Atelephone directory, commonly called atelephone book,telephone address book,phonebook, or thewhite and yellow pages, is a listing of telephonesubscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found.
The advent of the Internet,search engines, andsmartphones in the 21st century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book.[1][2] Some communities, such asSeattle andSan Francisco, sought to ban their unsolicited distribution as wasteful, unwanted and harmful to the environment.[3][4]
The slogan "Let Your Fingers Do the Walking" refers to use of phone books.[1]
Subscriber names are generally listed in alphabetical order, together with their postal or street address andtelephone number. In principle every subscriber in the geographical coverage area is listed, but subscribers may request the exclusion of their number from the directory, often for a fee; their number is then said to be "unlisted" (US andCanada), "ex-directory" (British English), or "private" (Australia and New Zealand).[5]
A telephone directory may also provide instructions: how to use thetelephone service, how to dial a particular number, be it local or international, what numbers to access important andemergency services, utilities, hospitals, doctors, and organizations who can provide support in times of crisis. It may also havecivil defense,emergency management, orfirst aid information. There may be transit maps, postal code/zip code guides, international dialing codes or stadium seating charts, as well as advertising.[citation needed]
In the US, under current rules and practices, mobile phone andvoice over IP listings are not included in telephone directories. Efforts to create cellular directories have met stiff opposition from several fronts, including those who seek to avoidtelemarketers.[citation needed]
A telephone directory and its content may be known by the colour of the paper it is printed on.
Other colors may have other meanings; for example, information ongovernment agencies is often printed onblue pages or green pages.[citation needed]
Telephone directories can be published inhard copy or in electronic form. In the latter case, the directory can be on physical media such as CD-ROM,[6] or using an online service through proprietary terminals or over the Internet.[7][8]
In many countries, directories are both published in book form and also available over the Internet. Printed directories were usually supplied free of charge.
Selectphone (ProCD) Inc.)[9] andPhoneDisc (Digital Directory Assistance Inc) were among the earliest such products. These were not a matter of a single click: PhoneDisc, depending on the mix of Residential, Business or both, involved up to eight CD-ROMs.[7]SelectPhone is fewer CD-ROMs: five.[9]
Both provide a reverse lookup feature (by phone number or by address), albeit involving up to five CD-ROMs.[8][9]
The combination of phone number lookups, along with Internet access, was offered by some service providers;VoIP (Voice over IP) was an additional feature.[10]
Telephone directories are a type ofcity directory. Books listing the inhabitants of an entire city were widely published starting in the 18th century, before the invention of the telephone.
The first telephone directory, consisting of a single piece of cardboard, was issued on 21 February 1878; it listed 50 individuals, businesses, and other offices inNew Haven, Connecticut, that had telephones.[11] The directory was not alphabetized and no numbers were included with the people listed in it.[12] In 1879, Dr.Moses Greeley Parker suggested the format of the telephone directory be changed so that subscribers appeared in alphabetical order and each telephone be identified with a number. Parker came to this idea out of fear thatLowell, Massachusetts's four operators would contractmeasles and be unable to connect telephone subscribers to one another.[12]
The first British telephone directory was published on 15 January 1880 by The Telephone Company. It contained 248 names and addresses of individuals and businesses in London; telephone numbers were not used at the time as subscribers were asked for by name at the exchange.[13] The directory is preserved as part of the British phone book collection byBT Archives.
TheReuben H. Donnelly company asserts[14] that it published the first classified directory, or yellow pages, for Chicago, Illinois, in 1886.
In 1938,AT&T commissioned the creation of a newtypeface, known asBell Gothic, the purpose of which was to be readable at very small font sizes when printed on newsprint where small imperfections were common.[citation needed]
In 1981, France became the first country to have an electronic directory on a system calledMinitel.[15] The directory is called "11" after its telephone access number.
In 1991, theU.S. Supreme Court ruled (inFeist v. Rural) that telephone companies do not have acopyright on telephone listings, because copyright protects creativity and not the mere labor of collecting existing information.[16]
In late July 1995 Kapitol launched theInfobel.be website.[17][18] Infobel was then the first telephone directory website launched on the then-nascent Internet. In 1996, the first US phone directories went online, includingYellowpages.com andWhitepages.com, both of which launched in April of that year.[19][20] In 1999, the first online telephone directories and people-finding sites such as LookupUK.com went online in the UK. In 2003, more advanced UK searching including Electoral Roll became available on LocateFirst.com.
With online directories, and with many people giving uplandlines forcell phones whose numbers are not listed in telephone directories, printed directories are no longer as necessary as they once were. Regulators no longer required that residential listings be printed, starting with New York in 2010.Yellow pages continued to be printed because some advertisers still reached consumers that way.[21]
In the 21st century, printed telephone directories are increasingly criticized as waste. In 2012, after some North American cities passed laws banning the distribution of telephone books, an industry group sued and obtained a court ruling permitting the distribution to continue.[3] In 2010, manufacture and distribution of telephone directories produced over 1,400,000 metric tons ofgreenhouse gases and consumed over 600,000 tons of paper annually.[22]
A reverse telephone directory is sorted by phone number, so the name and address of a subscriber is looked up by phone number.[9]
three main .. American Business Information, PhoneDisc, Select Phone
