Tele-snaps (often known astelesnaps) were off-screen photographs of British television broadcasts, taken and sold commercially byJohn Cura (born Alberto Giovanni Cura inClapham,South London, England; 9 April 1902 – 21 April 1969). From 1947 until 1968, Cura ran a business selling the 250,000-plus tele-snaps he took. The photographs were snapped inhalf of a normal frame of35mm film, at an exposure of 1/25th of a second. Generally around 70–80 tele-snaps were taken of each programme. They were mostly purchased by actors and directors to use as records and examples of their work before the prevalence ofvideocassette recorders.
For many early programmes tele-snaps are theonly surviving record of their appearance. From the 1990s onwards, tele-snaps have often been used by groups of fans to recreatelostDoctor Who episodes, creating "reconstructions" by marrying the images to fan-recorded off-air soundtracks of the episodes.
From an early age, Cura had been interested in electronics and photography, developing a reputation among his family as a "Heath Robinson inventor".[1] In June 1946, theBBC resumed itstelevision service following the hiatus imposed by theSecond World War. Cura, recentlydemobilised from theRAF, combined his twin passions of photography and electronics and began to experiment with developing a camera that could take pictures from a television screen. He eventually came up with a mechanism that took half-frame 18×24 mm images on 35 mm film (i.e. the same format as in 35 mm motion picture cameras), at a speed of 1/25th of a second.
Once satisfied with his process, Cura wrote to the BBC on 11 September 1947 enclosing samples of his work and requesting permission to exploit the images commercially. Cura's request caused considerable consternation in the BBC's legal department who were concerned aboutcopyright. Ultimately, the BBC concluded that a television image was not covered by existing copyright law and replied to Cura giving him permission to proceed but to "only photograph the television image of individual artists who have instructed you to do so prior to their television appearance, and that you do not give or sell the photographs to anyone other than the artist in question".[2] Cura often ignored this restriction, however, frequently sending tele-snaps to artists on spec in the hope of attracting business from them. Many of his clients were BBC programme makers who found his photographs useful records of their work.
In 1951, Cura came once again to the attention of the BBC's lawyers when he requested that he be allowed to photograph entire BBC productions, writing that his service "enables you to have a permanent pictorial record for valuable reference in years to come, of series which have a brief life of an hour or so and are then lost forever".[3] The BBC had also been contacted by several newspapers at this time, looking for permission to use Cura's tele-snaps—especially after it transpired that Cura had taken the only image ofOxford's boat sinking duringthat year's Boat Race between Oxford andCambridge. The BBC made petitions to theHouses of Parliament to have theCopyright Acts overhauled to give themlegal certainty regarding the issue. Although a revised Copyright Bill was enacted in 1956, it did little to curtail Cura's activities.
Cura's business was at its peak in the mid-fifties, his business having doubled overnight following the launch ofITV in 1955. A second television set was purchased and a second camera constructed to enable Cura to photograph both channels. Cura also enjoyed success with two best-selling books on improving television reception and correcting picture faults, which were illustrated with his tele-snaps. He also appeared on the BBC's television panel game showWhat's My Line?. Celebrity clients of the tele-snaps service includedBenny Hill and theBeverley Sisters. By 1959, Cura claimed to have taken over 250,000 tele-snaps and that sets of his tele-snaps had been "presented to and graciously accepted by theRoyal Family; Their Majesties theKing of Denmark; the lateKing of Norway;Queen Juliana of the Netherlands; Ex-presidentAuriol of France;Earl Attlee; SirWinston Churchill; MrCharles Chaplin; MrsEleanor Roosevelt"[4] as well as a wide range of newspapers and periodicals. However, when Cura raised the prices for his service in 1964, the BBC ordered a review of the tele-snap service, which at this stage was costing them £1,300 per annum, and, with many programmes now routinely recorded on film or video, the business began to decline.
John Cura continued to take tele-snaps right up within a few months of his death in 1969 fromcolon cancer. His widow offered her late husband's collection of tele-snaps to the BBC but was turned down. It is believed that they were subsequently destroyed.[5] However, many copies of tele-snaps survive on broadcasters' production files and in the private collections of many of the artists and technicians whose work Cura photographed.
In the early days of television, the means of making recordings of television programmes were limited and programmes were, in the main, transmitted live. This began to change as techniques for recording programmes onto film (telerecording) and, later,videotape were developed in the 1950s.[6] Even after the technology for recording programmes had become the norm, it was a common practice, due to a combination of the costs of storage and restrictions on broadcasting repeats, for UK broadcasters towipe programmes after transmission.[7] As a result, John Cura's tele-snaps are often the only surviving record of manylost programmes from the early years of television.
Tele-snaps have been used to reconstruct lost television shows by marrying up the tele-snaps with audio recordings of missing shows to create a slide-show backed by the programme's soundtrack. Most notably, this technique has been employed, on an amateur, not-for-profit basis, by some enthusiasts of the British science fiction seriesDoctor Who, which has nearly a hundred missing episodes.[8][9] Some professional reconstructions using tele-snaps have also been created, including: