)[51]
PLA Academy of Military Science, Walvax Biotech,[52] Suzhou Abogen Biosciences		ChinaRNAPhase III (28,000)[53]
Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled
May–Nov 2021, China,[54] Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey		Phase I–II (908)
Phase I (168)
Phase II (420)
Phase I/II (320)[55]
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, China[56]
V-01
Livzon Mabpharm, Inc.		ChinaSubunit (SARS-CoV-2recombinant fusion protein)Phase III (22,500)[57]
Global, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, the Philippines		Phase I (1,060)[58][59]
Phase I (180): Single-center, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled.
Phase II (880): Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled.
Feb–May 2021, China
ARCT-154(VBC-COV19-154 in Vietnam)[60][61][62]
Arcturus Therapeutics,Vinbiocare		United States, VietnamRNAPhase III (20,600)
Phase IIIa (600): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase IIIb (20,000): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.[63][64]
Oct-Dec 2021, Vietnam		Phase I–II (400)
Phase I (100): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Phase II (300): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled.
Aug-Oct 2021, Vietnam[65]
ReCOV
Jiangsu Rec-Biotechnology Co Ltd		ChinaSubunit (Recombinant two-component spike and RBD protein (CHO cell))Phase II–III (20,301)[66]
Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021–Dec 2022, China, New Zealand, the Philippines		Phase I (160)[67]
First-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand
BriLife(IIBR-100)[68]
The Israel Institute for Biological Research		IsraelVesicular stomatitisvector (recombinant)Phase III (20,000)[69]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled.
Sept – Dec 2021, Israel		Phase I–II (1,040)[70]
Randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Oct 2020 – May 2021, Israel
Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech COVID-19 vaccine
Zhongyianke Biotech, Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech,Academy of Military Medical Sciences		ChinaSubunit (Recombinant)Phase III (14,600)[71]
International multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2021–?, China		Phase I–II (696)[72]
Phase I (216): Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind.
Phase II (480): Single-center, randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled.[73]
Oct 2020 – Jul 2021, China
GX-19(GX-19N)[74][75][76]
Genexine consortium,[77][78]International Vaccine Institute		South KoreaDNAPhase II–III (14,000)[79]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Oct 2022, Indonesia,Seoul		Phase I–II (410)
Phase I-II (170+210+30): Multi-center, some open-labeled, some double-blinded, single arm, randomized, placebo-controlled
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021,Seoul
GRAd-COV2[80][81]
ReiThera,Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases		ItalyAdenovirusvector (modifiedgorilla adenovirus vector, GRAd)Phase III (10,300)[82][83]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar–Oct 2021, Italy		Phase I (90)[84]
Subjects (two groups: 18–55 and 65–85 years old) randomly receiving one of three escalating doses of GRAd-COV2 or a placebo, then monitored over a 24-week period. 93% of subjects who received GRAd-COV2 developed anti-bodies.
Aug–Dec 2020,Rome
Inovio COVID-19 Vaccine(INO-4800)[85][86]
Inovio,CEPI,Korea National Institute of Health,International Vaccine Institute		South Korea, United StatesDNA vaccine (plasmid delivered byelectroporation)Phase III (7,517)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.[87]
Nov 2020 – Jan 2023, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the Philippines, United States[b]		Phase I–II (920)
Phase Ia (120): Open-label trial.
Phase Ib-IIa (160): Dose-Ranging Trial.[88]
Phase II (640): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-finding.[89]
April 2020 – Feb 2022, China (phase II), South Korea (phase Ib-IIa), United States
DS-5670[90]
Daiichi Sankyo[91]		JapanRNAPhase II–III (5,028)[92]
Randomized, Active-comparator, Observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jul 2023, Japan		Phase I–II (152)[93]
A Phase 1/2 Study to Assess the Safety, Immunogenicity and Recommended Dose of DS-5670a (COVID-19 Vaccine) in Japanese Healthy Adults and Elderly Subjects.
Mar 2021 – Jul 2022, Japan
GBP510
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd.,GSK		South Korea, United KingdomSubunit (Recombinant protein nanoparticle with adjuvanted with AS03)Phase III (4,000)[94]
Randomized, active-controlled, observer-blind, parallel-group, multi-center.[95]
Aug 2021-Mar 2022, South Korea		Phase I–II (580)[96][97]
Phase I-II (260-320): Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blinded, dose-finding.
Jan–Aug 2021, South Korea
HGC019[98]
Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, HDT Biotech Corporation[99]		India, United StatesRNAPhase II–III (4,400)[100]
A prospective, multicentre, randomized, active-controlled (with COVISHIELD), observer-blind study to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adults.
Phase II (400)
Phase III (4,000)
Sep 2021 – Sep 2022, India		Phase I–II (620)[101][102][103]
Randomized, phase I/II, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, parallel-group, crossover, multi-centre study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity in healthy adult subjects.
Phase I (120) open-label study in healthy 18-70 year-olds.
Phase II (500) observer-blind study in healthy 18-75 year-olds.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2021, India
KD-414
KM Biologics Co		JapanInactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase II–III (2,000)[104]
Multicenter, open-label, non-randomized.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2023, Japan		Phase I–II (210)[105]
Randomized, double blind, placebo control, parallel group.[106]
Mar 2021 – Dec 2022, Japan
LYB001
Yantai Patronus Biotech Co., Ltd[107]		ChinaVirus-like particle[108]Phase II–III (1,900)[109]
Phase II: Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled
Phase III: Single-armed, open-label expanded.
Jan 2022 – Mar 2023, Laos		Phase I (100)[110]
Randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled.
Dec 2021 – Feb 2022, Laos
AKS-452
Akston Biosciences,University Medical Center Groningen		NetherlandsSubunitPhase II–III (1,600)[111]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-centre, adaptive, seamless bridging.
Oct 2021–Dec 2022, India		Phase I–II (112)[112]
Non-randomized, Single-center, open-label, combinatorial.
Apr–Sep 2021, Netherlands
AG0302-COVID‑19[113][114]
AnGes Inc.,[115]AMED		JapanDNA vaccine (plasmid)Phase II–III (500)
Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled[116]
Nov 2020 – Apr 2021, Japan		Phase I–II (30)
Randomized/non-randomized, single-center, two doses
Jun–Nov 2020,Osaka
202-CoV
Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Walvax Biotech		ChinaSubunit (Spike protein (CHO cell) 202-CoV with CpG / alum adjuvant)Phase II (1,056)[117]
Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China		Phase I (144)[118]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled.
July–Dec 2021, China
Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine
Vaxart		United StatesViral vectorPhase II (896)[119]
Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, United States		Phase I (83)[120][121]
Phase Ia (35): Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Phase Ib (48): Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Sep 2020 – Aug 2021, United States
PTX-COVID19-B[122]
Providence Therapeutics		CanadaRNAPhase II (890)[123]
Randomized, double-dummy, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Feb 2022, Canada		Phase I (60)[122]
First-in-Human, Observer-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo Controlled.[124]
Jan–May 2021, Canada
Unnamed
Ningbo Rong’an Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.		ChinaInactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase II (600)[125]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Oct 2021 – Mar 2022, China		Phase I (150)[126]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Aug – Oct 2021, China
Unnamed
Tsinghua University,Tianjin Medical University,[127] Walvax Biotech		ChinaViral vectorPhase II (360)[128]
Jul–Nov 2021, China		Phase I (60)[129]
May–Jun 2021, China
INNA-051
Ena Respiratory		AustraliaViral vectorPhase II (423)[130]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Mar  – Dec 2022, Australia		Phase I (124)[131]
Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled.
Jun – Oct 2021, Australia
mRNA-1283
Moderna		United StatesRNAPhase II (420)[132]
Randomized, stratified, observer-blind.
Dec 2021 – Jan 2023, United States		Phase I (106)[133]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-ranging study.
Mar 2021 – Apr 2022, United States
Unnamed
Ihsan Gursel,Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey		TurkeyVirus-like particlePhase II (330)[134]
Randomized, parallel dose assigned, double blind, multi center.
Jun – Sep 2021, Turkey		Phase I (36)[135]
double-blinded, randomised, placebo controlled.
Mar – May 2021, Turkey
COH04S1
GeoVax,City of Hope Medical Center		United StatesViral vectorPhase II (240)[136]
Multi-center, observer-blinded, EUA vaccine-controlled, randomized.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, California		Phase I (129)[137]
Dose Escalation Study.
Dec 2020 – Nov 2022, California
ABNCoV2
Bavarian Nordic.[138]Radboud University Nijmegen		Denmark, NetherlandsVirus-like particlePhase II (210)[139][140]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Aug–Dec 2021, Germany		Phase I (42)[141]
Single center, sequential dose-escalation, open labelled trial.
Mar–Dec 2021, Netherlands
SCB-2020S
Clover Biopharmaceuticals[142]		ChinaSubunitPhase I–II (150)[143]
Randomized, controlled, observer-blind.
Aug 2021 – Apr 2022, Australia		Preclinical
SCTV01C
Sinocelltech		ChinaSubunitPhase I–II (1,712)[144][145][146]
540+420+752=1,712: multicenter, randomized, double-blinded trial.
Aug 2021 – Jun 2023, China		Preclinical
NDV-HXP-S(ButanVac, COVIVAC, HXP-GPOVac, Patria)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals,[147]Butantan Institute, Laboratorio Avimex, National Council of Science and Technology,Mahidol University,University of Texas at Austin		Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, United States, VietnamNewcastle disease virus (NDV)vector (expressing the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, with or without the adjuvant CpG 1018)/InactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase I–II (12,750)
Randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind.
Mar 2021 – May 2022; Brazil (5,394), Mexico (Phase I: 90, Phase II: 396),[148] Thailand (460),[149] United States (Phase I: 35),[150] Vietnam (495)[151][152]		Preclinical
Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
Stemirna Therapeutics Co. Ltd.		ChinaRNAPhase I–II (880)[153][154]
Phase I (240): Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase I/II (640): Open-label.
Mar 2021–Feb 2022, China (phase I), Lao (phase I/II)		Preclinical
ARCT-021[155][156]
Arcturus Therapeutics,Duke–NUS Medical School		United States, SingaporeRNAPhase I–II (798)
Phase I/II (92): Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled
Phase II (600): Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multiregional, multicenter trial in healthy adults to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity.[157]
Phase IIa (106): Open label extension trial to assess the safety and long-term immunogenicity by giving single-dose vaccine to the participants from the parent study that received placebo or were seronegative at screening.[158]
Aug 2020 – Apr 2022, Singapore, United States (phase IIa)		Preclinical
Unnamed
PT Bio Farma		IndonesiaSubunitPhase I–II (780)[159]
Observer-Blind, Randomized, Controlled.
Oct 2021 – Jan 2022, Indonesia		Preclinical
VBI-2902[160]
Variation Biotechnologies		United StatesVirus-like particlePhase I (141)[161]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled
Mar 2021 – Nov 2022, Canada		Preclinical
ICC Vaccine[162]
Novavax		United StatesSubunitPhase I–II (640)[163]
Randomized, observer-blinded.
Sep 2021 – Mar 2022, Australia		Preclinical
EuCorVac-19[164]
EuBiologics Co		South KoreaSubunit (spike protein using the recombinant protein technology and with an adjuvant)Phase I–II (280)
Dose-exploration, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled
Feb 2021 – Mar 2022, the Philippines (phase II), South Korea (phase I/II)		Preclinical
PHH-1V
Hipra[165]		SpainSubunitPhase I–II (286)[166][167]
Phase I/IIa (30): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation.
Phase IIb (256): Randomized, controlled, observer-blinded.
Aug–Dec 2021, Spain (phase I/IIa), Vietnam (phase IIb)		Preclinical
RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg VLP
SpyBiotech		United KingdomVirus-like particlePhase I–II (280)[168]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center.
Aug 2020 – ?, Australia		Preclinical
AV-COVID-19
AIVITA Biomedical, Inc.,Ministry of Health (Indonesia)		United States, IndonesiaDendritic cell vaccine (autologousdendritic cells previously loadedex vivo withSARS-CoV-2 spike protein, with or withoutGM-CSF)Phase I–II (202)[169][170]
Adaptive.
Dec 2020 – Feb 2022, Indonesia (phase I), United States (phase I/II)		Preclinical
COVID-eVax
Takis Biotech		ItalyDNAPhase I–II (160)[171]
Multicenter, open label.
Phase I: First-in-human, dose escalation.
Phase II: single arm or two arms, randomized, dose expansion.
Feb–Sep 2021, Italy		Preclinical
BBV154[172]
Bharat Biotech[173]		IndiaAdenovirusvector (intranasal)Phase I–II (375)[172][174]
Phase I (175): Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Phase II (200): Randomized, double blind, multicenter.[175]
Mar 2021–?, India		Preclinical
VB10.2129 andVB10.2210
Nykode Therapeutics[176][177]		NorwayDNAPhase I–II (160)[178][179]
Open Label, Dose Escalation.
Oct 2021–Jun 2022, Norway		Preclinical
ChulaCov19
Chulalongkorn University		ThailandRNAPhase I–II (72)[180]
Phase 1 (72): single-center, dose-escalation, first in human study in 2 age groups: 18-55 years-old and 56-75 years-old.
Phase 2: Multi-center, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity in healthy adults between 18-75 years old.
May-September 2021, Thailand		Preclinical
COVID‑19/aAPC[181]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[182]		ChinaLentiviralvector (withminigene modifyingaAPCs)Phase I (100)[181]
Single group, open-label study to evaluate safety and immunity.
Feb 2020 – Jul 2023,Shenzhen		Preclinical
LV-SMENP-DC[183]
Shenzhen Genoimmune Medical Institute[182]		ChinaLentiviralvector (withminigene modifyingDCs)Phase I–II (100)[183]
Single-group, open label, multi-center study to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Mar 2020 – Jul 2023,Shenzhen		Preclinical
ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine(hAd5)
ImmunityBio		United StatesViral vectorPhase I–II (540)[184][185][186][187][188]
Phase 1/2 Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Subcutaneously- and Orally- Administered Supplemental Spike & Nucleocapsid-targeted COVID-19 Vaccine to Enhance T Cell Based Immunogenicity in Participants Who Have Already Received Prime + Boost Vaccines Authorized For Emergency Use.
Oct 2020  – Sep 2021, South Africa, United States		Preclinical
COVAC[189]
VIDO (University of Saskatchewan)		CanadaSubunit (spike protein + SWE adjuvant)Phase I (120)[189]
Randomized, observer-blind, dose-escalation.[190][191]
Feb 2021 – Apr 2023, BrazilHalifax		Preclinical
COVI-VAC(CDX-005)[192]
Codagenix Inc.		United StatesAttenuatedPhase I (48)[193]
First-in-human, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation
Dec 2020 – Jun 2021, United Kingdom		Preclinical
CoV2 SAM (LNP)
GSK		United KingdomRNAPhase I (40)[194]
Open-label, dose escalation, non-randomized
Feb–Jun 2021, United States		Preclinical
COVIGEN[195]
Bionet Asia, Technovalia,University of Sydney		Australia, ThailandDNAPhase I (150)[196]
Double-blind, dose-ranging, randomised, placebo-controlled.
Feb 2021 – Jun 2022, Australia, Thailand		Preclinical
MV-014-212[197]
Meissa Vaccine Inc.		United StatesAttenuatedPhase I (130)[198]
Randomized, double-blinded, multicenter.
Mar 2021 – Oct 2022, United States		Preclinical
KBP-201
Kentucky Bioprocessing		United StatesSubunitPhase I–II (180)[199]
First-in-human, observer-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group
Dec 2020 – May 2022, United States		Preclinical
AdCLD-CoV19
Cellid Co		South KoreaViral vectorPhase I–II (150)[200]
Phase I: Dose Escalation, Single Center, Open.
Phase IIa: Multicenter, Randomized, Open.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, South Korea		Preclinical
AdimrSC-2f
Adimmune Corporation		TaiwanSubunit (Recombinant RBD +/− Aluminium)Phase I–II (310)[201][202]
Phase I (70): Randomized, single center, open-label, dose-finding.
Phase I/II (240): Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, dose-finding.
Aug 2020–Sep 2022, Indonesia (phase I/II), Taiwan (phase I)		Preclinical
GLS-5310
GeneOne Life Science Inc.		South KoreaDNAPhase I–II (345)[203]
Multicenter, Randomized, Combined Phase I Dose-escalation and Phase IIa Double-blind.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2022, South Korea		Preclinical
Covigenix VAX-001
Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc.		CanadaDNAPhase I–II (72)[204]
Placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind, dose ranging adaptive.
Mar–Aug 2021, Canada		Preclinical
NBP2001
SK Bioscience Co. Ltd.		South KoreaSubunit (Recombinant protein with adjuvanted with alum)Phase I (50)[205]
Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Dec 2020 – Apr 2021, South Korea		Preclinical
CoVAC-1
University of Tübingen		GermanySubunit (Peptide)Phase I–II (104)[206][207]
Phase I (36): Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Dose-escalation.
Phase I/II (68): B-pVAC-SARS-CoV-2: Phase I/II Multicenter Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of Multi-peptide Vaccination to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Adults With Bcell/ Antibody Deficiency.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Germany		Preclinical
bacTRL-Spike
Symvivo		CanadaDNAPhase I (24)[208]
Randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled.
Nov 2020 – Feb 2022, Australia		Preclinical
ChAdV68-S(SAM-LNP-S)
NIAID,Gritstone Oncology		United StatesViral vectorPhase I (150)[209]
Open-label, dose and age escalation, parallel design.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2022, United States		Preclinical
SpFN COVID-19 vaccine
WRAIR's Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch (EIDB)		United StatesSubunitPhase I (72)[210]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Oct 2022, United States		Preclinical
MVA-SARS-2-S(MVA-SARS-2-ST)
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf		GermanyViral vectorPhase I–II (270)[211][212]
Phase I (30): Open, Single-center.
Phase Ib/IIa (240): Multi-center, Randomized Controlled.
Oct 2020 – Mar 2022, Germany		Preclinical
Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 vaccine
Kocak Farma		TurkeyInactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase I (38)[213]
Phase 1 Study for the Determination of Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Strengths of Koçak-19 Inaktif Adjuvanlı COVID-19 Vaccine, Given Twice Intramuscularly to Healthy Volunteers, in a Placebo Controlled Study Design.
Mar–Jun 2021, Turkey		Preclinical
CoV2-OGEN1
Syneos Health, US Specialty Formulations		United StatesSubunitPhase I (45)[214]
First-In-Human
Jun–Dec 2021, New Zealand		Preclinical
CoVepiT
OSE Immunotherapeutics		FranceSubunitPhase I (48)[215][216]
Randomized, open label.
Apr–Sept 2021, France		Preclinical
HDT-301[217](QTP104)
HDT Biotech Corporation, Senai Cimatec, Quartis[218]		Brazil, South Korea, United StatesRNAPhase I (189)[219][220]
Phase I (90+63+36): Randomized, open-label, dose-escalation.
Aug 2021–Jul 2023, Brazil, South Korea, United States		Preclinical
SC-Ad6-1
Tetherex Pharmaceuticals		United StatesViral vectorPhase I (40)[221]
First-In-Human, Open-label, Single Ascending Dose and Multidose.
Jun–Dec 2021, Australia		Preclinical
Unnamed
Osman ERGANIS,Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey		TurkeyInactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase I (50)[222]
Phase I Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of the Protective Adjuvanted Inactivated Vaccine Developed Against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Participants, Administered as Two Injections Subcutaneously in Two Different Dosages.
Apr–Oct 2021, Turkey		Preclinical
EXG-5003
Elixirgen Therapeutics,Fujita Health University		Japan, United StatesRNAPhase I–II (60)[223]
First in Human, randomized, placebo-controlled.
Apr 2021 – Jan 2023, Japan		Preclinical
IVX-411
Icosavax, Seqirus Inc.		United StatesVirus-like particlePhase I–II (168)[224][225]
Phase I/II (84): Randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled.
Jun 2021–2022, Australia		Preclinical
QazCoVac-P[226]
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems		KazakhstanSubunitPhase I–II (244)[227]
Phase I: Randomized, blind, placebo-controlled.
Phase II: Randomized, open phase.
Jun – Dec 2021, Kazakhstan		Preclinical
LNP-nCOV saRNA-02
MRC/UVRI & LSHTM Uganda Research Unit		UgandaRNAPhase I (42)[228]
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (saRNA) Vaccine, in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Uganda Population.
Sep 2021 – Jun 2022, Uganda		Preclinical
Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1[229]
Baiya Phytopharm Co Ltd.		ThailandPlant-basedSubunit (RBD-Fc + adjuvant)Phase I (96)[230]
Randomized, open-label, dose-finding.
Sep–Dec 2021, Thailand		Preclinical
CVXGA1
CyanVac LLC		United StatesViral vectorPhase I (80)[231]
Open-label
July–Dec 2021, United States		Preclinical
Unnamed
St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera of Russia at theFederal Medical Biological Agency		RussiaSubunit (Recombinant)Phase I–II (200)[232][233]
Jul–Aug 2021, Russia		Preclinical
LVRNA009
Liverna Therapeutics Inc.		ChinaRNAPhase I (24)[234]
July–Nov 2021, China		Preclinical
ARCT-165
Arcturus Therapeutics		United StatesRNAPhase I–II (72)[235]
Randomized, observer-blind.
Aug 2021–Mar 2023, Singapore, United States		Preclinical
BCD-250
Biocad		RussiaViral vectorPhase I–II (160)[236]
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive, seamless phase I/II.
Aug 2021–Aug 2022, Russia		Preclinical
COVID-19-EDV
EnGeneIC		AustraliaViral vectorPhase I (18)[237]
Open label, non-randomised, dose escalation.
Aug 2021–Jan 2022, Australia		Preclinical
COVIDITY
Scancell		United KingdomDNA[238]Phase I (40)[239]
Open-label, two-arm.
Sep 2021–Apr 2022, South Africa		Preclinical
SII Vaccine
Novavax		United StatesSubunitPhase I–II (240)[240]
randomized, observer-blinded, open-label.
Oct–Nov 2021, Australia		Preclinical
EG-COVID
Eyegene		South KoreamRNAPhase I–II (120)[241][242][243]
Phase I/IIa: Multi-center, Open-label.
Feb 2022–May 2023, South Korea		Preclinical
PIKA COVID-19 vaccine
Yisheng Biopharma		ChinaSubunitPhase I (45)[244]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep–Nov 2021, New Zealand		Preclinical
Ad5-triCoV/Mac
McMaster University, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)		CanadaViral vectorPhase I (30)[245]
Open-label.
Nov 2021–Jun 2023, Canada		Preclinical
Unnamed
University of Hong Kong, Immuno Cure 3 Limited		Hong KongDNAPhase I (30)[246]
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation.
Nov 2021–Jun 2022, Hong Kong		Preclinical
MigVax-101
Oravax Medical[247][248][249]		IsraelVirus-like particlePhase I
Oct 2021–?, South Africa		Preclinical
IN-B009
HK inno.N[250]		South KoreaSubunit (Recombinant protein)Phase I (40)[251]
Open-label, dose-escalation.
Sep 2021–Feb 2023, South Korea		Preclinical
naNO-COVID
Emergex Vaccines		United KingdomSubunitPhase I (26)[252]
Double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, dose-finding.
Nov 2021–Sep 2022, Switzerland		Preclinical
Betuvax-CoV-2
Human Stem Cells Institute		RussiaSubunitPhase I–II (170)[253][254]
Sep 2021–?, Russia		Preclinical
Covi Vax[255]
National Research Centre		EgyptInactivatedSARS‑CoV‑2Phase I (72)[256]
Randomized, open-labeled
Nov 2021–Feb 2023, Egypt		Preclinical
VLPCOV-01
VLP Therapeutics		United StatesmRNAPhase I (45)[257]
Randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, first-in-human.
Aug 2021–Jan 2023, Japan		Preclinical
GRT-R910
Gritstone Oncology		United StatesmRNAPhase I (120)[258]
A Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Reactogenicity of a Self-Amplifying mRNA Prophylactic Vaccine Boost Against SARS-CoV-2 in Previously Vaccinated Healthy Elderly Adults.
Sep 2021–Nov 2022, United Kingdom		Preclinical
Unnamed
DreamTec Limited		Hong KongSubunitPhase I (30)[259]
Development of a COVID19 Oral Vaccine Consisting of Bacillus Subtilis Spores Expressing and Displaying the Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein of SARS-COV2.
Apr–Dec 2021, Hong Kong		Preclinical
Almansour-001
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, ICON plc		Ireland, Saudi ArabiaDNAPhase I (30)[260]
Single center, randomized, observer blind, dosage finding.
Feb–Jul 2022, Ireland, Saudi Arabia		Preclinical
Unnamed
North's Academy of Medical Science Medical biology institute		North KoreaSubunit (spike protein withAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2)Phase I–II (?)[261]
Jul 2020, North Korea		Preclinical
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine
Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech)		VietnamSubunitPreclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I trial.[262]		?
INO-4802
Inovio		United StatesDNAPreclinical
Awaited for the conduct on Phase I/II trials.[263]		?
Bangavax(Bancovid)[264][265]
Globe Biotech Ltd. of Bangladesh		BangladeshRNAPreclinical
Awaiting for approval from Bangladesh government to conduct the first clinical trial.[266]		?
Unnamed
Indian Immunologicals,Griffith University[267]		Australia, IndiaAttenuatedPreclinical?
EPV-CoV-19[268]
EpiVax		United StatesSubunit (T cell epitope-based protein)Preclinical?
Unnamed
Intravacc[269]		NetherlandsSubunitPreclinical?
CureVac–GSK COVID-19 vaccine[270]
CureVac,GSK		Germany, United KingdomRNAPreclinical?
DYAI-100[271] Sorrento Therapeutics, Dyadic International, Inc.[272]United StatesSubunitPreclinical?
Unnamed[273]
Ministry of Health (Malaysia), Malaysia Institute of Medical Research Malaysia,Universiti Putra Malaysia		MalaysiaRNAPreclinical?
CureVac COVID-19 vaccine(CVnCoV)
CureVac,CEPI		GermanyRNA (unmodified RNA)[274]Terminated (44,433)[275][276][277][278][279]
Phase 2b/3 (39,693): Multicenter efficacy and safety trial in adults.
Phase 3 (2,360+180+1,200+1,000=4,740): Randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, some observer-blinded, some open-labeled.
Nov 2020 – Jun 2022, Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Spain[280]		Phase I–II (944)[281][282]
Phase I (284): Partially blind, controlled, dose-escalation to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity.
Phase IIa (660):Partially observer-blind, multicenter, controlled, dose-confirmation.
Jun 2020 – Oct 2021, Belgium (phase I), Germany (phase I), Panama (phase IIa), Peru (phase IIa)
Emergency (2)
CORVax12
OncoSec Medical,Providence Health & Services		United StatesDNATerminated (36)[285]
Open-label, non-randomized, parallel assignment study to evaluate the safety of prime & boost doses with/without the combination of electroporated IL-12p70 plasmid in 2 age groups: 18-50 years-old and > 50 years-old.
Dec 2020 – Jul 2021, United States		Preclinical
Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine(MRT5500)[286]
Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio		France, United StatesRNATerminated (415)[287]
Interventional, randomized, parallel-group, sequential study consisting of a sentinel cohort followed by the full enrollment cohort. The sentinel cohort is an open-label, step-wise,dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety of 3 dose levels with 2 vaccinations. The full enrollment cohort is a quadruple-blinded study of safety and immunogenicity in 2 age groups, with half receiving a single injection, and the other half receiving 2 injections.
Mar 2021 – Sep 2021, Honduras, United States,Australia		Preclinical
AdCOVID
Altimmune Inc.		United StatesViral vectorTerminated (180)[288][289]
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, first-in-Human.
Feb 2021 – Feb 2022, United States		Preclinical
LNP-nCoVsaRNA[290]
MRCclinical trials unit atImperial College London		United KingdomRNATerminated (105)
Randomized trial, with dose escalation study (15) and expanded safety study (at least 200)
Jun 2020 – Jul 2021, United Kingdom		?
TMV-083
Institut Pasteur		FranceViral vectorTerminated (90)[291]
Randomized, Placebo-controlled.
Aug 2020 – Jun 2021, Belgium, France		?
SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp/V451[292][293][unreliable source?]
UQ,Syneos Health,CEPI,Seqirus		AustraliaSubunit (molecular clamp stabilizedspike protein withMF59)Terminated (120)
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging.
False positive HIV test found among participants.
Jul–Oct 2020,Brisbane		?
V590[294] andV591/MV-SARS-CoV-2[295]Merck & Co. (Themis BIOscience),Institut Pasteur, University of Pittsburgh's Center for Vaccine Research (CVR),CEPIUnited States, FranceVesicular stomatitis virus vector[296] /Measlesvirus vector[297][unreliable source?]Terminated
In phase I, immune responses were inferior to those seen following natural infection and those reported for other SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines.[298]
  1. ^Latest Phase with published results.
  2. ^Phase I–IIa in South Korea in parallel with Phase II–III in the US

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