Telugu, one of theclassical languages of India, is the most widely spoken and the primary official language of the Telangana state, whereasUrdu is recognised as the second official language. Additionally, several tribal languages such asGondi,Kolami,Koya andLambadi are spoken in different regions of the state.
According toJayadheer Tirumala Rao, a historian, the name Telangana hasGondi origins. He asserts that it is derived from "Telangadh," which means "south" in theGondi language, and has been referred in the "Gond script dating back to about 2,000 years."[20]
One of the earliest recorded uses of a similar term is found in the name ofMalik Maqbul Tilangani (14th century CE), who was calledTilangani, which implies that he was from Telangana. He was the commander of theWarangal Fort (Kataka Pāludu) and laterWazir (Minister) underFiruz Shah Tughlaq.[21][22]
A 16th-century travel writer,Firishta, recorded in his book:
During the just reign ofIbrahim Kootb Shah,Tulingana, likeEgypt, became the mart of the whole world. Merchants from Toorkistan, Arabia, and Persia resorted to it; and they met with such encouragement that they found in it inducements to return frequently. The greatest luxuries from foreign parts daily abounded at the king's hospitable board.[23]
FollowingIndian Independence in 1947, Hyderabad state joined theUnion of India in 1948 after apolice action. In 1956, Hyderabad State wasdissolved and its Telugu-speaking region Telangana was merged with theAndhra State to formAndhra Pradesh. A peasant-drivenmovement began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh starting in the early 1950s, and continued until Telangana was granted statehood on 2 June 2014.[27]
The historic cityGolconda in pre-Independent Hyderabad established itself as a diamond trading centre, and until the end of the 19th century, the Golconda market was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world. Thus, the nameGolconda Diamonds became synonymous with Golconda itself.
One of the earliest known political formations in the region of present-day Telangana was the ancientAśmaka (Assaka) Mahajanapada, which flourished roughly between 700 BCE and 400 BCE. Distinguished as the only southern kingdom among the sixteen great Mahajanapadas of early Iron Age India,Aśmaka held an important place in the subcontinent’s historical and cultural landscape.
Buddhist texts and thePuranas describeAśmaka as a prosperous kingdom situated along the banks of theGodavari River, south of the Vindhya ranges. Its capital city, Podana—also referred to as Potali or Paudanyapura—is identified by most scholars with modern-dayBodhan inTelangana. The prominence of Aśmaka in early historical texts highlights the deep antiquity and cultural significance of theTelangana region.[28][29]
From 230 BCE to 220 CE, theSatavahana dynasty became the dominant power in this area. It originated from the lands between the Godavari and Krishna rivers and was based at Amaravathi and Dharanikota.[30] After the decline of the Satavahanas, various dynasties, such as theVakataka,Vishnukundina,Chalukya,Rashtrakuta andWestern Chalukya, ruled the area.[31]
Ramagiri Fort ruins at Begampet inPeddapalli district is an ancient fort initially built by the Sathavahanas and modified many times by other dynasties until the 16th century.Kota Gullu, temple ruins built in the 12th century byKakatiyas at Ghanpur, Mulug in Warangal district
The Telangana area experienced its golden age during the reign of theKakatiya dynasty, which ruled most parts of the present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from 1083 to 1323 CE.[31]Rudrama Devi andPrataparudra II were prominent rulers from the this dynasty. The dynasty weakened with the attack ofMalik Kafur in 1309 and was dissolved after the defeat of Prataparudra by the forces ofMuhammad bin Tughluq in 1323.[32][33]
During the early seventeenth century a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in Telangana. Large quantities of cotton were produced for domestic consumption and exporting. High quality plain and patterned cloth made ofmuslin and calico was produced.[35]
In 1712,Qamar-ud-din Khan was appointed by emperorFarrukhsiyar as the viceroy of Deccan with the titleNizam-ul-Mulk (meaning "Administrator of the Realm"). He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan to reclaim theDeccan suba, establishing it as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the nameAsif Jah, starting what came to be known as theAsaf Jahi dynasty.[31] He named the areaHyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the titleNizam ul-Mulk and were called Asif Jahi Nizams ornizams of Hyderabad. Hyderabad Nizams remained the tributary of marathas after suffering series of defeats paying annual chauth in return for retaining their domain. TheMedak andWarangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm.[36]
When Asif Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. The NizamNasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed thesubsidiary alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs.
All of the Telugu speaking regions of present-day Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were under the rule of Asaf Jahi I. However, after the second monarch,Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II (1762–1803), signed the Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1798, the rulers were soon under financial duress as the state had to pay the British East India Company lakhs of rupees a year to maintain the foreign troops.
The Nizam’s government kept borrowing money fromPalmer and Company in the first half of the 19th century, which it could not repay. Instead, the EIC paid-off the bank, and in return annexed the present day Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions from the Nizams, which were since then referred to as Circars (which means the region sold to the British lords) and Ceded, respectively.[37]
WhenIndia became independent from the British Empire in 1947, theNizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to remain independent. TheGovernment of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948 after a military operation calledOperation Polo.[31] It appointed a civil servant,M. K. Vellodi, as first chief minister ofHyderabad State on 26 January 1950.[39] He administered the state with the help of English-educated bureaucrats from theMadras andBombay states, who were familiar with British systems of administration unlike the bureaucrats of Hyderabad State who used a completely different administrative system. The official language of the state was switched fromUrdu toEnglish.
In 1952,Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected chief minister of the Hyderabad State in its first democratic election. During this time, there were violent agitations by some Telangana natives to send the Madras state bureaucrats back and implement a rule by the natives (mulkis) of Hyderabad. Syed Alam Sharjil was elected chief minister of Hyderabad after Dr. Burgula Ramakrishana Rao resigned from the post.[40]
The revolt began in theNalgonda district against thefeudal lords ofReddy andVelama castes. It quickly spread to theWarangal andBidar districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (jagirdars anddeshmukhs) and later againstthe Nizam Osman Ali Khan. The violent phase of the movement ended after the government of India'sOperation Polo.[42] Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the framework of Indian democracy.[43]
In December 1953, theStates Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.[44] An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests.[45] After reorganisation in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged withAndhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.
Following thisGentlemen's agreement, the central government established the unified state of Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956.[46][47][48] G.O 553 of 1959 from the united Andhra Pradesh state moved two revenue divisions ofBhadrachalam fromEast Godavari andAswaraopeta from West Godavari toKhammam for administrative convenience.
There had been several movements to revoke the merger of Telangana and Andhra, major ones occurring in 1969, 1972, and 2009. The movement for a new state of Telangana gained momentum in the 21st century by an initiative ofKalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao fromBharat Rashtra Samithi later joined by theTelangana Political Joint Action Committee (TJAC), including political leadership representing the Telangana area.[49] On 9 December 2009 the government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state. Violent protests led by people in theCoastal Andhra andRayalseema regions occurred immediately after the announcement, and the decision was put on hold on 23 December 2009.
The movement continued in Hyderabad and other districts of Telangana.[50] There were hundreds of claimed suicides,[51] strikes, protests and disturbances to public life demanding separate statehood.
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in theParliament of India in February 2014.[52] In February 2014,Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by theParliament of India for the formation of Telangana state, comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[53] The bill received the assent of thepresident and was published in theGazette on 1 March 2014.[54]
The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana, following elections in which theBharat Rashtra Samithi party secured a majority.[55]Hyderabad would remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period. Within the decade, Hyderabad would become the capital of the state of Telangana, and a new capital was selected for Andhra Pradesh.[56] Andhra Pradesh pickedAmaravati as its capital and relocated its secretariat in 2016 and its legislature in 2017.[57][58]
Telangana is situated on theDeccan Plateau, in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. It covers 112,077 square kilometres (43,273 sq mi).[2] The region is drained by two major rivers, with about 79% of theGodavari River catchment area and about 69% of theKrishna River catchment area, but most of the land is arid.[2] Telangana is also drained by several minor rivers such as theBhima, theManer, theManjira, theMusi, and theTungabhadra.
The annual rainfall is between 900 and 1500mm in northern Telangana and 700 to 900mm in southern Telangana, from the southwestmonsoons. Telangana contains various soil types, some of which are red sandy loams (Chalaka), Red loamy sands (Dubba), lateritic soils, salt-affected soils, alluvial soils, shallow to medium black soils and very deep black cotton soils. These soil types allow the planting of a variety of fruits and vegetable crops such as mangoes, oranges, coconut, sugarcane, paddy, banana and flower crops.[59][60][61]
Telangana is a semi-arid area and has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summers start in March, and peak in mid-April with average high temperatures in the 37–38 °C (99–100 °F) range. Themonsoon arrives in June and lasts until Late-September with about 755 mm (29.7 inches) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until early February with little humidity and average temperatures[62] in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range.
Sacred groves are small areas of forest preserved by local people. Sacred groves provide sanctuary to the local flora and fauna. Some are included within other protected areas, like Kadalivanam in Nagarjunsagar–Srisailam Tiger Reserve, but most stand alone. There are 65 sacred groves in Telangana—two in Adilabad district, thirteen in Hyderabad district, four in Karimnagar district, four inKhammam district, nine in Mahbubnagar district, four inMedak district, nine in Nalgonda district, ten inRanga Reddy district, and three in Warangal district.[64]
Telugu, one of theclassical languages of India, is the official language of Telangana andUrdu is the second official language of the state.[66] About 75% of the population of Telangana speakTelugu and 12% speakUrdu.[67][68] Before 1948, Urdu was the official language ofHyderabad State, and due to a lack of Telugu-language educational institutions, Urdu was the language of the educated elite of Telangana.[69] After 1948, once Hyderabad State joined the new Republic of India, Telugu became the language of government, and as Telugu was introduced as themedium of instruction in schools and colleges, the use of Urdu among non-Hyderabadi Muslims decreased.[70] Both Telugu and Urdu are used in services across the state, such as theTelangana Legislature website, with Telugu and Urdu versions of the website available,[71] as well as the Hyderabad metro, wherein both languages are used on station names and signs along with English and Hindi.[72] The Urdu spoken in Telangana is calledHyderabadi Urdu, which in itself is a dialect of the largerDakhini Urdu dialects of South India. Although the language is spoken by most Hyderabadi Muslims, the language in a literary context has long been lost, and standard Urdu is used.[73] Hindi is spoken mainly in Hyderabad, as well as some other urban areas like Warangal.Lambadi, a language related toRajasthani dialects, is used across the state.Marathi is predominant in regions bordering Maharashtra, especially in the oldAdilabad district, whileKannada is spoken by significant minorities along some parts of the Karnataka border. The oldAdilabad district has a large number of speakers of tribal languages such asGondi andKolami, whileKoya is a language spoken by significant numbers inBhadradi Kothagudem district and along the Chhattisgarh border.[74]
Telangana ranked eighth in the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025, with a score of 43.6.[75]
According to the 2011 census, Telangana's literacy rate is 66.46%. Male literacy and female literacy are 74.95% and 57.92%, respectively.[2]Hyderabad district has the highest literacy rate with 80.96% andMahabubnagar district has the lowest with 56.06%.[77]
In a 2019 report, theKey Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India, by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Telangana has a literacy rate of 72.8% which is the fourth lowest among large states. It also has the second lowest literacy rate among rural women at 53.7%. 37.1% of the population aged 3–35 years received free education at pre-primary and higher levels in Telangana.[78]
Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by theChief Minister, although the titular head of government is theGovernor. The governor is thehead of state appointed by thePresident of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.
The legislature, theTelangana Legislative Assembly and theTelangana Legislative Council, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the speaker or the deputy speaker in the speaker's absence. The Assembly isbicameral with 119Members of the Legislative Assembly and 40Member of the Legislative Council. Terms of office run for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of members retiring every two years.
Auxiliary authorities known aspanchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes seats toLok Sabha.
Coal handling ropeway nearManuguru, Bhadradri Kothagudem district
The economy of Telangana is mainly driven by agriculture. Two important rivers ofIndia, theGodavari andKrishna, flow through the state,providing irrigation. Farmers in Telangana mainly depend on rain-fed water sources for irrigation. Rice is the major food crop. Other important crops are cotton, sugar cane, mango, and tobacco. Recently, crops used forvegetable oil production such assunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, includingGodavari River Basin Irrigation Projects andNagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.[84][85]
The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology andbiotechnology. Telangana is one of top IT-exporting states of India. There are 68 Special Economic Zones in the state.[86]
Rice is the majorfood crop andstaple food of the state. Other important crops are maize, tobacco, mango, cotton andsugar cane.[88] Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. TheGodavari andKrishna rivers flow through the state, providingirrigation. Apart from major rivers, there are small rivers like Tunga Bhadra, Bima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Manair, Penganga, Pranahitha, peddavagu and Taliperu. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, includingGodavari River Basin Irrigation Projects andNagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.[89]
In 2019, environmental anthropologist Andrew Flachs raised concerns regarding the financial and social pressures experienced by small cotton farmers in Telangana after conducting ethnographic research in the area. The GM (genetically modified) seeds he focused on were introduced to combat pests and low yields. Within 10 years, GM cottonseeds, which are solely bred by private breeders, were able to capture more than 90% of the Indian market, which was formerly a public market. Theprivatisation of seed brands in formerly public markets has been accompanied bypesticides,fertilisers, consultations, andherbicides which are needed to manage the newmonocultures. He found that this introduction, however, negatively impacted farmers’ ecological knowledge about seed choices and cotton-plant management.[91]
Flachs surveyed farming households about their experiences with GM hybrid cottonseeds from 2012 to 2016. His research initially focused on the agriculturaldecision-making process among Telangana cotton farmers in the wake of genetically modified seed market expansion, then later on the concept ofmanci digubadi as a script.Manci digubadi means "good yields," with a more extended phrasing being "manci digubadi annakunthunnanu," which translates to "I’m hoping for good yields." The concept ofmanci digubadi, as described by Flachs, posits that seed choice should be made based on whether or not it has "good yields," which is dependent solely on what the individual believes is "good." Flachs further argues that this script is used in the absence of reliable experiential knowledge in the face of agricultural development and GMOs. This is because, in the pursuit of a good yield, cotton farmers learn little about the seeds they use before they switch to the next promising new brands, some of which have beensmuggled in or bought on theblack market. Marketing, the constant influx of new options, and the fear of missing out on popular seeds also contribute to the high turnover. This high turnover and the resulting lack of experiential knowledge have resulted in cotton farmers unwittingly planting the same type of seed multiple times because they are under different brand names. In contrast to this, farmers adopt and abandon seeds frompublic-sector-bred crops like rice andheirloom vegetables more slowly so they can rely more on experiential knowledge to make decisions.[91]
Telangana cotton farmers are at risk for debt and suicide caused by agricultural pressures such as unreliable credit, pest problems, and agricultural management uncertainty. Flachs argues that seed choices and the rationalisation behind the choice are central to the agricultural political economy, as seed choice is "the first decision that cotton farmers make and one that they cannot take back."[91] Flachs argues that cotton seed choices are driven less byeconomic rationalism and more by an aspiration to overcome generational poverty and historicalmarginalisation.[91] Flachs found evidence in his work suggesting that many farmers' seed choices are influenced by the choices of their neighbours or more wealthy landowners. As an example ofmanci digubadi being used in place of experiential knowledge, Flachs gives the story of a farmer who had planted the Mahyco company's Neeraja cottonseed for nine years abandoned that seed in favour of Kaveri's Jaadoo seed after hearing reports that the Jaadoo seeds had done well in a neighbouring village. Farmers also seek advice from non-household experts such as pesticide shop managers and university extension agents. There is no objectivecost-benefit analysis because the costs and benefits are ambiguous due to things variations of factors like weather and pests and farmers having no reliable measure for what constitutes a good yield for cotton.[91]
TheHITEC City is a major IT hub of Hyderabad.JP Morgan Chase & Co. Tower, Hyderabad, Telangana
Several major manufacturing and services industries are in operation mainly aroundHyderabad. Automobiles and auto components, spices, mines and minerals, textiles and apparels,pharmaceutical, horticulture, and poultry farming are the main industries in Telangana.[92]
In terms of services, Hyderabad is nicknamed "Cyberabad" due to the location of major software industries in the city.[93][94] Prior to secession, it contributed 10% to India's and 98% to Andhra Pradesh's exports in the IT and ITES sectors in 2013[95] With Hyderabad in the front line of Telangana's goal to promote information technology in India, the city boasts theHITEC City as its premier hub. IT companies/hubs have also been set up inWarangal,[96]Karimnagar, andKhammam.[97]
The state government is in the process of developing industrial parks at different places, for specific groups of industries. The existing parks are Software Park at Hyderabad, HITEC City for software units, Apparel Park atGundlapochampalli, Export Promotion Park at Pashamylaram, Biotechnology park atTurkapally.[citation needed]
Hyderabad is also a major site for healthcare-related industries including hospitals and pharmaceutical organisations such asNizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Yashoda Hospitals, LV Prasad Eye Care, Akruti Institute of cosmetic and plastic surgery, Fever Hospital, Durgabai Deshmukh,Continental Hospitals andApollo Hospitals. Many pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical-related companies likeDr. Reddy's Laboratories,Shantha Biotechnics and Aragen (Formerly GVK BIO) are based out of Hyderabad.
In addition, Hyderabad-based healthcare non-profits include theIndian Heart Association, a cardiovascular disease NGO.[98]
Telangana Tourism Development Corporation (TGTDC) is a state government agency which promotes tourism in Telangana.[99] Telangana has a variety of tourist attractions including historical places, monuments, forts, waterfalls, forests and temples.
The history of railways in this region dates back to 1874, during the rule ofNizam of Hyderabad. TheNizam's Guaranteed State Railway had its beginnings in a line built privately by theNizam. Much to the dismay of the British authorities, the Nizam bore all the expenses for the construction of the line.[107]
Today, it operates under the auspices of theSouth Central Railway founded in 1966. The landmark buildingRail Nilayam in Secunderabad is the Zonal Headquarters office of South Central Railway.Secunderabad andHyderabad are the main divisions of the South Central Railway that fall in the state.[108]
Warangal has a domestic airport in Mamunooru which was established in the year 1930 during the Nizam period. All the exports and imports of Azam Jahi Mills, Warangal were done through theWarangal Airport.[citation needed]
The Qutb Shahi dynasty established the city of Hyderabad as their capital. TheCharminar,Golconda Fort, andQutb Shahi tombs in Hyderabad were built by kings of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[113]
Telugu cinema, also known by its sobriquet asTollywood, is a part ofIndian cinema producing films in theTelugu language, and is centred in theHyderabad, Telangana neighbourhood ofFilm Nagar.[115] In the early 1990s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted fromChennai toHyderabad. The Telugu film industry is the second-largest film industry in India next toBollywood.[116] In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India, exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.[117][118] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.[119]
Telangana cuisine is a unique and delicious cuisine that is influenced by the region's rich history of deccan and Telugu culture.[120] The cuisine is known for its use of spices,[121] millets,[122] and rotis. Telangana cuisine also features a variety of other dishes, including biryani, haleem, and kebabs.[123]
Telangana has multiple institutes of higher education along with numerous primary and secondary schools. The Department of Higher Education deals with matters relating to education at various levels in the state.
According to a 2019 report, the state has a literacy rate of 72.8%, which is one of thelowest in India.[78] Schools in Telangana are run by the state government or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Some specialised schools such as theKendriya Vidyalayas andJawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas are run by agencies of the central government.[128] As of 2017[update], there are 41,337 schools in the state, with about 70% of them being government schools.[129]
^"Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))".Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024)(PDF). National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. 23 September 2024. pp. A-10.
^Hyderabad, 400 Glorious Years. p. 116.While the floods drowned 20000 people in hours, plague killed another 10,656,000 of the total population of the State.
^Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002).Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press;Washington, DC. pp. 324–326
^Kailash C. Malhotra; Yogesh Gokhale; Sudipto Chatterjee; Sanjeev Srivastava (2001)."Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Sacred Groves in India"(PDF). Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, and Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved20 July 2014.
^"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue".Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved30 May 2021. (Excludes mandals transferred to Andhra Pradesh, but includes census towns not transferred with mandals - Bhadrachalam and Sarapaka). It was assumed area of Burgampahad mandal transferred to Andhra Pradesh had same proportion of languages as rural areas of the mandal as a whole.
^abcdeFlachs, A., 2019. Planting and performing: Anxiety, aspiration, and "scripts" in Telangana cotton farming.American Anthropologist,121(1), pp.48-61.
^Chand, Swati Bharadwaj (13 October 2011)."An Amazon shot for city".The Times of India.Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved13 October 2011.
^Sardar, Marika (October 2003)."Islamic Art of the Deccan".Metropolitan Museum of Art.Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved30 June 2021.
Duncan B. Forrester (Spring 1970). "Subregionalism in India: The Case of Telangana".Pacific Affairs.43 (1). University of British Columbia:5–21.doi:10.2307/2753831.JSTOR2753831.
.jpg)
_near_Hyderabad_W_IMG_4818.jpg)
.svg)
_at_Narsinghi.jpg)
.JPG)
.svg)
