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Telugu script

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Writing system from the Brahmic family of scripts
Telugu script
తెలుగు లిపి
The word 'Telugu Lipi' in Telugu script
Script type
Period
c. 1300 CE–present[1]
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesTelugu
Lambadi
Gondi
Koya
Konda
Sanskrit
Saurashtra
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Kannada
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Telu(340), ​Telugu
Unicode
Unicode alias
Telugu
U+0C00–U+0C7F
 This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Brahmic scripts
TheBrahmi script and its descendants
This article containsIndic text. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Telugu script (Telugu:తెలుగు లిపి,romanizedTelugu lipi), anabugida from theBrahmic family of scripts, is used to write theTelugu language, aDravidian language spoken in theIndian states ofAndhra Pradesh andTelangana as well as several other neighbouring states. It is one of theofficial scripts of the Indian Republic. The Telugu script is also widely used for writingSanskrit texts and to some extent theGondi language. It gained prominence during theEastern Chalukyas also known as Vengi Chalukya era. It also shares extensive similarities with theKannada script.

History

[edit]

TheBrahmi script used byMauryan kings eventually reached theKrishna River delta and would give rise to theBhattiprolu script found on an urn purported to contain LordBuddha's relics.[5][6]Buddhism spread toEast Asia from the nearby ports ofGhantasala andMasulipatnam (ancient Maisolos ofPtolemy and Masalia ofPeriplus).[7]Kadamba script developed by the Kadamba dynasty was derived from theBrahmi script and later evolved into theTelugu-Kannada script after the 7th century.[1][8][9] The Telugu and Kannada scripts then separated by around 1300 CE.[1][10][11] The Muslim historian and scholarAl-Biruni referred to both the Telugu language as well as its script as "Andhri".[12]

Vowels

[edit]

Telugu uses sixteenvowels, each of which has both an independent form and adiacritic form used withconsonants to createsyllables. The language makes a distinction betweenshort and long vowels.

IndependentWith (k)ISOIPAIndependentWith (k)ISOIPA
a/a/కాā/aː/
కిi/i/కీī/iː/
కుu/u/కూū/uː/
కృ/ɻ̩/,[ɾu][i]కౄr̥̄/ɻ̩ː/,[ɾuː]
[i]కౢ//,[lu][i]కౣl̥̄/l̩ː/,[luː]
కెe/e/కేē/eː/
కైai/aj/
కొo/o/కోō/oː/
కౌau/aw/
  1. ^abcNot in modern use.

The independent form is used when the vowel occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable, or is a complete syllable in itself (example: a, u, o). The diacritic form is added to consonants (represented by the dotted circle) to form a consonant-vowel syllable (example: ka, kr̥, mo). does not have a diacritic form, because this vowel is already inherent in all of the consonants. The other diacritic vowels are added to consonants to change their pronunciation to that of the vowel.

Examples:

+ () →ఖీ/kʰa/ +/iː//kʰiː/
+ () →జు/dʒa/ +/u//dʒu/

Consonants

[edit]

The consonants and their combining forms (on the right) are provided below. Subscript letters are used in consonant clusters and geminate consonants.

్క
ka
IPA:/ka/
్ఖ
kha
IPA:/kʰa/
్గ
ga
IPA:/ɡa/
్ఘ
gha
IPA:/ɡʱa/
్ఙ
ṅa
IPA:/ŋa/
్చ
ca
IPA:/t͡ʃa/
్ఛ
cha
IPA:/t͡ʃʰa/
్జ
ja
IPA:/d͡ʒa/
్ఝ
jha
IPA:/d͡ʒʱa/
్ఞ
ña
IPA:/ɲa/
్ట
ṭa
IPA:/ʈa/
్ఠ
ṭha
IPA:/ʈʰa/
్డ
ḍa
IPA:/ɖa/
్ఢ
ḍha
IPA:/ɖʱa/
్ణ
ṇa
IPA:/ɳa/
్త
ta
IPA:/t̪a/
్థ
tha
IPA:/t̪ʰa/
్ద
da
IPA:/d̪a/
్ధ
dha
IPA:/d̪ʱa/
్న
na
IPA:/n̪a/
్ప
pa
IPA:/pa/
్ఫ
pha
IPA:/pʰa/
్బ
ba
IPA:/ba/
్భ
bha
IPA:/bʱa/
్మ
ma
IPA:/ma/
్య
ya
IPA:/ja/
్ర
ra
IPA:/ra/
్ల
la
IPA:/la/
్వ
va
IPA:/ʋa/
్ళ
ḷa
IPA:/ɭa/
్శ
śa
IPA:/ʃa/
్ష
ṣa
IPA:/ʂa/
్స
sa
IPA:/sa/
్హ
ha
IPA:/ɦa/

Marginal and archaic consonants

[edit]
  • Additionally there are ౘ (ĉa) and ౙ (ẑa) for /t͡sa, d͡za/ which are rarely used, letters for <c, j> are commonly used instead.[13] They are referred in Telugu asdantya ca anddantya ja respectively. During the last century, ఱ (ṟa) known asbanḍi ra in Telugu has been dropped. This letter is referred to asbanḍi ra as opposed to ర (ra) which is referred to asrepha.
Archaic letters
్ఱ
ṟa
IPA:/ra/
ḻa
IPA:/ɻa/
ḏa
IPA:/da/

The letter for a voiced alveolar plosive is found in some inscriptions, it is thought to have been distinguished from the trill ఱ (ṟa) intervocalically rarely; its mostly found after a nasal as in మూన్ౚు (mūnḏu).[14]

Other diacritics

[edit]

There are also several other diacritics used in the Telugu script. mutes the vowel of a consonant, so that only the consonant is pronounced. represents a corresponding class nasal sound when followed by a consonant from that class (i.e., the last column of the corresponding consonant row for the first five rows of the consonants table); when not followed by anything or by a consonant from the first five rows of the consonant table, it represents a true nasal sound. represents a historically used that is no longer pronounced, or a nasalized vowel when transliterating other languages (e.g., Hindi) into the Telugu script. adds a voiceless breath after the vowel or syllable it is attached to.

Examples:

క + ్ → క్  ka + ∅ →k
క + ఁ → కఁka +kan̆
క + ం → కంka +kaṁ
క + ః → కఃka +kaḥ

Marginal and archaic diacritics and signs

[edit]
  • ⟨◌఼⟩: Telugu nuqta (indicating guttural plosives, like 'q')
  • ⟨ఽ⟩: Telugu avagraha (apostrophe)
  • ⟨ౝ⟩: Nakara pollu
  • ⟨ఀ⟩: The combining candrabindu nasal vowel diacritic of the Telugu script
  • ⟨ఄ ⟩: Combining anusvara above
  • ⟨౷⟩: Siddham sign
  • ⟨౿⟩: Tuumu sign

Places of articulation

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There are five classifications of passive articulations:

Kaṇṭhya:Velar
Tālavya:Palatal
Mūrdhanya:Retroflex
Dantya:Dental
Ōṣṭhya:Labial

Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five:

Dantōṣṭhya:Labio-dental (E.g.: v)
Kaṇṭatālavya: E.g.:Diphthong e
Kaṇṭōṣṭhya: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)

There are three places of active articulation:

Jihvāmūlam:tongue root, forvelar
Jihvāmadhyam:tongue body, forpalatal
Jihvāgram:tip of tongue, forcerebral anddental
Adhōṣṭa:lower lip, forlabial

The attempt of articulation of consonants (Uccāraṇa Prayatnam) is of two types,

Bāhya Prayatnam: External effort
Spṛṣṭa:Plosive
Īṣat Spṛṣṭa:Approximant
Īṣat Saṃvṛta:Fricative
Abhyantara Prayatnam: Internal effort
Alpaprānam:Unaspirated
Mahāprānam:Aspirated
Śvāsa:Unvoiced
Nādam:Voiced

Articulation of consonants

[edit]

Articulation of consonants is the logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Telugu Vyañjana Ucchārana Paṭṭika[15]
Prayatna NiyamāvalīKaṇṭhya
(jihvāmūlam)
Tālavya
(jihvāmadhyam)
Mūrdhanya
(jihvāgram)
Dantya
(jihvāgram)
DantōṣṭhyaŌṣṭhya
(adhōṣṭa)
SparśaŚvāsaAlpaprānamka (క)ca (చ)ṭa (ట)ta (త)pa (ప)
Mahāprānamkha (ఖ)cha (ఛ)ṭha (ఠ)tha (థ)pha (ఫ)
NādamAlpaprānamga (గ)ja (జ)ḍa (డ)da (ద)ba (బ)
Mahāprānamgha (ఘ)jha (ఝ)ḍha (ఢ)dha (ధ)bha (భ)
AnunāsikamNādam,Alpaprānam,

Dravam

Avyāhataṅa (ఙ)ña (ఞ)ṇa (ణ)na (న)ma (మ)
Antasthaya (య)ra (ర)
(Luṇṭhita)
ḷa (ళ)
(Pārśvika)
la (ల)
(Pārśvika)
ṟa (ఱ)
(Kampita)
va (వ)
ŪṣmanŚvāsaMahāprānamVisargaśa (శ)ṣa (ష)sa (స)
Nādamha (హ)

Consonant conjuncts

[edit]

The Telugu script has generally regular consonant conjuncts, with trailing consonants taking a subjoined form, often losing the talakattu (the v-shaped headstroke). The following table shows all two-consonant conjuncts and one three-consonant conjunct, but individual conjuncts may differ between fonts. These are referred in Telugu asvattulu (వత్తులు).

క్కక్ఖక్గక్ఘక్ఙక్చక్ఛక్జక్ఝక్ఞక్టక్ఠక్డక్ఢక్ణక్తక్థక్దక్ధక్నక్పక్ఫక్బక్భక్మక్యక్రక్లక్వక్శక్షక్సక్హక్ళక్ఱ
ఖ్కఖ్ఖఖ్గఖ్ఘఖ్ఙఖ్చఖ్ఛఖ్జఖ్ఝఖ్ఞఖ్టఖ్ఠఖ్డఖ్ఢఖ్ణఖ్తఖ్థఖ్దఖ్ధఖ్నఖ్పఖ్ఫఖ్బఖ్భఖ్మఖ్యఖ్రఖ్లఖ్వఖ్శఖ్షఖ్సఖ్హఖ్ళఖ్ఱ
గ్కగ్ఖగ్గగ్ఘగ్ఙగ్చగ్ఛగ్జగ్ఝగ్ఞగ్టగ్ఠగ్డగ్ఢగ్ణగ్తగ్థగ్దగ్ధగ్నగ్పగ్ఫగ్బగ్భగ్మగ్యగ్రగ్లగ్వగ్శగ్షగ్సగ్హగ్ళగ్ఱ
ఘ్కఘ్ఖఘ్గఘ్ఘఘ్ఙఘ్చఘ్ఛఘ్జఘ్ఝఘ్ఞఘ్టఘ్ఠఘ్డఘ్ఢఘ్ణఘ్తఘ్థఘ్దఘ్ధఘ్నఘ్పఘ్ఫఘ్బఘ్భఘ్మఘ్యఘ్రఘ్లఘ్వఘ్శఘ్షఘ్సఘ్హఘ్ళఘ్ఱ
ఙ్కఙ్ఖఙ్గఙ్ఘఙ్ఙఙ్చఙ్ఛఙ్జఙ్ఝఙ్ఞఙ్టఙ్ఠఙ్డఙ్ఢఙ్ణఙ్తఙ్థఙ్దఙ్ధఙ్నఙ్పఙ్ఫఙ్బఙ్భఙ్మఙ్యఙ్రఙ్లఙ్వఙ్శఙ్షఙ్సఙ్హఙ్ళఙ్ఱ
చ్కచ్ఖచ్గచ్ఘచ్ఙచ్చచ్ఛచ్జచ్ఝచ్ఞచ్టచ్ఠచ్డచ్ఢచ్ణచ్తచ్థచ్దచ్ధచ్నచ్పచ్ఫచ్బచ్భచ్మచ్యచ్రచ్లచ్వచ్శచ్షచ్సచ్హచ్ళచ్ఱ
ఛ్కఛ్ఖఛ్గఛ్ఘఛ్ఙఛ్చఛ్ఛఛ్జఛ్ఝఛ్ఞఛ్టఛ్ఠఛ్డఛ్ఢఛ్ణఛ్తఛ్థఛ్దఛ్ధఛ్నఛ్పఛ్ఫఛ్బఛ్భఛ్మఛ్యఛ్రఛ్లఛ్వఛ్శఛ్షఛ్సఛ్హఛ్ళఛ్ఱ
జ్కజ్ఖజ్గజ్ఘజ్ఙజ్చజ్ఛజ్జజ్ఝజ్ఞజ్టజ్ఠజ్డజ్ఢజ్ణజ్తజ్థజ్దజ్ధజ్నజ్పజ్ఫజ్బజ్భజ్మజ్యజ్రజ్లజ్వజ్శజ్షజ్సజ్హజ్ళజ్ఱ
ఝ్కఝ్ఖఝ్గఝ్ఘఝ్ఙఝ్చఝ్ఛఝ్జఝ్ఝఝ్ఞఝ్టఝ్ఠఝ్డఝ్ఢఝ్ణఝ్తఝ్థఝ్దఝ్ధఝ్నఝ్పఝ్ఫఝ్బఝ్భఝ్మఝ్యఝ్రఝ్లఝ్వఝ్శఝ్షఝ్సఝ్హఝ్ళఝ్ఱ
ఞ్కఞ్ఖఞ్గఞ్ఘఞ్ఙఞ్చఞ్ఛఞ్జఞ్ఝఞ్ఞఞ్టఞ్ఠఞ్డఞ్ఢఞ్ణఞ్తఞ్థఞ్దఞ్ధఞ్నఞ్పఞ్ఫఞ్బఞ్భఞ్మఞ్యఞ్రఞ్లఞ్వఞ్శఞ్షఞ్సఞ్హఞ్ళఞ్ఱ
ట్కట్ఖట్గట్ఘట్ఙట్చట్ఛట్జట్ఝట్ఞట్టట్ఠట్డట్ఢట్ణట్తట్థట్దట్ధట్నట్పట్ఫట్బట్భట్మట్యట్రట్లట్వట్శట్షట్సట్హట్ళట్ఱ
ఠ్కఠ్ఖఠ్గఠ్ఘఠ్ఙఠ్చఠ్ఛఠ్జఠ్ఝఠ్ఞఠ్టఠ్ఠఠ్డఠ్ఢఠ్ణఠ్తఠ్థఠ్దఠ్ధఠ్నఠ్పఠ్ఫఠ్బఠ్భఠ్మఠ్యఠ్రఠ్లఠ్వఠ్శఠ్షఠ్సఠ్హఠ్ళఠ్ఱ
డ్కడ్ఖడ్గడ్ఘడ్ఙడ్చడ్ఛడ్జడ్ఝడ్ఞడ్టడ్ఠడ్డడ్ఢడ్ణడ్తడ్థడ్దడ్ధడ్నడ్పడ్ఫడ్బడ్భడ్మడ్యడ్రడ్లడ్వడ్శడ్షడ్సడ్హడ్ళడ్ఱ
ఢ్కఢ్ఖఢ్గఢ్ఘఢ్ఙఢ్చఢ్ఛఢ్జఢ్ఝఢ్ఞఢ్టఢ్ఠఢ్డఢ్ఢఢ్ణఢ్తఢ్థఢ్దఢ్ధఢ్నఢ్పఢ్ఫఢ్బఢ్భఢ్మఢ్యఢ్రఢ్లఢ్వఢ్శఢ్షఢ్సఢ్హఢ్ళఢ్ఱ
ణ్కణ్ఖణ్గణ్ఘణ్ఙణ్చణ్ఛణ్జణ్ఝణ్ఞణ్టణ్ఠణ్డణ్ఢణ్ణణ్తణ్థణ్దణ్ధణ్నణ్పణ్ఫణ్బణ్భణ్మణ్యణ్రణ్లణ్వణ్శణ్షణ్సణ్హణ్ళణ్ఱ
త్కత్ఖత్గత్ఘత్ఙత్చత్ఛత్జత్ఝత్ఞత్టత్ఠత్డత్ఢత్ణత్తత్థత్దత్ధత్నత్పత్ఫత్బత్భత్మత్యత్రత్లత్వత్శత్షత్సత్హత్ళత్ఱ
థ్కథ్ఖథ్గథ్ఘథ్ఙథ్చథ్ఛథ్జథ్ఝథ్ఞథ్టథ్ఠథ్డథ్ఢథ్ణథ్తథ్థథ్దథ్ధథ్నథ్పథ్ఫథ్బథ్భథ్మథ్యథ్రథ్లథ్వథ్శథ్షథ్సథ్హథ్ళథ్ఱ
ద్కద్ఖద్గద్ఘద్ఙద్చద్ఛద్జద్ఝద్ఞద్టద్ఠద్డద్ఢద్ణద్తద్థద్దద్ధద్నద్పద్ఫద్బద్భద్మద్యద్రద్లద్వద్శద్షద్సద్హద్ళద్ఱ
ధ్కధ్ఖధ్గధ్ఘధ్ఙధ్చధ్ఛధ్జధ్ఝధ్ఞధ్టధ్ఠధ్డధ్ఢధ్ణధ్తధ్థధ్దధ్ధధ్నధ్పధ్ఫధ్బధ్భధ్మధ్యధ్రధ్లధ్వధ్శధ్షధ్సధ్హధ్ళధ్ఱ
న్కన్ఖన్గన్ఘన్ఙన్చన్ఛన్జన్ఝన్ఞన్టన్ఠన్డన్ఢన్ణన్తన్థన్దన్ధన్నన్పన్ఫన్బన్భన్మన్యన్రన్లన్వన్శన్షన్సన్హన్ళన్ఱ
ప్కప్ఖప్గప్ఘప్ఙప్చప్ఛప్జప్ఝప్ఞప్టప్ఠప్డప్ఢప్ణప్తప్థప్దప్ధప్నప్పప్ఫప్బప్భప్మప్యప్రప్లప్వప్శప్షప్సప్హప్ళప్ఱ
ఫ్కఫ్ఖఫ్గఫ్ఘఫ్ఙఫ్చఫ్ఛఫ్జఫ్ఝఫ్ఞఫ్టఫ్ఠఫ్డఫ్ఢఫ్ణఫ్తఫ్థఫ్దఫ్ధఫ్నఫ్పఫ్ఫఫ్బఫ్భఫ్మఫ్యఫ్రఫ్లఫ్వఫ్శఫ్షఫ్సఫ్హఫ్ళఫ్ఱ
బ్కబ్ఖబ్గబ్ఘబ్ఙబ్చబ్ఛబ్జబ్ఝబ్ఞబ్టబ్ఠబ్డబ్ఢబ్ణబ్తబ్థబ్దబ్ధబ్నబ్పబ్ఫబ్బబ్భబ్మబ్యబ్రబ్లబ్వబ్శబ్షబ్సబ్హబ్ళబ్ఱ
భ్కభ్ఖభ్గభ్ఘభ్ఙభ్చభ్ఛభ్జభ్ఝభ్ఞభ్టభ్ఠభ్డభ్ఢభ్ణభ్తభ్థభ్దభ్ధభ్నభ్పభ్ఫభ్బభ్భభ్మభ్యభ్రభ్లభ్వభ్శభ్షభ్సభ్హభ్ళభ్ఱ
మ్కమ్ఖమ్గమ్ఘమ్ఙమ్చమ్ఛమ్జమ్ఝమ్ఞమ్టమ్ఠమ్డమ్ఢమ్ణమ్తమ్థమ్దమ్ధమ్నమ్పమ్ఫమ్బమ్భమ్మమ్యమ్రమ్లమ్వమ్శమ్షమ్సమ్హమ్ళమ్ఱ
య్కయ్ఖయ్గయ్ఘయ్ఙయ్చయ్ఛయ్జయ్ఝయ్ఞయ్టయ్ఠయ్డయ్ఢయ్ణయ్తయ్థయ్దయ్ధయ్నయ్పయ్ఫయ్బయ్భయ్మయ్యయ్రయ్లయ్వయ్శయ్షయ్సయ్హయ్ళయ్ఱ
ర్కర్ఖర్గర్ఘర్ఙర్చర్ఛర్జర్ఝర్ఞర్టర్ఠర్డర్ఢర్ణర్తర్థర్దర్ధర్నర్పర్ఫర్బర్భర్మర్యర్రర్లర్వర్శర్షర్సర్హర్ళర్ఱ
ల్కల్ఖల్గల్ఘల్ఙల్చల్ఛల్జల్ఝల్ఞల్టల్ఠల్డల్ఢల్ణల్తల్థల్దల్ధల్నల్పల్ఫల్బల్భల్మల్యల్రల్లల్వల్శల్షల్సల్హల్ళల్ఱ
వ్కవ్ఖవ్గవ్ఘవ్ఙవ్చవ్ఛవ్జవ్ఝవ్ఞవ్టవ్ఠవ్డవ్ఢవ్ణవ్తవ్థవ్దవ్ధవ్నవ్పవ్ఫవ్బవ్భవ్మవ్యవ్రవ్లవ్వవ్శవ్షవ్సవ్హవ్ళవ్ఱ
శ్కశ్ఖశ్గశ్ఘశ్ఙశ్చశ్ఛశ్జశ్ఝశ్ఞశ్టశ్ఠశ్డశ్ఢశ్ణశ్తశ్థశ్దశ్ధశ్నశ్పశ్ఫశ్బశ్భశ్మశ్యశ్రశ్లశ్వశ్శశ్షశ్సశ్హశ్ళశ్ఱ
ష్కష్ఖష్గష్ఘష్ఙష్చష్ఛష్జష్ఝష్ఞష్టష్ఠష్డష్ఢష్ణష్తష్థష్దష్ధష్నష్పష్ఫష్బష్భష్మష్యష్రష్లష్వష్శష్షష్సష్హష్ళష్ఱ
స్కస్ఖస్గస్ఘస్ఙస్చస్ఛస్జస్ఝస్ఞస్టస్ఠస్డస్ఢస్ణస్తస్థస్దస్ధస్నస్పస్ఫస్బస్భస్మస్యస్రస్లస్వస్శస్షస్సస్హస్ళస్ఱ
హ్కహ్ఖహ్గహ్ఘహ్ఙహ్చహ్ఛహ్జహ్ఝహ్ఞహ్టహ్ఠహ్డహ్ఢహ్ణహ్తహ్థహ్దహ్ధహ్నహ్పహ్ఫహ్బహ్భహ్మహ్యహ్రహ్లహ్వహ్శహ్షహ్సహ్హహ్ళహ్ఱ
ళ్కళ్ఖళ్గళ్ఘళ్ఙళ్చళ్ఛళ్జళ్ఝళ్ఞళ్టళ్ఠళ్డళ్ఢళ్ణళ్తళ్థళ్దళ్ధళ్నళ్పళ్ఫళ్బళ్భళ్మళ్యళ్రళ్లళ్వళ్శళ్షళ్సళ్హళ్ళళ్ఱ
ఱ్కఱ్ఖఱ్గఱ్ఘఱ్ఙఱ్చఱ్ఛఱ్జఱ్ఝఱ్ఞఱ్టఱ్ఠఱ్డఱ్ఢఱ్ణఱ్తఱ్థఱ్దఱ్ధఱ్నఱ్పఱ్ఫఱ్బఱ్భఱ్మఱ్యఱ్రఱ్లఱ్వఱ్శఱ్షఱ్సఱ్హఱ్ళఱ్ఱ

Consonants with vowel diacritics

[edit]

The consonants with vowel diacritics are referred to in the Telugu language asguṇintālu (గుణింతాలు). The wordGuṇita refers to 'multiplying oneself'. Therefore, each consonant sound can be multiplied with vowel sounds to produce vowel diacritics. The vowel diacritics along with their symbols and names are given below.[16]

Diacritic symbolVowel letterDiacritic nameExample
none(అ, a)తలకట్టు (talakaṭṭu)
(ఆ, ā)దీర్ఘం (dīrgham)కా
ి(ఇ, i)గుడి (guḍi)కి
(ఈ, ī)గుడి దీర్ఘం (guḍi dīrgham)కీ
(ఉ, u)కొమ్ము (kommu)కు
(ఊ, ū)కొమ్ము దీర్ఘం (kommu dīrgham)కూ
(ఋ, r̥)వట్రసుడి (vaṭrasuḍi)కృ
(ౠ, r̥̄)వట్రసుడి దీర్ఘం (vaṭrasuḍi dīrgham)కౄ
(ఌ, l̥)ఌత్వం (ḷtvam)కౢ
(ౡ, l̥̄)ఌత్వ దీర్ఘం (ḷtva dīrgham)కౣ
(ఎ, e)ఎత్వం (etvam)కె
(ఏ, ē)ఏత్వం (ētvam)కే
(ఐ, ai)ఐత్వం (aitvam)కై
(ఒ, o)ఒత్వం (otvam)కొ
(ఓ, ō)ఓత్వం (ōtvam)కో
(ఔ, au)ఔత్వం (autvam)కౌ
(అం, aṁ)సున్నా (sunnā)కం
(అః, aḥ)విసర్గ (visarga)కః
(అఁ, an̆)అరసున్నా (arasunnā)కఁ
పొల్లు (pollu)క్

The following table contains the consonants with vowel diacritics in the Telugu language.

అఁఅంఅః
కాకికీకుకూకృకౄకౢకౣకెకేకైకొకోకౌకఁకంకఃక్
ఖాఖిఖీఖుఖూఖృఖౄఖౢఖౣఖెఖేఖైఖొఖోఖౌఖఁఖంఖఃఖ్
గాగిగీగుగూగృగౄగౢగౣగెగేగైగొగోగౌగఁగంగఃగ్
ఘాఘిఘీఘుఘూఘృఘౄఘౢఘౣఘెఘేఘైఘొఘోఘౌఘఁఘంఘఃఘ్
ఙాఙిఙీఙుఙూఙృఙౄఙౢఙౣఙెఙేఙైఙొఙోఙౌఙఁఙంఙఃఙ్
చాచిచీచుచూచృచౄచౢచౣచెచేచైచొచోచౌచఁచంచఃచ్
ఛాఛిఛీఛుఛూఛృఛౄఛౢఛౣఛెఛేఛైఛొఛోఛౌఛఁఛంఛఃఛ్
జాజిజీజుజూజృజౄజౢజౣజెజేజైజొజోజౌజఁజంజఃజ్
ఝాఝిఝీఝుఝూఝృఝౄఝౢఝౣఝెఝేఝైఝొఝోఝౌఝఁఝంఝఃఝ్
ఞాఞిఞీఞుఞూఞృఞౄఞౢఞౣఞెఞేఞైఞొఞోఞౌఞఁఞంఞఃఞ్
టాటిటీటుటూటృటౄటౢటౣటెటేటైటొటోటౌటఁటంటఃట్
ఠాఠిఠీఠుఠూఠృఠౄఠౢఠౣఠెఠేఠైఠొఠోఠౌఠఁఠంఠఃఠ్
డాడిడీడుడూడృడౄడౢడౣడెడేడైడొడోడౌడఁడండఃడ్
ఢాఢిఢీఢుఢూఢృఢౄఢౢఢౣఢెఢేఢైఢొఢోఢౌఢఁఢంఢఃఢ్
ణాణిణీణుణూణృణౄణౢణౣణెణేణైణొణోణౌణఁణంణఃణ్
తాతితీతుతూతృతౄతౢతౣతెతేతైతొతోతౌతఁతంతఃత్
థాథిథీథుథూథృథౄథౢథౣథెథేథైథొథోథౌథఁథంథఃథ్
దాదిదీదుదూదృదౄదౢదౣదెదేదైదొదోదౌదఁదందఃద్
ధాధిధీధుధూధృధౄధౢధౣధెధేధైధొధోధౌధఁధంధఃధ్
నానినీనునూనృనౄనౢనౣనెనేనైనొనోనౌనఁనంనఃన్
పాపిపీపుపూపృపౄపౢపౣపెపేపైపొపోపౌపఁపంపఃప్
ఫాఫిఫీఫుఫూఫృఫౄఫౢఫౣఫెఫేఫైఫొఫోఫౌఫఁఫంఫఃఫ్
బాబిబీబుబూబృబౄబౢబౣబెబేబైబొబోబౌబఁబంబఃబ్
భాభిభీభుభూభృభౄభౢభౣభెభేభైభొభోభౌభఁభంభఃభ్
మామిమీముమూమృమౄమౢమౣమెమేమైమొమోమౌమఁమంమఃమ్
యాయియీయుయూయృయౄయౢయౣయెయేయైయొయోయౌయఁయంయఃయ్
రారిరీరురూరృరౄరౢరౣరెరేరైరొరోరౌరఁరంరఃర్
లాలిలీలులూలృలౄలౢలౣలెలేలైలొలోలౌలఁలంలఃల్
వావివీవువూవృవౄవౢవౣవెవేవైవొవోవౌవఁవంవఃవ్
శాశిశీశుశూశృశౄశౢశౣశెశేశైశొశోశౌశఁశంశఃశ్
షాషిషీషుషూషృషౄషౢషౣషెషేషైషొషోషౌషఁషంషఃష్
సాసిసీసుసూసృసౄసౢసౣసెసేసైసొసోసౌసఁసంసఃస్
హాహిహీహుహూహృహౄహౢహౣహెహేహైహొహోహౌహఁహంహఃహ్
ళాళిళీళుళూళృళౄళౢళౣళెళేళైళొళోళౌళఁళంళఃళ్
ఱాఱిఱీఱుఱూఱృఱౄఱౢఱౣఱెఱేఱైఱొఱోఱౌఱఁఱంఱఃఱ్

Numerals

[edit]
0123456789
04142434016116216316

NOTE:,, and are used also for164,264,364,11024, etc. and,, and are also used for1256,2256,3256,14096, etc.[17]

Unicode

[edit]
Main article:Telugu (Unicode block)

Telugu script was added to theUnicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Telugu is U+0C00–U+0C7F:

Telugu[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+0C0x
U+0C1x
U+0C2x
U+0C3xి
U+0C4x
U+0C5x
U+0C6x
U+0C7x౿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 17.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

In contrast to asyllabic script such askatakana, where one Unicodecode point represents theglyph for one syllable, Telugu combines multiplecode points to generate the glyph for one syllable, using complex font rendering rules.[18][19]

iOS character crash bug

[edit]

On February 12, 2018, a bug in theiOS operating system was reported that caused iOS devices to crash if a particular Telugu character was displayed.[20][21] The character is a combination of the characters "జ", "్", "ఞ", "ా" and The Zero-Width Non-Joiner character which looks combined like this "జ్ఞా". Apple confirmed a fix for iOS 11.3 and macOS 10.13.4.[22]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^This letter is referred to asbanḍi ra as opposed to ర (ra) which is referred to asrepha.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcIndian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in the Indo-Aryan Languages, by Richard Solomon, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 35, 40–41,ISBN 0-19-509984-2
  2. ^History and Culture of the Andhras. Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha,Telugu University. 1995. p. 157.ISBN 978-81-86073-07-0.
  3. ^"Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs". Archived fromthe original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved2013-07-22.
  4. ^"chart". Archived fromthe original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved2020-06-15.
  5. ^Antiquity of Telugu language and script:http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm
  6. ^Ananda Buddha ViharaArchived 2007-09-30 at theWayback Machine
  7. ^"The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India-【佛学研究网】 佛教文化网 中国佛教网 中国佛学网 佛教信息网 佛教研究 佛学讲座 禅学讲座 吴言生说禅". Archived fromthe original on 2014-11-04. Retrieved2007-07-14.
  8. ^The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
  9. ^Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride (2019), p. 29
  10. ^Murthy, K.N.; Rao, G.U. (April 2002)."Telugu Script"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-02-18.
  11. ^Diringer, David (1948).The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind. p. 381.
  12. ^Al-biruni.English translation of 'Kitab-ul Hind'. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
  13. ^"Telugu alphabet, pronunciation and language".
  14. ^"Proposal to encode 0C5A TELUGU LETTER RRRA"(PDF). 2012.
  15. ^"Telugulo Chandoviseshaalu", Page 127 (In Telugu).
  16. ^Rangaswami Modalari (1901)."Pedda Balasiksha" (in Telugu). Poomagal Vilasam Mudraksharasala, Madras.
  17. ^Nāgārjuna Venna."Telugu Measures and Arithmetic Marks"(PDF).JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3156. International Organization for Standardization. RetrievedJuly 29, 2012.
  18. ^"Developing OpenType Fonts for Telugu Script".Microsoft Learn. February 8, 2018.Archived from the original on May 6, 2022.
  19. ^The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0: Chapter 9, South Asian Scripts-I(PDF). Addison-Wesley. 2007.ISBN 978-0-321-48091-0.Archived(PDF) from the original on Nov 28, 2023.
  20. ^i.bulyga (February 12, 2018)."rdar://37458268: iOS and Mac OS System can't render symbol and has crashed".Open Radar. Retrieved2018-03-12.{{cite web}}:External link in|title= (help)
  21. ^Ritschel, Chelsea (2018-02-15)."iPhones, iPads and Macs crashed by Indian Telugu character sent via SMS, WhatsApp and other apps".The Independent.Archived from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved2018-02-16.
  22. ^Clover, Juli (February 15, 2018)."Apple to Fix Telugu Character Bug Causing Devices to Crash in Minor iOS Update".MacRumors. Retrieved2018-03-12.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toTelugu script.

External links

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