Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels.^[1] There are 6,700 television channels in total.^[2] Before going digital television, 3 channels have a nationwide outreach (over 90% coverage of the Russian territory):Channel One,Russia-1 andNTV.^[3]

Between1941 and1945 all television broadcasts in the nation were interrupted because ofNazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. During these early years, most television programs were about life in the Soviet Union, cultural activities and sports.

In 1956 a second national television channel was established. This initial expansion of activity encompassed mostly the city ofMoscow, but to a lesser extent alsoLeningrad, theUrals,Siberia and theUkrainian SSR. Each republic, area or region had its own television station.

In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. In1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television.Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities.

Updating the television in the Soviet Union, the release of its censorship by theCentral Committee, began with the proclamation at the XXVII Congress of the new General SecretaryMikhail Gorbachev's new political course of the party in relation to the country. Chairman of the Radio and Television was Alexander Aksenov.

In 1991, the Soviet eraGosteleradio state system included six national television channels, 52 stations in the former Soviet republics and 78 regional stations in the Russian Federation.

Today, there are about 15,000transmitters in the country. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within "Multichannel" research program, had already been finished. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed inNizhniy Novgorod andSaint Petersburg in 2001–2002.

TheRussian Constitution wasadopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993. Article 29 "On the Rights and Freedoms of the Person and Citizen" establishes the universal right to freedom of thought and opinion, freedom of expression of beliefs and convictions, and freedom to seek, receive, transmit, produce and disseminate information. This right can be limited only by law and only "in the interests of protecting the Constitution, morality, health, rights and lawful interests of other persons, or for the defence of the country and national security". According to the Constitution, only the law can limit freedom of speech and establish limits for its expression. The fundamental piece of media-specific federal legislation is the Lawon Mass Media, which was passed on 27 December 1991 and took effect on 13 February 1992.

The law reinforces the freedom of information and the unacceptability of censorship. It also contains provisions regulating the founding, ownership and use of mass media, and dissemination of information. The law regulates relations between mass media and citizens and/or organisations, determines the rights and obligations of journalists and establishes responsibility for violations of mass media-related laws. The Law on Mass Media allows private broadcasting and limits the rights of foreign individuals to found mass media in Russia.

The first Soviet communication satellite, calledMolniya, was launched in 1965. By November 1967 the national system of satellite television, calledOrbita was deployed. The system consisted of 3 highlyelliptical Molniya satellites, with Moscow-based ground uplink facilities and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns of remote regions ofSiberia and the Far East. Each station had a 12-meter receivingparabolic antenna and transmitters for re-broadcasting TV signals to local householders.

However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were still not covered bytransponders of Molniya satellites.By 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive system of satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). It includedgeostationary satellites calledEkran equipped with powerful 300-wattUHF transponders, a broadcasting uplink station and various simple receiving stations located in various towns and villages of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also calledEkran, included a home-useanalogsatellitereceiver equipped with a simpleYagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced Ekran-M series satellites.

In 1979 Soviet engineers developed theMoskva (or Moscow) system of broadcasting and delivering of TV signals via satellites. New types of geostationary communication satellites, calledGorizont, were launched. They were equipped with powerful onboard transponders, so the size of the receiving station's parabolic antennas were reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (in comparison to the early 12- meter dishes of the standard orbital downlink stations).

By 1989 an improved version of theMoskva system, calledMoskva Global'naya, (or Moscow Global) was introduced. The system included a fewgeostationary Gorizont and Express type communication satellites. TV signals from Moscow Global's satellites could be received in any country on the planet except Canada and the Northwest USA.

Modern Russian satellite broadcasting services are based on powerful geostationarysatellite buses such asGals (satellite),Ekspress,USP andEutelsat which provide a large quantity of free-to-air television channels to millions of householders.Pay-TV is growing in popularity amongst Russian TV viewers. TheNTV Russia news company, owned byGazprom, broadcasts theNTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching over 1.5 million viewers.^[4]

Six out of these seven satellites are new vehicles. Four belong to the "Express-AM" family (sent into orbit in 2003–2005), and two to the "Express-A" family (sent into orbit in 2000–2002). SESC also uses the centre for TV/Radio signal compression standard along with the formation of data transport flows as per the MPEG-2/DVB standard, which ensures the formation of standardized signal packages from federal TV/radio channels.

By May 2013, of the 53 million TV homes in Russia, 24% were equipped for Direct-to-Home satellite reception, making satellite the country's leading platform fordigital television. The number of satellite homes across Russia continues to grow, increasing by 25% between 2011 and 2013 from 8 million to 12.6 million. 10% of these homes receive signals from more than one satellite position, taking the total number of antennas to 13.8 million.^[5]

Cable television was introduced in the 2000s, and grew significantly in the early 2010s. Cable operators began upgrading their networks to DVB-C and adding new services such asvideo on demand,catch-up-TV and others. In 2012, cable television accounted for more than half of all pay-TV subscribers (58%).^[6] Most of Pay-TV channels were closed due to2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to the fact that they were non-Government owned.

The distribution of the terrestrial channels is the task of the Unitary EnterpriseRussian Satellite Communications Company, which has 11 satellites, and the Federalunitary enterprise "Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network" serving 14,478 TV transmitters in Russia (90.9% of the total number). TV and radio channels are broadcast through the terrestrial satellite communications complexes owned by theRussian Satellite Communications Company atteleports located inMedvezhy Ozera (Russian:Медвежьи озера),Vladimir andDubna, which ensure the transmission of channels to allfive time zones in Russia via the space vehicles of RTRN.

In December 2005, a project was launched to create a digital television network in theRepublic of Mordovia, where the DVB-T standard will be utilised. The project objective was to ensure for the population, the possibility of receiving a large (up to 10) number of TV channels and several radio stations in the stereo broadcasting mode and in the digital DVB-T standard. The project was implemented by OJSC "Volga Telecom" (a subsidiary of OJSC "Sviazinvest") with support from the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communication of Russia, the Ministry of Culture, the National Association of TV Broadcasters and administration of the Republic of Mordovia.^[7]

Different alternatives were considered in the process of preparing proposals on shifting the country todigital broadcasting (thematic discussions began in the early 2000s), but the Ministry of IT and Communication decided to focus solely onterrestrial broadcasting as the method ofdigital TV implementation.^[8] In Russia, the first legal act to set the standards for the digital transition was theGovernment Resolution No. 1700-r of 29 November 2007, which approved a Concept Paper for the Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2008–2015. This document was elaborated by the high-level Governmental Commission on Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting originally headed by Dmitry Medvedev in his capacity as first vice-chair of the government.^[9]

The transition ofterrestrial TV fromanalogue into digital format (inDVB-T standard) had been announced as a government priority inRussia and identified in the document Concept of TV Broadcasting Development in the Russian Federation within 2008–2015. The main positive factor in the introduction of terrestrialTV broadcasting in the DVB-T standard, according to the opinion ofmarket players, has been the approval of a TV broadcasting development framework in theRussian Federation for 2008–2015 (approved byresolution of the Government # 1700-p, dated 29 November 2007).^[10]

The total investment in the transition of terrestrial TV from analogue to digital format is expected to beEuro 10 billion during the period 2008–2015.^{[citation needed]}

The main factors which have a high positive influence upon the rates of terrestrial DTV introduction tend to be general political andmacroeconomic factors. Commercial factors do not have a significant influence upon rates of introduction of digital standards for terrestrial broadcasting.Cable television would gain the largest financial benefits from the introduction of digital television.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May during Sviaz-Expocomm – 2011, the 23rd International Exhibition of Information Technologies and Communication Services in Moscow, Russia's national telecommunications operatorSvyazinvest, together withRussian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network signed a cooperation agreement to organize the terrestrial transmission of digital content to the RRBN transmitters across the country, thus enabling the broadcasting of eight federal TV channels (Channel One,Russia 1,Russia 24,Russia 2,Russia K,Channel 5,NTV,Karusel) and one local channel, the latter to be transmitted as a"multiplex" channel on one of the main digital channels.^[11]

In June 2011 DVB-T2 tests got under way in Moscow. In July 2011 The Russian government commission on the development of TV and radio broadcasting, has supported the Communications and Mass Media Ministry's suggestion to roll out DVB-T2 test zones, the government's press service has announced.^[12]

In September 2011 a governmental commission had approved the use of the DVB-T2 standard for the development of digital terrestrial TV in Russia, as proposed by the Ministry of Communications. The digital terrestrial TV network was being tested out in theTver Oblast. It was planned that new regional networks will be deployed under the DVB-T2 standard and existing DVB-T networks will be upgraded to the new standard^[13]

It took Russia 10 years to move from analogue to digital broadcasting. TheDigital Switchover (DSO) was completed in late 2019.^[14][15] On December 3, 2009, theRussian Government approved the federal target programme "Development of TV and Radio Broadcasting in the Russian Federation in 2009-2018".^[16] The main objective of the programme was to provide the population of the Russian Federation with free-to-air multichannel digital TV and radio broadcasting.^[17]

Before 2010 almost half of Russia's population, 44%, could watch no more than four channels. There was no room left for development of analogue broadcasting.^[18] Authorities have envisaged TVmultiplexes in 2009. The list of channels in the first of the two of them was approved by a decree of the President of Russia.^[19][20]

Over a period of 10 years, about 100 million TV-sets and about 20 million digital set-top boxes were sold. This had set the stage for the analogue switch-off (ASO). On November 29, 2018, the Russian government approved the ASO roadmap.^[21] The federal target programme included modernizing the whole structure of terrestrial broadcasting. It is considered the biggest programme of digital TV development in the world.^[22][23]

In December 2018, the pilot region, theTver Region, phased out analogue broadcasting of 20 federal TV channels.^[24] In 2019, Russia switched off analogue TV broadcasting in four stages: February 11 (8 regions), April 15 (20 regions), June 3 (36 regions) and October 14 (21 regions).^[25]

Russia was the firstBRICS country to complete the ASO.^[26] Preparation for each stage of the ASO included a number of activities:

1. Informing the population, both through federal and regional media.^[27]

2. Placing information materials in post offices, social protection centres, retail appliances and electronics stores.

3. Door-to-door activities in all localities of the Russian Federation.^[28]

4. Attracting volunteers to assist the population in setting up equipment for receiving DTT. 70,000 volunteers, 30,000 social workers and 50,000 Russian Post employees participated in the process.^{[29][30][31][32]}

5. Creating the Digital Switchover Task Force with representatives of the Russian government, regional authorities and all organizations involved.

6. Monitoring the cost of the TV reception equipment in retail stores.

7. Carrying out inspection of сommunity antenna TV systems for DTT broadcasting in apartment buildings and, if necessary, repairing and upgrading them.^[33]

8. Developing mechanisms and conditions for providing the population living outside the DTT coverage area with satellite equipment at a reduced price.

9. Providing targeted assistance for vulnerable and/or low-income citizens.^[34]

A special digital terrestrial TV hotline has been opened in the run-up to the ASO. Operators consulted viewers on buying up-to-date DVB-T2 equipment and adjusting it to their conditions.Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network staff tested equipment from the retail and informed viewers through the hotline about the best choices.^[35] 78 DTT Consultation Centers operated in administrative centers of Russian regions.^[36]

100% of the Russian population have got the guaranteed public access to 20 must-carry public TV channels and three radio stations, 98,4% of them — through DTT.^[37][38]

To complete the Digital Switchover RTRN collaborated with IT software manufacturers Nevion^[39] and Progira.^[40]

More than 11,000 analogue TV transmitters were put out of operation.^[41] The DTT transition has laid the foundations for the development of new services (HD,UHD,^[42][43]HbbTV and so on).^{[44][45][46][47][48][49]}

Participation in the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation"^[50] and new telecom services implementation are RTRN's main current objectives.

RTRN has successfully tested the main standards of digital broadcasting includingDRM.^[51][52]

Russian TV is available to many expatriates living abroad, via the internet. There are severalOTT service providers, which are targeted on Russian and Ukrainian expatriates in theUnited States andCanada.^[53]

This is a list oftelevision channels that broadcast inRussia.Full list of channels

NTV-Plus

Tricolor

Weekly viewing shares, 26 May – 1 June 2025:^[58]

• List of Russian-language television channels
• Television in the Soviet Union
• Mass media in Russia

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• Television in Russia
• Lists of mass media in Russia
• Lists of television channels
• Television by country

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