Teamhair | |
 TheLia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) atop the Hill of Tara, with the Mound of the Hostages in the background | |
  Shown within island of Ireland | |
| Location | County Meath, Ireland |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 53°34′39″N6°36′43″W / 53.57750°N 6.61194°W /53.57750; -6.61194 |
| Altitude | 155 m (509 ft)[1] |
| Type | Ceremonial and burial site |
| History | |
| Periods | Neolithic–Iron Age |
| Cultures | Gaelic |
| Site notes | |
| Ownership | Currently theIrish Government through theOffice of Public Works |
| Management | TheOffice of Public Works |
| Official name | Hill of Tara |
| Reference no. | 676 |
TheHill of Tara (Irish:Teamhair orCnoc na Teamhrach)[2] is a hill and ancient ceremonial and burial site nearSkryne inCounty Meath, Ireland. Tradition identifies the hill as the inauguration place and seat of theHigh Kings of Ireland; it also appears inIrish mythology. Tara consists of numerous monuments and earthworks—dating from theNeolithic to theIron Age—including apassage tomb (the "Mound of the Hostages"),burial mounds,round enclosures, astanding stone (believed to be theLia Fáil or "Stone of Destiny"), and a ceremonialavenue.[3] There is also a church and graveyard on the hill. Tara forms part of a larger ancient landscape and Tara itself is a protectednational monument under the care of theOffice of Public Works, an agency of theIrish Government.
The nameTara is an anglicization of the Irish nameTeamhair orCnoc na Teamhrach ('hill of Tara'). It is also known asTeamhair na Rí ('Tara of the kings'), and formerly alsoLiathdruim ('the grey ridge').[4] TheOld Irish form isTemair. It is believed this comes fromProto-Celtic*Temris and means a 'sanctuary' or 'sacred space' cut off for ceremony, cognate with the Greektemenos (τέμενος) and Latintemplum. Another suggestion is that it means "a height with a view".[5][6]
The remains of twenty ancient monuments are visible, and at least three times that many have been found through geophysical surveys and aerial photography.[7]
The oldest visible monument isDumha na nGiall (the 'Mound of the Hostages'),[8] aNeolithicpassage tomb built around3,200 BC.[9] It holds the remains of hundreds of people, most of which are cremated bones. In the Neolithic, it was the communal tomb of a single community for about a century, during which there were almost 300 burials. Almost a millennium later, in theBronze Age, there were a further 33 burials – first in the passage and then in the mound around it.[9] During this time, only certain high-status individuals were buried there. At first, it was the tomb of one community, but later multiple communities came together to bury their elite there.[9] The last burial was a full body burial of a young man of high status, with an ornate necklace and dagger.[7] Two goldtorcs were found there dating to around 2000 BC.[10]
During the late Neolithic or earlyBronze Age, a huge doubletimber circle or "wood henge" was built on the hilltop.[11] It was 250m in diameter and surrounded the Mound of the Hostages.[7] At least six smaller burial mounds were built in an arc around this timber circle, including those known asDall,Dorcha,Dumha na mBan-Amhus ('Mound of the Mercenary Women') andDumha na mBó ('Mound of the Cow'). The timber circle was eventually either removed or decayed, and the burial mounds are barely visible today.[12]
There are several large round enclosures on the hill, which were built in theIron Age.[7] The biggest and most central of these isRáth na Ríogh (the Enclosure of the Kings), which measures 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in circumference, 318 metres (1,043 ft) north-south by 264 metres (866 ft) east-west, with aninner ditch and outer bank. It is dated to the 1st century BC and was originally marked out by astakewall.[7] Human burials, and a high concentration of horse and dog bones, were found in the ditch.[7] Within theRáth na Ríogh is the Mound of the Hostages and two round, double-ditched enclosures which together make a figure-of-eight shape. One isTeach Chormaic ('Cormac's House') and the other is theForradh or Royal Seat, which incorporates earlier burial mounds. On top of theForradh is astanding stone, which is believed to be theLia Fáil ('Stone of Destiny') at which the High Kings were crowned. According to legend, the stone would let out a roar when the rightful king touched it. It is believed that the stone originally lay beside or on top of the Mound of the Hostages.[7]
Just to the north ofRáth na Ríogh, isRáth na Seanadh (the 'Rath of the Synods'), which was built in the middle of the former "wood henge".[7] It is a round enclosure with four rings of ditches and banks, and incorporates earlier burial mounds. It was re-modelled several times and once had a large timber building inside it, resembling the one atNavan.[13] It was occupied between the1st and4th centuries AD, andRoman artefacts were also found there.[7] It was badly mutilated in the early 20th century byBritish Israelites searching for the Ark of the Covenant.[7]
The other round enclosures areRáth Laoghaire ('Laoghaire's Fort', where the eponymous king is said to have been buried) at the southern edge of the hill, and theClaonfhearta ('Sloping Trenches' or 'Sloping Graves') at the northwestern edge, which includesRáth Gráinne andRáth Chaelchon. TheClaonfhearta are burial mounds with ring ditches around them which sit on a slope.[7]
At the northern end of the hill isTeach Miodhchuarta or 'Banqueting Hall'. This was likely the ceremonialavenue leading to the hilltop and seems to have been one of the last monuments built.[7][12]
Half a mile south of the Hill of Tara is another large round enclosure known asRath Meave, which refers to the legendary figureMedb orMedb Lethderg.
In theAnnals of Inisfallen (AI980.4) is a description of theBattle of Tara betweenMáel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the son ofAmlaíb Cuarán.
A church, called Saint Patrick's, is on the eastern side of the hilltop. The "Rath of the Synods" has been partly destroyed by itschurchyard.[14] The modern church was built in 1822–23 on the site of an earlier one.[15]
The earliest evidence of a church at Tara is a charter dating from the 1190s. In 1212, this church was "among the possessions confirmed to theKnights Hospitallers of Saint John ofKilmainham byPope Innocent III".[15] A 1791 illustration shows the church building internally divided into a nave and chancel, with a bell-tower over the western end. A stump of wall marks the site of the old church today, but some of its stonework was re-used in the current church.
The building is now used as a visitor centre, operated by theOffice of Public Works (OPW), an agency of theIrish Government.[15]
According to legend,five ancient roads orslighe meet at Tara, linking it with all the provinces of Ireland. The earliest reference to the five roads of Tara was in the taleTogail Bruidne Da Derga (The Destruction of Da Derga's Hall).[16][17]
The five roads are said to be:
The passage of the Mound of the Hostages is aligned with the sunrise around the times ofSamhain (the Gaelic festival marking the start of winter) andImbolc (the festival marking the start of spring).[18] The passage is shorter than monuments likeNewgrange, making it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun, but Martin Brennan writes inThe Stones of Time that "daily changes in the position of a 13-foot long sunbeam are more than adequate to determine specific dates".[19] Early Irish literature records that a royal gathering called the 'feast of Tara' (feis Temro) was held there at Samhain.[20]
By the beginning of Ireland's historical period, Tara had become the seat of asacral kingship.[20] HistorianDáibhí Ó Cróinín writes that Tara "possessed an aura that seemed to set it above" the otherroyal seats.[21] It is recorded as the seat of theHigh King of Ireland (Ard Rí) and is "central to most of the great drama inearly Irish literature".[20] Various medievalking lists traced a line of High Kings far into the past. However,John T. Koch explains: "Although the kingship of Tara was a special kingship whose occupants had aspirations towards supremacy among the kings of Ireland, in political terms it is unlikely that any king had sufficient authority to dominate the whole island before the 9th century".[22]
Irish legend says that the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) at Tara was brought to Ireland by the divineTuatha Dé Danann, and that it would cry out under the foot of the true king.[20]Medb Lethderg was thesovereignty goddess of Tara.[20] The cult of the sacral kingship of Tara is reflected in the legends of High KingConaire Mór, while another legendary High King,Cormac mac Airt, is presented as the ideal king.[20] The reign ofDiarmait mac Cerbaill, a historical king of Tara in the sixth century, was seen as particularly important by medieval writers. Although he was probably pagan, he was also influenced by Christian leaders and "stood chronologically between two worlds, the ancient pagan one and the new Christian one".[23]
Tara was probably controlled by theÉrainn before it was seized by theLaigin in the third century.[20]Niall of the Nine Hostages displaced the Laigin from Tara in the fifth century and it became the ceremonial seat of theUí Néill.[20] Thekingship of Tara alternated between theSouthern andNorthern Uí Néill until the eleventh century. After this, control of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford became more important to a would-be High King than control of Tara.[22]
According to Irish mythology, during the third century a great battle known as theCath Gabhra took place between High KingCairbre Lifechair, and theFianna led byFionn Mac Cumhaill. The Fianna were heavily defeated; many of the graves of the Fianna covered the Rath of the Gabhra, most notably the grave ofOscar, son ofOisín.[24]
During therebellion of 1798,United Irishmen formed a camp on the hill but wereattacked and defeated by British troops[25] on 26 May 1798 and theLia Fáil was allegedly moved to commemorate the 400 rebels who died on the hill that day.
In 1843, the Irish nationalist leaderDaniel O'Connell hosted a peacefulpolitical demonstration at Tara in favour ofIrish self-governance which drew over 750,000 people, highlighting the lasting significance of Tara.[26]
British Prime MinisterJohn Russell inherited the Tara estate during the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, Tara was vandalised byBritish Israelists who thought that the British were part of theLost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained theArk of the Covenant.[27] A group of British Israelists, led by retired Anglo-Indian judgeEdward Wheeler Bird, set about excavating the site having paid off the landowner, Gustavus Villiers Briscoe. Irish cultural nationalists held a mass protest over the destruction of the national heritage site, includingDouglas Hyde,Arthur Griffith,Maud Gonne,George Moore andW. B. Yeats. Hyde tried to interrupt the dig but was ordered away by a man wielding a rifle. Maud Gonne made a more flamboyant protest by relighting an old bonfire that Briscoe had lit to celebrate the coronation ofEdward VII. She began to sing Thomas Davis's song "A Nation Once Again" by the fire, much to the consternation of the landlord and the police.[28][29]
The Irish government bought the southern part of the hill in 1952, and the northern part in 1972.[30]
The religious orderMissionary Society of St. Columban had its international headquarters at Dalgan Park, just north of the Hill of Tara. The order was named after theSaint who was born in the AncientKingdom of Meath. The land Dalgan Park lies on was once owned by the kings of Tara. The seminary is also situated on the path of theSlighe Midluachra, one of the five ancient roads that meet at Tara.[31]
The M3 motorway passes through theTara-Skryne Valley – as did the existingN3 road. Protesters argue that since the Tara Discovery Programme started in 1992, there is an appreciation that the Hill of Tara is just the central complex of a wider landscape.[32] The distance between the motorway and the hill is 2.2 km (1.4 mi) – it intersects the old N3 at the Blundelstown interchange between the Hill of Tara and the Hill of Skryne. Protesters said that an alternative route about 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Tara would have been straighter, cheaper and less destructive.[33][34]On Sunday 23 September 2007 over 1500 people met on the Hill of Tara to take part in a human sculpture representing a harp and spelling out the words "SAVE TARA VALLEY" as a call for the re-routing of the M3 motorway away from Tara. ActorsStuart Townsend andJonathan Rhys Meyers attended this event.[35] There was also a letter writing campaign to preserve the Hill of Tara.[36]
The Hill of Tara was included in theWorld Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world.[37] The following year it was included in a list of the 15 must-see endangered cultural treasures by theSmithsonian Institution.[38]
The motorway project proceeded, and the road was opened in June 2010.[32]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) World Monuments Fund.
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