Telepresence is the appearance or sensation of a person being present at a place other than their true location, viatelerobotics or video.
Telepresence requires that the users' senses interact with specificstimuli in order to provide the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed totransmit and duplicate in the remote location to bring about this effect. Thereforeinformation may be traveling in both directions between the user and the remote location.
A popular application is found intelepresence videoconferencing, the highest possible level ofvideotelephony. Telepresence viavideo deploys greater technical sophistication and improved fidelity of both sight andsound than intraditional videoconferencing. Technical advancements inmobile collaboration have also extended the capabilities of videoconferencing beyond theboardroom for use withhand-held mobile devices, enabling collaboration independent of location.
A similar or identical concept istelexistence, which was first proposed bySusumu Tachi in Japan in 1980[1] and 1981[2] as patents and the first report was published in Japanese in 1982[3] and in English in 1984.[4]
In a pioneering paper, the U.S. cognitive scientistMarvin Minsky attributed the development of the idea of telepresence to science fiction authorRobert A. Heinlein: "My first vision of a remote-controlled economy came from Robert A. Heinlein's prophetic 1948 novel, Waldo," wrote Minsky.[5] In his science fiction short story "Waldo" (1942), Heinlein first proposed a primitive telepresence master-slave manipulator system.
TheBrother Assassin, written byFred Saberhagen in 1969, introduced the complete concept for a telepresence master-slave humanoid system. In the novel, the concept is described as follows: "And a moment later it seemed to all his senses that he had been transported from the master down into the body of the slave-unit standing beneath it on the floor. As the control of its movements passed over to him, the slave started gradually to lean to one side, and he moved its foot to maintain balance as naturally as he moved his own. Tilting back his head, he could look up through the slave's eyes to see the master-unit, with himself inside, maintaining the same attitude on its complex suspension."[This quote needs a citation]
The termtelepresence, a neologism due to the futuristPatrick Gunkel, was introduced to the public in a 1980 article by Minsky, who outlined his vision for an adapted version of the older concept ofteleoperation that focused on giving a remote participant a feeling of actually being present at a different location.[5] One of the first systems to create a fully immersive illusion of presence in a remote location was theVirtual Fixtures platform developed in 1992 at the U.S. Air Force'sArmstrong Labs by inventor Louis Rosenberg. The system included stereoscopic image display from the remote environment as well as immersive touch feedback using a full upper-body exoskeleton.[6][7][8]
The first commercially successful telepresence company,Teleport (which was later renamedTeleSuite), was founded in 1993 by David Allen and Herold Williams.[9] Before TeleSuite, they ran a resort business from which the original concept emerged because they often found businesspeople would have to cut their stays short to participate in important meetings. Their idea was to develop a technology that would allow businesspeople to attend their meetings without leaving the resorts so that they could lengthen their hotel stays.
Hilton Hotels had originally licensed to install them in their hotels throughout the United States and other countries, but use was low. The idea lost momentum, with Hilton eventually backing out. TeleSuite later began to focus less on thehospitality industry and more on business-oriented telepresence systems. Shareholders eventually held enough stock to replace the company's original leadership, which ultimately led to its collapse.[citation needed] David Allen purchased all of the assets of TeleSuite and appointed Scott Allen as president[10] of the new company calledDestiny Conferencing.
Destiny Conferencing licensed its patent portfolio toHP which became the first large company to join the telepresence industry, soon followed by others such asCisco andPolycom (now called Poly).[11] After forming a distribution agreement with Pleasanton-based Polycom (now Poly), Destiny Conferencing sold on January 5, 2007, toPolycom (now Poly) for $60 million.
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A telepresence research project started in 1990. Located at theUniversity of Toronto, the Ontario Telepresence Project (OTP) was an interdisciplinary effort involving social sciences and engineering. Its final report stated that it "...was a three year, $4.8 million pre-competitive research project whose mandate was to design and field trial advancedmedia space systems in a variety of workplaces in order to gain insights into key sociological and engineering issues. The OTP, which has ended in December 1994, was part of the International Telepresence Project which linked Ontario researchers to their counterparts in four European nations. The Project's major sponsor was theGovernment of Ontario, through two of its Centres of Excellence—the Information Technology Research Centre (ITRC) and the Telecommunications Research Institute of Ontario (TRIO)."[12]
An industry expert described some benefits of telepresence: "There were four drivers for our decision to do more business over video and telepresence. We wanted to reduce our travel spend, reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact, improve our employees' work/life balance, and improve employee productivity.".[13]
Rather thantraveling great distances in order to have a face-face meeting, it is now commonplace to use a telepresence system instead, which uses a multiple codec video system (which is what the word "telepresence" most currently represents). Each member/party of the meeting uses a telepresence room to "dial in" and can see/talk to every other member on ascreen/screens as if they were in the same room. This brings enormous time and cost benefits. It is also superior to phone conferencing (except in cost), as the visual aspect greatly enhances communications, allowing for perceptions of facial expressions and other body languages.
Mobile collaboration systems combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation hand-held mobile devices to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Benefits include cost-efficiencies resulting from accelerated problem resolution, reductions in downtimes and travel, improvements in customer service and increased productivity.[14]
Telepresence has been described as the human experience of being fully present at a live real-world location remote from one's own physical location. Someone experiencing video telepresence would therefore be able to behave and receive stimuli as if part of a meeting at the remote site. The aforementioned would result in interactive participation of group activities that would bring benefits to a wide range of users.[15]
To provide a telepresence experience, technologies are required that implement the human sensory elements of vision, sound, and manipulation.
A minimum system usually includes visualfeedback. Ideally, the entirefield of view of the user is filled with a view of the remote location, and the viewpoint corresponds to the movement and orientation of the user's head. In this way, it differs fromtelevision orcinema, where the viewpoint is out of the control of the viewer.
In order to achieve this, the user may be provided with either a very large (or wraparound) screen, orsmall displays mounted directly in front of the eyes. The latter provides a particularly convincing3D sensation. The movements of the user's head must be sensed, and thecamera must mimic those movements accurately and in real time. This is important to prevent unintended motion sickness.
Another source of future improvement to telepresence displays, compared by some toholograms, is a projecteddisplay technology featuring life-sized imagery.[16]
Sound is generally the easiest sensation to implement with highfidelity, based on the foundationaltelephone technology dating back more than 130 years. Very high-fidelity sound equipment has also been available for a considerable period of time, withstereophonic sound being more convincing thanmonaural sound.
The ability to manipulate a remote object or environment is an important aspect for some telepresence users and can be implemented in a large number of ways depending on the needs of the user. Typically, the movements of the user's hands (position in space and posture of the fingers) are sensed bywired gloves,inertial sensors, or absolute spatial position sensors. Arobot in the remote location then copies those movements as closely as possible. This ability is also known asteleoperation.
The more closely the robot re-creates the form factor of the human hand, the greater the sense of telepresence. The complexity of robotic effectors varies greatly, from simple one axis grippers, tofully anthropomorphic robot hands.
Haptic teleoperation refers to a system that provides some sort of tactile force feedback to the user, so the user feels some approximation of the weight, firmness, size, and/or texture of the remote objects manipulated by the robot. A new form of technology, called collaborative telepresence, is currently being developed which will eventually be used to collaborate with others while seeming like you are in the same room as the other person, keeping a normal social distance. Collaborative telepresence uses haptic sensors like these to allow a sense of touch.
The prevalence of high quality video conferencing using mobile devices, tablets and portable computers has enabled considerable growth in telepresence robots to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in the office, home or school when one cannot be there in person. The robot avatar can move or look around at the command of the remote person. Drivable telepresence robots – typically contain a display (integrated or separate phone or tablet) mounted on a roaming base. Some examples of roaming telepresence robots include Beam by Suitable Technologies, Double by Double Robotics, Ava Telepresence byAva Robotics, Anybots, Vgo, TeleMe by Mantarobot, and Romo by Romotive.[17]
More modern roaming telepresence robots may include an ability to operateautonomously. The robots can map out the space and be able to avoid obstacles while driving themselves between rooms and their docking stations.[18]
Telepresence's effectiveness varies by degree of fidelity. Research has noted that telepresence solutions differ in degree of implementation, from "immersive" through "adaptive" to "lite" solutions.[19] At the top are immersive solutions where the environments at both ends are highly controlled (and often the same) with respect to lighting, acoustics, decor and furniture, thereby giving all the participants the impression they are together at the same table in the same room, thus engendering the "immersive" label.
Adaptive telepresence solutions may use the same technology, but the environments at both ends are not highly controlled and hence often differ. Adaptive solutions differ from telepresence lite solutions not in terms of control of environments, but in terms of integration of technology. Adaptive solutions use a managed service, whereas telepresence lite solutions use components that someone must integrate.
A good telepresence strategy puts the human factors first, focusing on visual collaboration configurations that closely replicate the brain's innate preferences for interpersonal communications, separating from the unnatural "talking heads" experience of traditional videoconferencing. These cues include life–size participants, fluid motion, accurate flesh tones and the appearance of true eye contact.[20] This is already a well-established technology, used by many businesses today. The chief executive officer ofCisco Systems,John Chambers in June 2006 at the Networkers Conference compared telepresence toteleporting fromStar Trek, and said that he saw the technology as a potential billion dollar market for Cisco.[21]
Rarely will a telepresence system provide such a transparent implementation with such comprehensive and convincing stimuli that the user perceives no differences from actual presence. But the user may set aside such differences, depending on the application.
The fairly simpletelephone achieves a limited form of telepresence using just the human sensory element of hearing, in that users consider themselves to betalking to each other rather than talking to the telephone itself.
Watchingtelevision, for example, although it stimulates our primary senses ofvision andhearing, rarely gives the impression that the watcher is no longer at home. However, television sometimes engages the senses sufficiently to trigger emotional responses from viewers somewhat like those experienced by people who directly witness or experience events. Televised depictions of sports events as an example can elicit strong emotions from viewers.
As the screen size increases, so does the sense of immersion, as well as the range of subjective mental experiences available to viewers. Some viewers havereported a sensation of genuinevertigo ormotion sickness while watchingIMAX movies of flying or outdoor sequences.
Because most currently feasible telepresence gear leaves something to be desired; the user mustsuspend disbelief to some degree, and choose to act in a natural way, appropriate to the remote location, perhaps using some skill to operate the equipment. In contrast, a telephone user does not see herself as "operating" the telephone but merely talking to another person with it.
Telepresence refers to a user interacting with another live, real place, and is distinct fromvirtual presence, where the user is given the impression of being in a simulated environment. Telepresence and virtual presence rely on similar user-interface equipment, and they share the common feature that the relevant portions of the user's experience at some point in the process will be transmitted in an abstract (usuallydigital) representation. The main functional difference is the entity on the other end: a real environment in the case of telepresence, vs. acomputer in the case ofimmersive virtual reality.
Presence is very similar to distal attribution or externalization which is like projecting one's presence and mind beyond the limits of our sensory organs and perceiving the environment in such a way. A distinction is made between two separate perceptions. The first being the unmediated perceptions in which we are unable to feel anything beyond our physical surroundings. The second being the mediated presence through technology which forces us to suddenly perceive two different environments at the same time: The one immediately around us and the one projected for us through technology. Mediated experiences are not limited to virtual technology and can also be experienced with spatially distant places such as space with a telescope or a camera.[22]
Application examples could be cited within emergency management and security services, B&I, and the entertainment and education industries.[15]
Telepresence can be used to establish a sense of shared presence or shared space among geographically separated members of a group.[citation needed]
Many other applications in situations where humans are exposed to hazardous situations are readily recognised as suitable candidates for telepresence. Mining, bomb disposal, military operations, rescue of victims from fire, toxic atmospheres, deep sea exploration, or even hostage situations, are some examples. Telepresence also plays a critical role in the exploration of other worlds, such as with theMars Exploration Rovers, which are teleoperated from Earth.
Small diameter pipes otherwise inaccessible for the examination can now be viewed usingpipeline video inspection.
The possibility of being able to project the knowledge and the physical skill of a surgeon over long distances has many attractions. Thus, again there is considerable research underway in the subject. (Locally controlled robots are currently being used for joint replacement surgery as they are more precise in milling bone to receive the joints.) The armed forces have an obvious interest since the combination of telepresence,teleoperation, andtelerobotics can potentially save the lives of battle casualties by allowing them prompt attention in mobile operating theatres by remote surgeons.
Recently,teleconferencing has been used in medicine (telemedicine or telematics), mainly employing audio-visual exchange, for the performance of real time remote surgical operations – as demonstrated in Regensburg, Germany in 2002.[23] In addition to audio-visual data, the transfer of haptic (tactile) information has also been demonstrated in telemedicine.[24]
Research has been conducted on the use of telepresence to provide professional development to teachers. Research has shown that one of the most effective forms of teacher professional development is coaching, orcognitive apprenticeship. The application of telepresence shows promise for making this approach to teacher professional development practical.[25]
The benefits of enabling schoolchildren to take an active part in exploration have also been shown by the JASON and theNASAAmes Research Center programs. The ability of a pupil, student, or researcher to explore an otherwise inaccessible location is a very attractive proposition; For example, locations where the passage of too many people is harming the immediate environment or the artifacts themselves, e.g. undersea exploration of coral reefs, ancient Egyptian tombs, and more recent works of art.
Another application is for the remote classroom which allows a professor to teach students in different campuses at the same time. An example of this application is in classrooms of the law schools ofRutgers University. Two identical rooms are located in twometropolitan areas. Each classroom is equipped withstudio lighting, audio, and video conference equipment connected to a 200-inch monitor on the wall that students face to give an impression that they are all in the same classroom. This allows professors to be on either campus and facilitates the interaction among students in both campuses during the classes.[26]
True telepresence is a multidisciplinary art and science that foundationally integratesengineering,psychology, and the art of television broadcast.
In 1998,Diller and Scofidio created the "Refresh", an Internet-based art installation that juxtaposed a live web camera with recorded videos staged by professional actors. Each image was accompanied with a fictional narrative which made it difficult to distinguish which was the live web camera.
In 1993,Eduardo Kac and Ed Bennett created a telepresence installation "Ornitorrinco on the Moon", for the international telecommunication arts festival "Blurred Boundaries" (Entgrenzte Grenzen II). It was coordinated by Kulturdata, in Graz, Austria, and was connected around the world.
From 1997 to the presentGhislaine Boddington of shinkansen andbody>data>space has explored, in a collaboration process she has called The Weave[27] using performing arts techniques, the extended use of telepresence into festivals, arts centres and clubs and has directed numerous workshops leading to exploration of telepresence by many artists worldwide. This methodology has been used extensively to develop skills in tele-intuition for young people in preparation for the future world of work through the body>data>space /NESTA project"Robots and Avatars" an innovative project explores how young people will work and play with new representational forms of themselves and others in virtual and physical life in the next 10–15 years.
An overview of telepresence in dance and theatre through the last 20 years is given in «Excited Atoms»[28] research document by Judith Staines (2009) which one can download from theOn The Move website.
Telepresence is represented in media and entertainment.
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