Until 1990,Albania was extremely isolated and controlled, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.[1][2] Callers previously needed operator assistance even to make domestic long-distance calls.[1]
As of 1992, Albania's telephone density was the lowest in Europe, at 1.4 units for every 100 inhabitants.[1]Tirana accounted for about 13,000 of the country's 42,000 direct lines;Durrës, the main port city, ranked second with 2,000 lines; the rest were concentrated inShkodër,Elbasan,Vlorë,Gjirokastër, and other towns.[1] At one time, each village had a telephone but during the land redistribution of the early 1990s peasants knocked out service to about 1,000 villages by removing telephone wire for fencing.[1] As of 1992, most of Albania's telephones were obsolete, low-quality East European models, some dating from the 1940s; workers at a Tirana factory assembled a small number of telephones from Italian parts.[1]
In the early 1990s, Albania had 240 microwave circuits carrying international calls to Italy and 180 to Greece.[1] The Albanian telephone company had also installed two U-20Italtel digital exchanges.[1] The exchange in Tirana handled international, national, and local calls; the Durrës exchange handled only local calls.[1] Two United States firms handled direct-dial calls from the United States to Tirana.[1]
At present[when?] the land lines are overloaded, and it is difficult to receive a telephone number. As a result, the number of mobile phones has skyrocketed in the bigger cities.[3]
3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available (2010);[4]
The state broadcaster in Albania,Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSh, Albanian Radio and TV), operates national radio and television networks. It has competition from scores of privately owned stations.[5] According to a 2002 survey the broadcaster with the largest audience isTV Klan.[needs update]
Television is the most influential medium. Many Albanians watch Italian and Greek stations via terrestrial reception.[5]
Telephone system: Albania's small telecom market has experienced some significant changes in recent years; upgrades were made to the fixed-line infrastructure to support broadband services; fixed-line telephony use and penetration in Albania is declining steadily as subscribers migrate to mobile solutions; the mobile sector is well provided with LTE networks, while operators have invested in 5G; some of these efforts have been made in conjunction with neighboringKosovo, with the intention of a seamless 5G corridor along the highway connecting the two countries; the country has long sought accession to the European Union (EU) which has benefited its telecoms sector through closer scrutiny of its regulatory regime and through the injection of funding to help modernize infrastructure (2021)[4]
Communications cables: Submarine cables provide connectivity to Italy,Croatia, andGreece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine and land fiber-optic system between Albania and Italy, provides additional connectivity toBulgaria,North Macedonia, andTurkey (2011).[4] Two other cable systems serving Albania are the ADRIA-1 (Croatia, Albania, Greece) and the Italy-Albania.[7]
Internet broadband services were initiated in 2005, but growth has been slow. Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital.[4]
Eutelsat satellite broadband is being used to provide free public Internet access in rural Albanian post offices, schools, and local government offices.[14][15]
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internetchat rooms without appropriate legal authority. Theconstitution provides forfreedom of speech andpress, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. However, there are reports that the government and businesses influence and pressure the media. The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.[16]
^PopulationArchived 2018-10-04 at theWayback Machine,The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
^"Albania",Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 18 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromThe World Factbook (2014 ed.).CIA.
