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| Chinese-language television |
|---|
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| Main articles: |
| Regulatory agency |
State Administration of Press, Communications Authority (Hong Kong) Government Information Infocomm Media Development National Communications Commission (Taiwan) |
| Censorship |
| See also |
| Chinese-language TV channels |
Television is a prominent industry and form ofmass media in China. Since 2018, state administration of the television industry has been overseen by theNational Radio and Television Administration (NRTA).[1]China Central Television (CCTV) is China's largest state-run national television broadcaster.
Television has existed in China since the Mao era, but has substantially increased in reach and popularity since the 1980s.[2] By 1987, two-thirds of people in China had access to television. As of August 22, 2023, over 3,300 local, regional, and national TV channels are available in the country.[3]
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China has had access to film and movie theaters since the early twentieth century, but plans for a broadcast television network did not develop until 1953.[4]: 53 WhileHong Kong established the first Chinese television station,Rediffusion Television, in 1957,[5] the first mainland television transmission signal was made a year later on May 1st, 1958, inBeijing.[4]Beijing Television (nowChina Central Television, since 1978) was formally launched on September 2, 1958. The first regional station,Shanghai Television, was launched a month later on October 1, 1958 (National Day).
Growth in telecommunications halted with the general economic collapse after theGreat Leap Forward (1958–60). During the Cultural Revolution, military control was exerted over China's Broadcasting Bureau, and television growth was again stagnated.[6]: 3 Nevertheless, television infrastructure developed at a moderate pace during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, there were 12television stations in mainland China, 1 national and 11 regional,[7]: 233 and by 1971, there were 31.[8] Most experienced television through communal viewing areas, and there were few to no personal television sets.[9]: 3
Expansion and modernization of thebroadcasting systems continued throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The new decade started with an increase in the amount of television sets in China, which, up until early 1979, was mostly reserved to affluent organizations and officials. Programming, up until then limited to Chinese films and educational content, began to diversify. Television became one of the Big Four consumer items in demand in 1980, at the top of the list, which was followed by tape recordings, washing machines, and electric fans. Beijing alone had 250,000 television sets in 1979, three times the number of sets available in 1978, and television antennas covered 35% of households in the city. There was also an increase in airtime, as stations up until then broadcast three to four hours a day. Among the novelties included feature films in English and, from 1 March that year,Man from Atlantis, becoming the first US TV series to air on Chinese television.[10]
The Ministry of Radio and Television was established as a separate entity in 1982 to administer and upgrade the status of television and radio broadcasting. Subordinate to this ministry were theCentral People's Broadcasting Station,Radio Beijing, andChina Central Television. Additionally, the various broadcasting training, talent-search, research, publishing, and manufacturing organizations were brought under the control of the Ministry of Radio and Television. In 1986, responsibility for the movie industry was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the new Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television.
Radio and television expanded rapidly in the 1980s as important means of mass communication and popular entertainment. In 1982, television was available by one measure only to 350 million of China's population of 1 billion,[11] and was mostly watched on a communal basis.[11] By 1985, television reached two-thirds of the population through more than 104 stations (up from 52 in 1984 and 44 in 1983); an estimated 85 percent of the urban population had access to television. During this time, the content of the programming changed drastically from the political lectures and statistical lists of the previous period. Typical television shows were entertainment, including feature films, sports, drama,[12] music, dance, and children's programming. In 1985, a survey of a typical week of television programming made by the Shanghai publicationWuxiandian Yu Dianshi (Journal of Radio and Television) revealed that more than half of the programming could be termed entertainment; education made up 24 percent of the remainder of the programming, and news 15 percent. A wide cross-section of international news was presented each evening. Most news broadcasts had been borrowed from foreign news organizations, and a Chinese summary wasdubbed over. China Central Television also contracted with several foreign broadcasters for entertainment programs. Between 1982 and 1985, six United States television companies signed agreements to provide American programs to China.
Since the late 1950s, people in thePearl River Delta began to receive channels from Hong Kong withcoaxial cable (1957–1973) andYagi–Uda antenna (1967 onwards). Hong Kong channels were considered more entertaining and had Cantonese shows. Such reception was banned by the central government, but semi-accepted by local governments. By the late 1980s, local channels began to syndicate shows from Hong Kong.
China launched its first television-broadcast satellite in 1986.
In 1987,China Central Television (CCTV), the state network, managed China's television programs. In 1985, consumers purchased 15 million new sets, including approximately 4 million color sets. Production fell far short of demand. Because Chinese viewers often gathered in large groups to watch publicly owned sets, authorities estimated that two-thirds of the nation had access to television. In 1987, there were about 70 million television sets, an average of 29 sets per 100 families. CCTV had four channels that supplied programs to over ninety television stations throughout the country. Construction began on a major new CCTV studio in Beijing in 1985. CCTV produced its own programs, a large portion of which were educational, and the Television University in Beijing produced three educational programs weekly. The English-language lesson was the most popular program with an estimated 5 to 6 million viewers. Other programs included daily news, entertainment, teleplays, and special programs. Foreign programs included films and cartoons. Chinese viewers were particularly interested in watching international news, sports, and drama (seeCulture of the People's Republic of China).
By 1991, there were 140 million television sets for an audience of 700 million people. Stations such as CCTV and Guangdong TV, which had been relying on commercials for more than a decade, have reached their break-even point.[13]
In September 1993, after acquiring theSTAR TV satellite network,Rupert Murdoch publicly declared:[14]
"(telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels"
After this, the former prime ministerLi Peng requested and obtained a ban ofsatellite dishes throughout the country. Subsequently, the STAR TV network dropped theBBC channels from its satellite offer. This, and many ensuing declarations from Murdoch, led critics to believe the businessman was striving to appease the Chinese government in order to have the ban lifted.[14] It is also alleged that the PRC government was unhappy withBBC coverage and threatened to block STAR TV in the hugemainland Chinese market if the BBC was not withdrawn. This is despite technology that is capable of blocking BBC World in China, while making it available in other countries it serves.[15][16][17]
OnNew Year's Day 1994 at 06:00Hangzhou Time,Zhejiang Television wasChina's firstcommercialsatellite television based in theEast China surrounding areas, theYangtze Delta.
On October 6, 1997, at 09:00Hefei Time,Anhui Television wasChina's secondcommercialsatellite television. Later in the same year, on December 28 at 06:00Nanjing Time,Jiangsu Television wasChina's thirdcommercialsatellite television based in theEast China surrounding areas, like theYangtze Delta.
In 1998, theState Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) began the Connecting Every Village with Radio and TV Project, which extended radio and television broadcasting to every village in China.[18]: 30 One of the first provinces to do so wasZhejiang, which enabledCCTV-1 andCCTV-2 to have total coverage in its mountainous areas.[19]
On October 1, 1998, at 06:00Shanghai Time,Dragon Television (Shanghai) (formerly known asShanghai Television) wasChina's fourthcommercialsatellite television station based inEast China surrounding areas, theYangtze Delta (free-to-airterrestrial television inShanghai only).
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In 2000, the Chinese government put forward a goal of promoting media amalgamation by establishing trans-regional multi-media news groups. It also instituted detailed regulations on media industry fund-raising, foreign-funded cooperation, and trans-media development.[20]
TheState Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), founded at the end of 2001, integrated the resources of the central-level radio, television, and film industry, plus those of the radio and television, Internet companies, into China's biggest and strongest multi-media group covering the fields of television, Internet, publishing, advertising, etc. At the same time, the Chinese media industry is cooperating with overseas media groups.
On 23 June 2002, most of CCTV's channels, as well as ten provincial channels, were inaccessible on satellite to air pro-Falun Gong messages. Two days later, on 25 June 2002, the television transmitter inYantai,Shandong had the signals ofCCTV-1,CCTV-3, andCCTV-5 hijacked to air a message saying "Falun Gong is good". In Laiyang County, the signal fell for fifteen minutes. It was reported by the Hong Kong press that Falun Gong members intercepted the satellite using sophisticated equipment. The sect is outlawed in the PRC.[21]
By 2003, 30 overseas television networks, includingPhoenix Television,Bloomberg Television,STAR TV,Eurosport,BBC World,CNBC, andChina Entertainment Television, had entered China with limitations. At the same time, theEnglish-language channel of CCTV entered the United States throughFox News Internet under the jurisdiction ofNews Corporation.
In conformity with trends in the international television industry, CCTV has made progress in the direction of specialization, introducing three specialized channels between 2003 and 2004:CCTV-News,CCTV-Children, andCCTV-Music.
Since September 1, 2006, the Chinese government has banned foreign-produced animation between the hours of 5:00 and 8:00 P.M. on state-run television to protect struggling Chinese animation studios that have been affected by the popularity of such cartoons.[22]
Despite these advances, a considerable gap remains between the eastern coastal region and the Chinese hinterland, where television sets and regional broadcasters are far less common.
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Altogether, there are 3,000 television stations across the country. Large international TV expositions, including the Shanghai Television Festival, Beijing International Television Week, China Radio and Television Exposition, and Sichuan Television Festival, are held on a regular basis.
Besides judging and conferring awards, these festivals conduct academic exchanges and the import and export of TV programs. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.
Since China entered theWorld Trade Organization, the trend within China'smedia industry is to form inter-media and trans-regional media groups operated with multiple patterns so as to meet competition and challenges from powerful overseas media groups.
In October 2014, actors and actresses who have used drugs, visited prostitutes, or broken the law were not allowed to appear on television, movies, or other forms of broadcast (radio and advertisement) in China. The ban also encompassed online media, film, and publishing.[23]China Daily reported that the ban is meant to "keep the industry healthy" and "Celebrities who break the law should not be invited to appear in programs, and transmission of their words should be suspended." It was also noted that "Recent cases involving stars using drugs or visiting prostitutes have harmed the image of the entertainment industry and set a bad example for young people." In 2014, China detained several Chinese celebrities on drug-related charges. TheMinistry of Public Security stated in February 2014 that police need to "get tough on drugs, gambling, and prostitution."[24]
All nationwide analog shutdowns started on July 31, 2020, at midnight, the and last analog broadcasting station officially turned off on April 1, 2021, at midnight.
Television censorship is conducted by theState Administration of Radio, Film, and Television of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and targets the overseas programs (including those from Hong Kong and Macau), that can be watched inmainland China. In addition, receiving satellite TV signals without permission is against the law in mainland China.[25]
CNN has reported that their broadcast agreement in China includes an arrangement that their signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. In this way, Chinese authorities have been able to black out CNN segments at will.[26] CNN has also said that their broadcasts are not widely available in China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.[27]
Blacked out content has included references to the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,[26] theDalai Lama,[26] the death ofZhao Ziyang,[28] the2008 Tibetan unrest,[26] theChinese milk scandal of 2008,[29] negative developments about theBeijing Olympics,[30] and historical dramas, such asStory of Yanxi Palace during national events.[31][32]
During theSummer Olympics in Beijing, all Chinese TV stations were ordered to delay live broadcasts by ten seconds, a policy that was designed to give censors time to react in case free-Tibet demonstrators or others staged political protests.[33] During a television report of theinauguration of Barack Obama in 2009, the state-runChina Central Television (CCTV) abruptly cut away from its coverage of Obama's address when he spoke of how "earlier generations faced down fascism and communism".[34]
In 2021, China bannedBBC World News, although access had already been heavily restricted before then, and what was carried was censored, with parts of the show being blacked out by censors live. They were banned due to their coverage of thepersecution of Uyghurs in China and in retaliation forCGTN's ban from the British market for violating broadcast regulations there.[35]
During the2022 COVID-19 protests in China, CCTV's coverage of the2022 FIFA World Cup censored scenes of maskless fans in the stadium.[36][37] CCTV avoided coverage of the protests directly.[38]
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According to the Chinese government's plans, by 2010, the existing cable television in cities above the county level in the eastern and middle parts of China, as well as in most cities above the county level in the western parts of the country, will be digitized. The analog signals within the country will be switched off in stages between 2015 and 2018, due to the large size of the territory. In the meantime, the policies emphasize the continued amalgamation of the three networks of Internet, television, and telecom.
To realize the above goals, NDRC, MII, and SARFT will be responsible for organizing special projects for implementingdigital television services. Support will be given to digital TV-related enterprises' listings, and more investment will be injected into them.
According to China's national strategy, the country aims to shift from a major television manufacturer to a digital television power during the development of the digital television industry. The policies show that by 2010, the annual sales of China's digital television sets and related products will reachRMB250 billion, and the export volume will reachUS$10 billion. By 2015, China's digital television industry scale and technology level will rank among the top in the world, and it will become one of the world's largest digital television set and key components development and production bases. First analog broadcasting television station officially turn off on 30 August 2020 at 23:59:59CST (UTC+8) for allHunan Province onHunan Television only and all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off onNew Year's Eve (31 December) 2020 at 03:59:59CST (UTC+8) for all nationwide (includingShanghai andSuzhou) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on 31 March 2021 at 23:59:59CST (UTC+8) for allShaanxi Province. OnNew Year's Eve (31 December) 2020 at 04:00:00CST (UTC+8), the digital terrestrial television of the People's Republic of China fully turned, shifted, and switched to all fullhigh definition for all nationwide (includingShanghai andSuzhou). On 1 April 2021, the digital terrestrial television of the People's Republic of China fully turned, shifted, and switched to all fullhigh definition for all ofShaanxi Province.
| Province,municipality, andautonomous region | Terrestrial analog TV shutdown time (stopped at 00:00:00CST of the day) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Central Channel | Provincial Channel | County Channel | |
| Nationwide | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Tianjin | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Shanghai | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Suzhou | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Hunan | 30 August 2020 at 23:59:59CST (Hunan Television) 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST (Official) | ||
| Shanxi | 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Inner Mongolia | 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Jilin | 22 December 2020 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Jiangsu | 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Anhui | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Shandong | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Hainan | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Chongqing | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
| Yunnan | 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Shaanxi | 31 March 2021 at 23:59:59CST | ||
| Qinghai | 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59CST | ||
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Cable television is the usual transmission method in all urban areas ofmainland China - television aerials are an extremely rare sight. Cable systems usually carry all theCCTV channels inMandarin, plus all the channels ofall Chinese municipalities, provinces, and/or regions (such stations are listed below). The remaining slots carry the main channels from several other province-level stations, and may carry additional channels from metropolitan stations such asBTV andShanghai Media Group. They may also carry a local channel for a particular sub-provincial municipality, prefecture, or county. Individual compounds (hotels, housing estates, etc.) often add a request channel showing karaokemusic videos and animations. An extremely small number of compounds with many foreign residents (e.g. five-star hotels inBeijing) will also carry selected channels fromHong Kong,Taiwan, andthe West.Phoenix Television has the widest carriage under this rule.
Mainland China had more than 44.5 million digital cable television users in 2008, had 0.9 billion digital cable television users, and 0.2 billion IPTV Users in 2015.
Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's cable television runs in a one-way mode (download only, no upload and no interactive services).
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Launch | Format |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCTV-1 (General Channel) | 中国中央电视台综合频道 | 1958 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i/1440p,16:9) |
| CCTV-2 (Finance Channel) | 中国中央电视台财经频道 | 1973 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-3 (Arts and Entertainment Channel) | 中国中央电视台综艺频道 | 1986 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Asia) | 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（亚洲版） | 1992 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Europe) | 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（欧洲版） | 2007 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9, inFrance) |
| CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel America) | 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（美洲版） | 2007 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-5 (Sports Channel) | 中国中央电视台体育频道 | 1994 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-5+ (Sports Events Channel) | 中国中央电视台体育赛事频道 | 2013 | HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-6 (National Movie Channel) | 中国中央电视台电影频道 | 1994 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-7 (National Defense and Military Channel) | 中国中央电视台国防军事频道 | 2019 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-8 (Television Series Channel) | 中国中央电视台电视剧频道 | 1994 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-9 (Chinese Documentary Channel) | 中国中央电视台纪录频道 | 2011 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-10 (Science & Education Channel) | 中国中央电视台科教频道 | 2001 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-11 (Chinese Opera Channel) | 中国中央电视台戏曲频道 | 2001 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-12 (Society & Law Channel) | 中国中央电视台社会与法频道 | 2004 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-13 (Chinese News Channel) | 中国中央电视台新闻频道 | 2003 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-14 (Children's Channel) | 中国中央电视台少儿频道 | 2003 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-15 (Music Channel) | 中国中央电视台音乐频道 | 2004 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-16 (Olympic Channel) | 中国中央电视台奥林匹克频道 | 2021 | HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-17 (Agricultural and Rural Channel) | 中国中央电视台农业农村频道 | 2019 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CGTN (International English Channel) | 中国国际电视台英语新闻频道 | 2000 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CGTN-Français (International French Channel) | 中国国际电视台法语频道 | 2007 | SDTV (576i,16:9) |
| CGTN-Español (International Spanish Channel) | 中国国际电视台西班牙语频道 | 2007 | SDTV (576i,16:9) |
| CGTN-العربية (International Arabic Channel) | 中国国际电视台阿拉伯语频道 | 2009 | SDTV (576i,16:9) |
| CGTN-русский (International Russian Channel) | 中国国际电视台俄语频道 | 2009 | SDTV (576i,16:9) |
| CGTN Documentary (English Documentary Channel) | 中国国际电视台英语纪录频道 | 2011 | SDTV (576i,16:9),HDTV (1080i,16:9) |
| CCTV-4K (4KUHD Channel) | 中央广播电视总台4K超高清频道 | 2018 | UHDTV (2160p,16:9) |
| CCTV-8K (8KUHD Channel) | 中央广播电视总台8K超高清频道 | 2021 | UHDTV (4320p,16:9) |
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Origin | Launch | Format | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture Television | 农林卫视 | Shaanxi | 2008 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC) |
| Bedahuang Television | 北大荒农业频道 | Heilongjiang | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Bedahuang Broadcasting Television |
| Bingtuan Television | 兵团卫视 | Xinjiang | 2009 | SDTV (576i, 16:9) | Xinjiang Bingtuan Radio and Television |
| Chongqing Television | 重庆卫视 | Chongqing | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Chongqing Broadcasting Group (CBG) |
| Cross-Strait Television | 海峡卫视 | Fujian | 2005 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Fujian Media Group (FMG) |
| Gansu Television | 甘肃卫视 | Gansu | 1998 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Gansu Media Group (GSMG) |
| Guangxi Television | 广西卫视 | Guangxi | 1970 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Guangxi Television |
| Guizhou Television | 贵州卫视 | Guizhou | 1968 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Guizhou Radio Television |
| Hebei Television | 河北卫视 | Hebei | 1998 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Hebei Television (HEBTV) |
| Heilongjiang Television | 黑龙江卫视 | Heilongjiang | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Heilongjiang Broadcasting Television |
| Henan Television | 河南卫视 | Henan | 1996 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Henan Television (HNTV) |
| Hubei Television | 湖北卫视 | Hubei | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Hubei Network Radio and Television |
| Hunan Television | 湖南卫视 | Hunan | 29 September 1970 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS) |
| Jiangxi Television | 江西卫视 | Jiangxi | 1970 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Jiangxi Radio and Television |
| Jilin Television | 吉林卫视 | Jilin | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Jilin Television (JLTV) |
| Liaoning Television | 辽宁卫视 | Liaoning | 1959 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Liaoning Radio and Television (LRTV) |
| Nei Mongol Television | 内蒙古卫视 | Inner Mongolia | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Nei Mongol Television (NMTV) |
| Ningxia Television | 宁夏卫视 | Ningxia | 1998 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Ningxia Radio and Television |
| Qinghai Television | 青海卫视 | Qinghai | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Qinghai Radio and Television |
| Sansha Television | 三沙卫视 | Hainan | 2013 | SDTV (576i, 16:9) | Sansha Broadcasting Group |
| Shandong Television | 山东卫视 | Shandong | 1994 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Shandong Radio and Television |
| Shaanxi Television | 陕西卫视 | Shaanxi | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3/16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC) |
| Shanxi Television | 山西卫视 | Shanxi | 2004 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Shanxi Radio Television |
| Sichuan Television | 四川卫视 | Sichuan | 2003 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Sichuan Radio and Television |
| Southeast Television | 东南卫视 | Fujian | 1994 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Fujian Media Group (FMG) |
| Hainan Television | 海南卫视 | Hainan | 1999 | SDTV (576i, 16:9) | Hainan Broadcasting Group |
| Tianjin Television | 天津卫视 | Tianjin | 1998 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Tianjin Radio and Television |
| Xiamen Television | 厦门卫视 | Fujian | 2005 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Xiamen Media Group XMG |
| Xinjiang Television | 新疆卫视 | Xinjiang | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Xinjiang Television Station |
| Xizang Television | 西藏卫视 | Tibet | 2002 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Xizang Television (XZTV) |
| Yunnan Television | 云南卫视 | Yunnan | 2000 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Yunnan Radio and Television |
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Language | Launch | Format | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kangba Television | 康巴卫视 | Khams Tibetan | 1999 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Sichuan Radio and Television |
| Nei Mongol Television Mongolian | 内蒙古卫视（蒙语） | Mongolian | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Nei Mongol Television (NMTV) |
| Xinjiang Television Uyghur | 新疆卫视（维语） | Uyghur | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Xinjiang Television (XJTV) |
| Xinjiang Television Kazakh | 新疆卫视（哈语） | Kazakh | 1997 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Xinjiang Television (XJTV) |
| Xizang (Tibet) Television Tibetan | 西藏卫视（藏语） | Standard Tibetan | 2002 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Xizang Television (XZTV) |
| Yanbian Korean Television | 延边卫视 | Chinese Korean/Choson Korean | 2006 | HDTV(10 80i,16:9) | Yanbian Television (YBTV) |
| Anduo Television | 安多卫视 | Amdo Tibetan | 2006 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Qinghai Radio and TV Station |
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Origin | Launch | Format | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aniworld | 金鹰卡通 | Hunan | 2005 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS) |
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Origin | Launch | Format | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macau Asia Satellite Television | 澳亚卫视 | Macau | 2001 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Macau Asia Satellite Television Co., Ltd |
| Macau Lotus Television | 澳门莲花卫视 | Macau | 2002 | SDTV (576i, 4:3) | Macau Lotus Television Co., Ltd |
| HKSTV | 香港卫视 | Hong Kong | 2010 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i,16:9) | Hong Kong Satellite TV International Media Group |
| Phoenix Television InfoNews | 凤凰卫视资讯台 | Hong Kong | 2001 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings., Ltd |
| Phoenix Television Movies | 凤凰卫视电影台 | Hong Kong | 1998 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings., Ltd |
| Phoenix Television Chinese | 凤凰卫视中文台 | Hong Kong | 1996 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings., Ltd |
| Phoenix Television Hong Kong | 凤凰卫视香港台 | Hong Kong | 1996 | SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings., Ltd |
| TVB Jade | 无线电视翡翠台 | Hong Kong | 1967 | SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) | Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) |
| STAR TV | 星空卫视 | Hong Kong | 1991 | SDTV (576i, 16:9) | STAR Greater China., Ltd |
Hong Kong has two broadcast television networks,ATV andTVB. The latter, launched in 1967, was the territory's firstfree-to-air commercial station, and is currently the predominant TV station in the territory. Paid cable and satellite television have also been widespread. The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, andvariety shows has reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Broadcast media and news are provided by several companies, one of which isgovernment-run. Television provides the major source of news and entertainment for the average family.
Macau citizens can receive most of the terrestrial transmissions broadcast in Hong Kong.
News of the development is struggling to reach audiences in China, where transmissions of BBC World were mysteriously suspended when the station relayed the story.
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Television in Asia | |
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