| Temiar | |
|---|---|
| Native to | PeninsularMalaysia |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2020)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tea |
| Glottolog | temi1246 |
| ELP | Temiar |
Temiar is a Central Aslian (Austroasiatic) language spoken in WesternMalaysia by theTemiar people. The Temiar are one of the most numerous Aslian-speaking peoples, numbering around 30,000 in 2017.[2]
Etymologically, the word "Temiar" means "edge" or "side". This meaning reflects the way in which Temiars describe themselves as "people of the edge, outside, [i.e. jungle]."[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iiː | ʉʉː | uuː |
| Close-mid | eeː | ooː | |
| Open-mid | ɛɛː | əəː | ɔɔː |
| Open | aaː |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ĩĩː | ʉ̃ʉ̃ː | ũũː |
| Mid | ɛ̃ɛ̃ː | ɔ̃ɔ̃ː | |
| Open | ããː |
| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Fricative | ɕ | h | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
The noun phrase is (pro)noun initial followed by modifiers and demonstratives or possessor pronouns. Pronouns may not be modified by another pronoun.[4] There are three allomorphic classes of pronouns (stressed unstressed, and bound). Stressed third person pronouns must occur with a demonstrative (and hence only occur as unstressed or as bound morphemes on the demonstrative (e.g. na-doh 'he-here' or ʔun-tu:y 'they-elsewhere.'[4]
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inclusive | Exclusive | Inclusive | Exclusive | ||
| 1 | ye:ʔ | ʔa:r | ya:r | ʔɛ:ʔ | kanɛ:ʔ |
| 2 | ha:ʔ | kəʔan | ɲɔb | ||
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inclusive | Exclusive | Inclusive | Exclusive | ||
| 1 | yeh | ʔah | yah | ʔɛh | kanɛh |
| 2 | hah | kəʔan | ɲɔb | ||
| 3 | ʔəh | wehwɛh | ʔunʔən | ||
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inclusive | Exclusive | Inclusive | Exclusive | ||
| 1 | ʔi- | ʔa- | ya- | ʔɛ- | kanɛ- ki- kɛ- |
| 2 | ha- | kəʔa- | ɲɔ(b)- | ||
| 3 | na-ʔə- | we-wɛ- | ʔun- | ||
The verb phrase is ordered as sentential negation, auxiliary verb and main verb. The verb phrase precedes the subject.[4]
