Tegucigalpa (UK:/tɛˌɡuːsɪˈɡælpə/[9]US:/təˌ-/[10][11]Spanish:[teɣusiˈɣalpa])—formallyTegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District (Spanish:Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central orTegucigalpa, M.D.C.[12]), and colloquially referred to asTegus orTeguz[13]—is the capital and largest city ofHonduras along with its sister city,Comayagüela.[14]
Claimed on 29 September 1578 by theSpaniards,[15] Tegucigalpa became the Honduran capital on 30 October 1880, under PresidentMarco Aurelio Soto, when he moved the seat of government fromComayagua,[16] which had been the Honduran capital since its independence in 1841. The 1936 constitution established Tegucigalpa and Comayagua as a Central District,[17] and the current 1982 Honduran Constitution continues to define the sister cities as aCentral District[a] that serves as the permanentnational capital.[18][19]
Tegucigalpa is located in the southern-central highland region known as thedepartment ofFrancisco Morazán of which it is also the departmental capital.[20] It is situated in a valley, surrounded by mountains. Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, being sister cities, are physically separated by theCholuteca River.[21] The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazán department.[22]
Tegucigalpa is Honduras' largest and most populous city as well as the nation's political and administrative center. Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates.[23][24] It is the home base of several state-owned entities such asENEE andHondutel, the national energy and telecommunications companies, respectively.[25] The city is also home to the country's most important public university, theNational Autonomous University of Honduras,[26] as well as thenational soccer team.[27] The city is served by two international airports,Comayagua andToncontín.[28][29][30]
The Central District Mayor's Office (Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central) is the city's governing body,[31] headed by amayor[32] and 10aldermen forming the Municipal Corporation (Corporación Municipal).[33] Being the department's seat as well, the governor's office of Francisco Morazán is also located in the capital. In 2008, the city operated on an approved budget of 1.555 billionlempiras (US$82,189,029).[34] In 2009, the city government reported a revenue of 1.955 billion lempiras (US$103,512,220), more than any other capital city in Central America except Panama City.[citation needed]
Tegucigalpa's infrastructure has not kept up with its population growth.[35] Deficient urban planning,[36] densely condensed urbanization, and poverty[37] are ongoing problems.[38] Road infrastructure is unable to efficiently handle over 400,000 vehicles, resulting in heavy congestions.[39] Both national and local governments have taken steps to improve and expand infrastructure as well as to reduce poverty in the city.[40][41]
Etymology
Most sources indicate the origin and meaning of the wordTegucigalpa is derived from theNahuatl language.[42] The most widely accepted version suggests that it comes from the Nahuatl wordTaguz-galpa, which means "hills of silver", but this interpretation is uncertain since the natives who occupied the region at the time were unaware of the existence of mineral deposits in the area.
Another source suggests thatTegucigalpa derives from another language in which it meanspainted rocks, as explained by Leticia Oyuela in her bookMinimum History of Tegucigalpa.[43] Other theories indicate it may derive from the termTogogalpa, which refers totototi (meaning a small green parrot, in Nahuatl) andToncontín, a small town near Tegucigalpa (toncotín was a Mexican dance of Nahuatl origin).[44][45]
InMexico, it is believed the wordTegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl wordTecuztlicallipan, meaning "place of residence of the noble" orTecuhtzincalpan, meaning "place on the home of the beloved master".[46]
Honduranphilologist Alberto de Jesús Membreño wrote in his bookIndigenous Toponymies of Central America that he thinks Tegucigalpa is a Nahuatl word meaning "in the homes of the sharp stones" and rules out the traditional meaning "hills of silver" arguing thatTaguzgalpa was the name of the ancient eastern zone of Honduras.[47]
Los Dolores Church, built in 173519th century Tegucigalpa, illustration inThe Capitals of Spanish AmericaPanorama of Tegucigalpa, 1889
Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers asReal de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29, 1578, on the site of an existing native settlement of theLenca andTolupans.[48] The first mayor of Tegucigalpa wasJuan de la Cueva, who took office in 1579.[49] The Dolores Church (1735), the San Miguel Cathedral (1765), theCasa de la Moneda (1780), and the Immaculate Conception Church (1788) were some of the first important buildings constructed.[50]
Almost 200 years later, on June 10, 1762, this mining town becameReal Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia under the rule ofAlonso Fernández de Heredia, then-acting governor of Honduras. The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw disruption in Tegucigalpa's local government, from being extinguished in 1788 to becoming part ofComayagua in 1791 to returning to self-city governance in 1817.[51]
In 1817, then-Mayor Narciso Mallol started the construction of the first bridge, a ten-arch masonry, connecting both sides of the Choluteca River. Upon completion four years later, it linked Tegucigalpa with her neighbor city of Comayagua.[52] In 1821, Tegucigalpa legally became a city.[53] In 1824, the first Congress of the Republic of Honduras declared Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, then the two most important cities in the country, to alternate as capital of the country.[54]
After October 1838, following Honduras' independence as a single republic, the capital continued to switch back and forth between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua until October 30, 1880, when Tegucigalpa was declared the permanent capital of Honduras by then-presidentMarco Aurelio Soto.[16] A popular myth claims that the society of Comayagua, the long-time colonial capital of Honduras, publicly disliked the wife of President Soto, who took revenge by moving the capital to Tegucigalpa.[55] A more likely theory is that the change took place because President Soto was an important partner of theRosario Mining Company, an American silver mining company, whose operations were based inSan Juancito, close to Tegucigalpa, and he needed to be close to his personal interests.[56]
By 1898, it was decided that both Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, being neighbor cities on the banks of the Choluteca River, would form the capital, but with separate names and separate local governments.[57] During this period, both cities had a population of about 40,000 people.
Casa Casco, one of the many buildings that were built during the 1930s
Between the 1930s and 1960s, Tegucigalpa continued to grow reaching a population of over 250,000 people, giving way to what would become one of the biggest neighborhoods in the city, theColonia Kennedy; the nation's autonomous university, the UNAH; and the construction of theHonduras Maya Hotel.[58] It still remained relatively small and provincial until the 1970s, when migration from the rural areas began in earnest. During the 1980s, several avenues, traffic overpasses, and large buildings were erected, a relative novelty to a city characterized until then by two-story buildings.[59] However, lacking the enforcement of city planning and zoning laws, it led to highly disorganized urbanization. This lack of proper urbanization as the population has grown is evident on the surrounding slopes of the several hills in the city where some of the city's most impoverished neighborhoods have prevailed.[60]
On 30 October 1998,Hurricane Mitch devastated the capital, along with the rest of Honduras.[61] For five days, Mitch pounded the country creating devastating landslides and floods, causing the death of thousands as well as heavy deforestation and the destruction of thousands of homes.[62] A portion of Comayagua was destroyed along with several neighborhoods on both sides of the Honduran capital. After the hurricane, infrastructure in Tegucigalpa was severely damaged. Even 12 years later, remnants of Hurricane Mitch were still visible, especially along the banks of the Choluteca River.[63][64]
Today, Tegucigalpa continues to sprawl far beyond its former colonial core: towards the east, south and west, creating a large but disorganized metropolis. In an effort to modernize the capital, increase its infrastructure and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants, the administration has passed several ordinances and projects to turn the city around within the upcoming years.[65]
Satellite view of TegucigalpaNASA satellite image showing theCholuteca River separating Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela
Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains with elevations of 975 metres (3,199 ft) at its lowest points and 1,463 metres (4,800 ft) at its highest suburban areas. Like most of the interior highlands of Honduras, the majority of Tegucigalpa's current area was occupied by openwoodland. The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supportingpine forest interspersed with someoak,scrub, andgrassy clearings as well asneedle leaf evergreen andbroadleafdeciduous forest.
The metropolitan area of both Tegucigalpa and Comayagua covers a total area of 201 square kilometers (77.6 sq mi) while the entire Municipality of the Central District covers a total area of 1,396 square kilometers (539.1 sq mi).[4] Geological faults that are a threat to the neighborhoods on and below the hill have been identified in the District's high regions surrounding the capital.[66]
The Choluteca River, which crosses the city from south to north, physically separates Tegucigalpa and Comayagua.[67] El Picacho Hill, a rugged mountain of moderate height, rises above the downtown area; several neighborhoods, both upscale residential and lower income, are located on its slopes. The city consists of gentle hills, and the ring of mountains surrounding the city tends to trappollution.[68] During the dry season, a dense cloud ofsmog lingers in the basin until the first rains fall.Tucked into a valley and bisected by a river, Tegucigalpa is prone to flooding during the rainy season, as experienced to the fullest during Hurricane Mitch and to a lesser degree every year during the rainy season. Despite being several thousand feet above sea level, the city lacks an efficient flood control system, including canals and sewerage powerful enough to channel rainwater back into the river to flow down to the ocean. The river itself is a threat since it isn't deep enough below the streets, nor are there levees high enough to prevent it from breaking out.[69] There are more than 100 neighborhoods deemedzones of high risk, several of them ruled out as uninhabitable in their entirety.[60]
There is a reservoir, known asEmbalse Los Laureles, west of the city providing 30 percent of the city's water supply as well as a water treatment plant south of the city about 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) from the airport; part of theConcepción Reservoir just 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the water plant.[70]
Tegucigalpa has atropical savanna climate (Aw, according to theKöppen climate classification), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: therainy season, and thedry season.[72] Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with median temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[73]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated withHoly Week's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[74] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[75] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods.
Climate data for Tegucigalpa (Tegucigalpa Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1951–present
Aerial view of the capital afterHurricane Mitch, November 1998
Tegucigalpa, as with the rest of Honduras, experienced significant damage by Hurricane Mitch in late-October and early-November 1998, something of a magnitude Hondurans had not witnessed sinceHurricane Fifi. Mitch destroyed part of the Comayagua section of the city, as well as other places along the banks of the Choluteca River. The storm remained over Honduran territory for five days, dumping heavy rainfall late in the rainy season. The ground was already saturated and could not absorb the heavy precipitation, while deforestation and debris left by the hurricane led to catastrophic flooding throughout widespread regions of the country, especially in Tegucigalpa.[79]
The heavy rain caused flash floods of Choluteca's tributaries, and the swollen river overflowed its banks, tearing down entire neighborhoods and bridges across the ravaged city. The rainfall also triggered massive landslides around El Berrinche Hill, close to the downtown area. These landslides destroyed most of the Soto neighborhood, and debris flowed into the river, forming a dam. The dam clogged the waters of the river and many of the low-lying areas of Comayagua were submerged; historic buildings located along Calle Real were either completely destroyed or so badly damaged that repair was futile.[80]
Cityscape
Panoramic view of Tegucigalpa
Situated in a valley and surrounded by mountain ranges, Tegucigalpa is hilly with several elevations and few flat areas. The city is also highly disorganized, particularly around its oldest districts.[81][82][83] It has seen a rapid growth in the last 30 years,[84] and only recently has the government passed some of the laws establishing city planning and zoning rules.[85] Surface roads can be narrow with the most important avenues carrying no more than two or three lanes running in each direction, adding to the problem of heavy traffic congestion. Several of the main boulevards have been equipped withinterchanges, overpasses and underpasses, allowing for sections ofcontrolled-access highways, but considering that even the city's beltway does not entirely circle the city, the roads are generallylimited-access. Intense webs of electrical and telephone lines above the streets are a common sight in the capital, and in virtually all Honduran cities, since the implementation of underground utility lines has only been adopted in recent years.
Around the city
Downtown Tegucigalpa as viewed westward from the Honduras Maya Hotel
The metropolitan area of Tegucigalpa and Comayagua is officially divided intobarrios andcolonias and there are 892 of them.Colonias represent relatively recent 20th-centurymiddle class residentialsuburbs, some known asresidenciales for their upper income development, and these are continuously spreading while thebarrios are old inner-city neighborhoods.
Tegucigalpa'scontemporary Center, formed by over 40 neighborhoods
While the city administration divides the capital into barrios and colonias, the fact that there are hundreds of them makes it difficult to define the city's different regions, especially for those not familiar with the Central District. To have a better understanding of the city's regions, the metro area of the Central District can essentially be divided, first, into two sections: Tegucigalpa and Comayagua. These two entities remain separated by the Choluteca River Basin that runs between them.
The Tegucigalpa side of the District can be divided into five sections:1)Centro Histórico (Historic Downtown);2)Centro Contemporáneo orZona Viva (Contemporary Downtown or Vibrant Zone);3) North Tegucigalpa;4) South Tegucigalpa; and5) East Tegucigalpa.
The metropolitan area at night
1 –Centro Histórico or the Historic Downtown of Tegucigalpa is formed by the original neighborhoods that date back to its founding days. For years, this area remained neglected and run down, but in recent times attempts have been made to revive the zone and bring back its colonial heritage. Several government offices, including the National Congress and City Hall as well as museums, parks, a cathedral and churches are located here.
2 –Centro Contemporáneo is the contemporary, vibrant and modern downtown of Tegucigalpa. This area is formed by the neighborhoods encompassed east of the Choluteca River, south of the northern tributary,Rio Chiquito (which converges with the Choluteca below the Mallol Bridge), west of the beltway (Anillo Periférico), and north of Armed Forces Blvd.
This section of the city is perhaps the best developed and properly urbanized. It is formed by more than 40 neighborhoods, many of them wealthy middle class residential areas such as Colonia Palmira to the east of the historic center, on Boulevard Morazán, which hosts several foreign embassies as well as upscale restaurants. Other upscale neighborhoods are Lomas del Guijarro, Loma Linda, and Lomas del Mayab, which house most of the apartment complexes in the city.
Metropolitan area of the Central District divided into colored sections
Boulevard Morazán and Avenida Los Próceres/Avenida La Paz are busy commercial corridors (running parallel to each other) and run through several neighborhoods home to foreign embassies, a hotel district, business establishments and corporate buildings, including Los Próceres Comercial Park (Parque Comercial). Boulevard Suyapa and Boulevard Juan Pablo II are located south of the aforementioned boulevards, and they also form a busy commercial and financial district stretching through several neighborhoods such as Colonia Los Profesionales where the Presidential House is located; Colonia Florencia Norte where Multiplaza Mall is located; Colonia Miramontes, among others—housing several financial institutions, government offices, hotels, etc.
3 –North Tegucigalpa is formed by both middle class and impoverished neighborhoods that lie above the surrounding hill immediately north of the historic downtown. Beyond these neighborhoods sits the United Nations National Park on El Picacho Hill, one of the most popular destinations in the capital among its residents and visitors. Beyond the Park, stretching north and northwest of the city, upper income suburban neighborhoods such as El Hatillo sit on the sides of the hills, surrounded by heavy vegetation.
4 –South Tegucigalpa is everything south of Boulevard Fuerzas Armadas. This area is home to Colonia Kennedy, the capital's largest neighborhood with more than 137,000 residents. South Tegucigalpa concentrates both middle class and poor neighborhoods. Two universities,UTH andUNITEC, are located just off the beltway in southern outskirt neighborhoods.
5 –East Tegucigalpa concentrates mostly rural and impoverished neighborhoods, the result of improvised growth with little government funding and involvement. María Pediatric Hospital and the Basílica of Suyapa lie on the side of Anillo Períferico's eastern stretch.
Comayagüela
Comayagüela as viewed from Juan A. Laínez Hill with the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building in the center
Comayaguela is found on the west bank of the Choluteca River, and most of its urbanization is made up of lower-income neighborhoods. Historically, Comayagua has remained less developed than the other side of the capital, some citing insufficient contribution from public officials. In recent years, this western side of the capital has seen some growth and improvement such as the opening of Metromall near the airport. With the construction of Mall Premier and City Mall, the latter to become the largest mall in the country, Comayagua will be receiving another upgrade. There are an estimated 650,000 residents in Comayagüela contributing 58.3 percent of the 120 million lempiras (US$6.349 million) generated every day by commerce in the Central District.
The Comayagua side of the capital can be divided into four sections:1) Zona Centro (Downtown Comayagua);2) North Comayagua;3) South Comayagua; and4) West Comayagua:
1 –Zona Centro de Comayagüela is the downtown area of Comayagua and also the original founding grounds formed by its oldest barrios. These barrios are formed in agrid street plan style. Several government offices are located in this district, including the Central Bank of Honduras Annex building and the Criminal Bureau of Investigation (Dirección General de Investigación Criminal) as well as the National School of Fine Arts housed in the former City Hall building of Comayagüela, built in 1845.
Looking northeast from Comayagüela at the construction site of the upcoming shopping mall City Mall
2 –North Comayagüela is formed by relatively recent post-Hurricane Mitch middle class residential developments that stretch onto the northern hills of Comayagüela, such as Colonia Cerro Grande, a continuously growing middle-class neighborhood on the northern outskirts.
3 –South Comayagüela is by far the better-off region of Comayagüela. This area is found south and southwest of the airport, around Los Laureles Reservoir and south of Lepaterique Road (Carretera Lepaterique also known asCarretera al Batallón). Also a post-Hurricane Mitch area, it has grown in the last decade and includes some of Comayagüela's upper income communities that have erupted in the area and continues to spread out as newer suburban middle class developments are built. Toncontín International, Metro Mall and City Mall are located in this area. Residencial la Arboleda and Residencial los Hidalgos are some of the growing upper income developments in the southern outskirts of Comayagüela.
4 –West Comayagüela is mostly impoverished neighborhoods spreading away from Zona Centro onto the surrounding slopes. Many of these neighborhoods came to be through improvised urbanization and lack proper infrastructure. This area prevails north of Lepaterique Road and westward ofBoulevard de la Comunidad Europea (European Community Blvd).
Demographics
Despite the Central District's significant size, the urban area of Tegucigalpa-Comayagüela of 1.2 million is compacted in a small area.
This section needs to beupdated. The reason given is: Latest figures given are from 2013. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2022)
The 2013 Honduran census recorded a population of 1,157,509 in the Central District,[3] continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2001 census, which recorded 850,445 residents.[88]
In 2004, there were 185,577 households with an average of 4.9 members per household.[89] Both the city's population and metro area are expected to double by 2029.[90]
TheHuman Development Index (HDI) is the highest in the country measured at 0.759 in 2006. During the same year, 47.6 percent of the Central District's population lived in poverty—29.7 lived inmoderate poverty and 17.9 inextreme poverty.Life expectancy in the District as of 2004[update] is 72.1 years. By 2010, 4.9 percent of the population remained illiterate, compared to the national rate of 15.2 percent.[91]
In 2010, the average monthly income was L.8,321 (US$440.49), compared to the total national average of L.4,767 (US$252.35) and the national urban zone average of L.7,101 (US$375.91).[92][93]
The ethnic and racial makeup of Tegucigalpa is strongly tied to the rest of Honduras.[94] 80 percent of the city-dwellers are predominantlymestizos with a small white minority.[citation needed] They are joined byChinese[95] andArab immigrants,[96] the latter mostly fromPalestine.[97] There are indigenousAmerindians andAfro-Honduran people as well.
In 2004, there were 67public health care establishments in the Central District—fivenational hospitals, 22 health centers in the metropolitan area, 37 health centers throughout the rural areas, and three peripheralclinics. There are severalprivate hospitals in the city as well as hospitals run by the Honduran Social Security Institute (IHSS), the country's government-sponsoredsocial insurance program.
In 2003, only 58.5 percent of the employed population contributed to IHSS while the rest who remain uninsured were attributed to being employed in theinformal sector or beingdomestic workers. Overall, only 26.5 percent of the Central District's population is covered by public health care.
The Central District reports the third highest or 20.2 percent of the country'sHIV/AIDS incidence with 5,674 living with thevirus. During 2004, there were 258 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the Central District.
In 2000, thematernal mortality rate in the city was 110 of every 100,000 births of which 62.3 percent were women ages 20 to 35. In 2001, theinfant mortality rate was 29 per 1000 live births (Both maternal and infant mortality rates are based on local and out-of-district residents who arrive to receive medical attention). In 2005, it was estimated that 101 of every 10,000 residents suffered from a physical or mentaldisability.
Religion
Basilica of our lady of Suyapa
As with the rest of Honduras,Roman Catholicism is the dominating religion in the Central District and while at some point they made up as much as 90 percent of the population, contemporary estimates as recent as 2007 put them at 47 percent whileProtestants make up as much as 36 percent. Their history in Tegucigalpa began around 1548 with the Spanish setting upMercedarian missionaries as part of theirconversion efforts of the native communities. By 1916, the Diocese of Comayagua was relocated and renamed the Diocese of Tegucigalpa, and it was elevated toArchdiocese under Archbishop Santiago María Martínez y Cabanas (1842–1921).[98]
Honduras, including the capital city Tegucigalpa, has the world's highest murder rate.[103] Honduras has been experiencing record-highviolence in recent years. In 2010, thehomicide rate in Francisco Morazán was 83.2 (per 100,000 inhabitants) compared to the national average of 86.[104]
In 2009, the Central District reached a homicide rate of 72.7 with authorities recording 792 intentionalhomicides and 151involuntary homicides; this averaged to 66 murders per month or two per day. 85.6 percent of the deaths were committed byfirearm and 39 percent were linked toorganized crime. 91 percent of the victims were men and 81.2 of that were ages 15 to 39. The neighborhoods in Tegucigalpa reporting the highest incidence of violent deaths are poor and impoverished areas that include Barrio Concepción, Colonia Nueva Capital, Colonia Villa Nueva Norte, Colonia Cerro Grande, Colonia El Carrizal No. 1, Colonia el Carrizal No. 2, Colonia Flor Del Campo, Colonia La Sosa, Colonia Las Brisas, and Barrio Centro de Comayagüela.[102]
In 2009, there were 246motor vehicle-related deaths, of which 52 percent were pedestrians, including bicyclists; 39 percent were caused by private vehicles and 12 percent by public transportation vehicles. In the same year, there were 69 deaths reported assuicides, which were most common in the age bracket of 20 to 29 and 30 to 35, while 76.9 percent of them were men.[102]
Having around eight million people in the country, Honduras has about 7,000 gang members in 300 to 400 street gangs, most of them based in Tegucigalpa. These gangs commit all types of crimes against the local population as well as foreigners, including phone call threats. The gangs also appear to have a lot of control in the cities with controlling public goods such as public taxis and they are very involved. The Honduran government does not have much control against the gangs because the government system is not itself very stable. Most of the crime cases are not very well prosecuted and sometimes just discarded, but police enforcement is better in the upper-class neighborhoods and in the tourists parts of the city.[105]
Economy
The Central District has aneconomy equal to 19.3 percent of country'sGDP. In 2009, the city's revenue and expenditures budget was L.2,856,439,263 (US$151,214,182)[106] while in 2010 it was L.2,366,993,208 (US$125,204,606).[107][108] 57.9 percent or L.43.860 billion (US$2.318 billion) of the country's national budget is spent within the Central District.[109]
The District's activelabor force is 367,844 people of which 56,035 are employed in thepublic sector. In 2009, theunemployment rate in Tegucigalpa was 8.1 percent,[110] and an unemployed person may spend as much as four months seeking employment.[111] There are 32,665 business establishments throughout the capital, the most of any city in the country. The size of these businesses is broken down as follows:micro-enterprises (73.2%),small businesses (9.63%),medium-sized businesses (7.47%),large companies (0.28%), and the remainder unreported (9.62%).
Manufacturing assembly plants (maquiladoras) were introduced in Honduras in 1976.[117] While their contribution to theeconomy remained small, they boomed at the beginning of the 1990s, mostly concentrating in northern Honduras, but after the mid-1990s they were expanded to the central region, including Tegucigalpa. By 2005, at least 6maquiladoras operated in the Central District.[118]
Nissan car dealership on Central America Blvd, across the street from Plaza Miraflores Mall
By the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, Tegucigalpa continued to be a focus city for the development of industrial parks. The main obstacle to establishing factories in Tegucigalpa has been facilitating infrastructure to provide efficient access between the capital and country's economic hubs:San Pedro Sula andPuerto Cortez.[119]
Tegucigalpa is one of the cities with the biggest economic growth in Central America and the Caribbean.
Tegucigalpa's economic challenges are tied to those of the rest of the country, such as overcomingcrime, anomalies in thejudicial system, educational backwardness, and deficient infrastructure in order to continue to encourage foreign investors and permit growth of localentrepreneurs.[121]
Government
As capital of Honduras, as department head and as a municipality, the Central District seats three separate governments: national, departmental and municipal.[122] Prior to 1991, thecentral government held great jurisdiction over the execution of city management across the country, leading to uneven representation and improper distribution of resources and governance.[123] As a result, in late 1990 under Decree 134-90, the National Congress of Honduras enacted the Law of Municipalities (Ley de Municipalidades), defining the country's department and municipal institutions, representatives and their functions to give city government autonomy and decentralize it from the national government.[124]
Civic center of Tegucigalpa
While autonomous, the Central District is still influenced by the national government given the territory remains seat of government of the republic. Major changes in public policy and funding of major city projects usually reach the Office of the President prior to approval by the District's local government.[125]
The government in Honduras is very unstable, the government has a very hard time providing the proper resources for citizens and forming their citizens in investing in medical equipment and education for medical professions in Honduras, they also have difficulties with controlling the criminals in cities and gangs that resulted in such high crime rates in the country.[126][127]
Central District
Central district night skyline
Legally and politically speaking, the capital of Honduras is the Municipality of the Central District (Spanish:Distrito Central or DC) with Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela as two entities within the district. However, nearly all governmental institutions are on the Tegucigalpa side, so for all practical purposes Tegucigalpa is the capital.[14] Traditionally, they are regarded as twin or sister cities in part because they were founded as two distinct cities.[128] When the Central District was formed on 30 January 1937 under Decree 53 of reformed Article 179 of the 1936 Honduran Constitution, both cities became one political entity sharing the title ofCapital of Honduras.[17]
The Constitution of Honduras, under Chapter 1, Article 8, states (translated), "The cities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, jointly, constitute the Capital of the Republic."[18] Furthermore, Chapter 11, Article 295, states (translated) "The Central District consists of a single municipality made up of the former municipalities of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela";[19] however, municipalities in Honduras are defined as political entities similar to counties, and they may contain one or more cities. For example, in theDepartment of Atlántida,La Ceiba is the largest city—being also the third largest in Honduras—both in terms of population and metropolitan area;[129] however,Tela, one of the eight municipalities of Atlántida, is the biggest municipality in terms of physical administrative area in that department.[130] Since the Municipality of Tela is not considered the entire city of Tela, it is not bigger than La Ceiba.
There are an additional of 41 villages and 293 hamlets through the Central District Municipality.[4] These may be assigned deputy mayors (alcalde auxiliar) to serve as local representatives.
City government takes the form of amayor-council system and is regulated under the Law of Municipalities that came into effect on 1 January 1991. The Central District Municipal Government (Alcaldía Municipal del Distrito Central or AMDC) is the city's governing authority. As established by city governing law, AMDC is structured as amunicipal corporation, which is the deliberative-legislative body, voter-elected, and highest authority within the municipality.[136]
The Municipal Corporation is formed by a mayor serving as chief executive, general administrator and legal representative of the municipality[137] and avice mayor to serve as acting mayor when required and to oversee functions within AMDC as instructed by the mayor.[138]
Tenaldermen (regidores) are also members of the Municipal Corporation who along with the mayor execute the duties as described in the Law of Municipalities, includingmanagement,budgeting, and local law andordinancelegislation.[139]
Ageneral manager, appointed by the mayor, serves as chiefcomptroller to manage city funds and their allocation. A municipal secretary, also appointed by the mayor, serves as thecity clerk in charge of keeping record of all official proceedings. The Municipal Corporation also consults with a Municipal Development Council (Consejo de Desarrollo Municipal), which serves as an advising cabinet on all the areas of issues of the city such ashuman development,public safety,utilities, etc.[140]
Current administration
Government Civic Center housing the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The mayor of the Central District isJorge Aldana (LIBRE)[141] who is serving his first term (2022–2026) after being elected in 2021.[142] He is the ninth person to serve as mayor of the Central District since local elections were restored in 1986 (prior to 1986, the Central District local government, known asConsejo Metropolitano (Metropolitan Council), was appointed by the President); and this is the tenth elected mayoral term since then as well as the first elected mayor not to belong to theNational Party since 1997.
Of the 10 aldermen serving, six are men and four are women. Five belong to LIBRE while another four belong to the National Party and one alderman belongs to theChristian Democratic Party.
Both the city mayor and aldermen are elected to 4-year terms by voters of the Central District. Removal of the mayor or any alderman for any cause is reserved to the Ministry of the Interior, Justice and Decentralization (Secretaría de Gobernación, Justicia y Descentralización).[143]
Law enforcement
Law enforcement in the city is the responsibility of theNational Police of Honduras, the nationwide police force.[144][145] The National Police maintains its headquarters in the Central District in Colonia Casamata. The Metropolitan Police Headquarters No. 1 (Jefatura Metropolitana No. 1) is thepolice department in charge of law andorder in the city. It operates sevenpolice districts throughout the metropolitan area. These are Police District 1-1El Edén, Police District 1–2El Mandén, Police District 1–3San Miguel, Police District 1–4Kennedy, Police District 1–5El Belén, Police District 1–6La Granja and Police District 1–7San Francisco. For 2011, the Secretary of Security designated L.2.162 billion (US$114.283 million) to law enforcement and criminal investigation in the Central District.
As established by the Law on Police and Social Coexistence (Ley de Policía y Convivencia Social), municipalities can fund their ownmunicipal police (Policía Municipal) and the Central District operates a Municipal Police force of 160 officers. The Municipal Department of Justice (Departamento Municipal de Justicia) through its Municipal Police Court (Juzgado de Policía Municipal) enforces and prosecutes local law offenses.
The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) is thedistrict attorney with nationwide jurisdiction in charge of prosecuting crimes on behalf ofthe people. It is also headquartered in the Central District and maintains regional prosecution offices throughout the country. The Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) is the country's chief legal representative and prosecutes crimes on behalf ofthe state.[146]
Tegucigalpa serves as the national education center, hosting most of the universities and higher education institutions in the country. For 2011, the national government allocated L. 9.175 billion (US$484.9 million) of the national public education budget (equal to 42.1 percent of total) to the Central District.
The public and private education system in Tegucigalpa is divided into 16 school districts (distritales).[147] All districts are part of the Departmental Directorate of Education (Dirección Departamental de Educación), which in turn is a part of the country's Secretary of Education.[148]
There are 1,235public schools in the Central District broken down as 488preschools, 563elementary schools, and 184middle andhigh schools. In 2003, there were a total of 287,517 students enrolled throughout the municipality—28,915 in preschool, 159,679 in elementary school, and 98,923 in middle or high school.[89]The literacy rate, as of 2011[update], is at 80%.
Private schools
There are about 147 bilingual schools in Tegucigalpa.[149] TheAmerican School of Tegucigalpa (K–12),Discovery School (K–12),DelCampo International School (K–12), La Estancia School (K–11) andInternational School of Tegucigalpa (K–12, Christian) are considered the most expensiveprivate schools of the city. Total K–12 tuition of The American School of Tegucigalpa costs a total of L.1.366 million (US$72,248) for all years (amount based on 10–11 academic year). These private schools are highly recognized by American institutions such as theSouthern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS-CASI) and the American School of Tegucigalpa is the only one that has theInternational Baccalaureate (IB Program). Most of their students study abroad. Other popular private/bilingual schools include Elvel School (K–11), Dowal School (K–11, secular), La Estancia School (K–11), England School (K–11), Shadai School (K–11, Christian),Lycée Franco-Hondurien (K–12, French), Magic Castle Preschool (K), Summer-Hill School (K–11), Macris School (E-HS, Catholic), and ABC Educational Center (N-8avo, Christian).
There are two modalities in regards to the school calendar: American Period (August to July), mostly used by private and bilingual schools; and Latin Period (February to November), used by public schools.[150]
Universities
There are 12 universities in Tegucigalpa, including three state-funded higher education institutions.[151]
TheNational Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), founded in 1847, is the country's most important university and operates eight regional campuses in several other cities in the country: UNAH-Valle de Sula, UNAH-La Ceiba, UNAH-Comayagua, UNAH-Copán, UNAH-Choluteca, UNAH-Juticalpa, UNAH-Valle del Aguán, and University Technological Center UNAH–Danlí.[152] It employs 4,980 people throughout its campuses at an average annual salary of L.241,184 (US$12,747).
The other two publicly funded institutions are Francisco Morazán National Pedagogic University (UPNFM), founded in 1989, focusing on preparing future educators in several disciplines,[153] and the National Institute of Professional Formation (INFOP), founded in 1972, focusing on economic and social development disciplines. The National University of Agriculture (UNA), founded in 1950, also state-funded and located inCatacamas,Olancho, maintains a liaison office in Tegucigalpa.
Center of Design, Architecture, and Construction (CEDAC), founded in 1996;
Metropolitan University of Honduras (UMH), founded in 2001;
Evangelical Christian New Millennium University (UCENM-Tegucigalpa Campus), founded in 2001;
Polytechnic University of Honduras (UPH), founded in 2006;
Polytechnic University of Engineering (UPI), founded in 2007.
There are also two higher education centers: the Technological University Center (CEUTEC), part of UNITEC; and Guaymura University Center (CUG), founded in 1982.
Sport
Chelato Uclés Football StadiumChochi SosaBaseball Stadium
Southbound view of Anillo Periférico (beltway) at the María Pediatric Hospital exitRush hour on Central America Blvd as viewed northbound from the Plaza Miraflores pedestrian bridge
Allbarrios andcolonias in Tegucigalpa can be accessed by automobile, although some neighborhoods in the city suffer from unpaved, narrow, or hilly streets making them difficult to maneuver.[160] A grid of surface streets and a network of major avenues and boulevards cross through the major areas of the capital. However, the most transited roads suffer from heavytraffic congestion due to the region's geography and disorganized urbanization.
An estimate of 400,000 vehicles take on the city streets and roads every day. The oldest districts were not built with the advent of the automobile in mind and therefore lack efficient roadways to accommodate the overwhelming number of vehicles. Newer developments, such as the malls, have been built with the car in mind allowing for large parking lots to accommodate their visitors. In the last decades, several of the boulevards and avenues have been retrofitted withgrade separations to ease up the flow of traffic.
Roads and highways
Network of roads and highways throughout the Central District and its borders
TheSecretariat of Public Works, Transport and Housing (Honduras) (SOPTRAVI) presently divides the country'shighway network into international routes (ruta internacional), national routes (ruta nacional), andprovincial routes (ruta vecinal). These are assigned numbers; however, they are more often identified using their physical destinations (e.g. Tegucigalpa-Danlí highway) rather the number itself sinceroad signage is scarce.
International routes are given a "CA-"designation followed by ahighway number (i.e. CA-1) that can be of one or two digits enclosed in ahighway shield. "CA-" highways are part of the Central American highway network (hence the "CA" letters) that interconnects Honduras with its neighboring countries as part of thePan-American Highway. National highways are assigned a two or three-digit number and provincial routes are assigned a three-digit number.
Arterial roads
Anillo Periférico (beltway) at the Suyapa Boulevard overpass near Basilica of SuyapaHeading westbound on Armed Forces Blvd near the Metro Mall interchange
TheAnillo Periférico (beltway or ring road) andBoulevard Fuerzas Armadas (Armed Forces Blvd) are the city's two expressways—equipped with center dividers, interchanges, overpasses and underpasses—allowing for controlled-access traffic. These connect with the city's other major boulevards: Central America Blvd, Suyapa Blvd, European Community Blvd, and Kuwait Blvd—which are essentially limited-access roadways as they have been equipped with interchanges but may lack underpasses or overpasses to bypass crossing surface road traffic.
Despite a network of major highways, none reach directly into the historic downtown, forcing drivers to rely heavily on surface streets. Like in most Central American cities, orientation and driving may be difficult to first-time visitors due to the nature of how streets are named, insufficient road signage and the natives' driving behavior.[161] The city administration has green lit several road infrastructure projects to help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall aspect of the city.[162]
Public transportation in Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela is based on buses and taxis, covering 71 percent of the capital's road migration.[citation needed] Bus routes are named based on the neighborhood they cover. For example, routes that travel from the downtown area to UNAH are labeledCentro-UNAH orCentro-Multiplaza-UNAH. Taxis are the quickest way to move around the city after personal auto transportation. Taxis are relatively cheap for the international tourist.[citation needed] They are not the cheapest form of public transportation for the locals, however. There are over 12,000 taxis in the Central District.[citation needed]
The public transportation system in Tegucigalpa is, however, highly disorganized.[163] Being a for-profit business, it encourages competition between the fleet owners where revenue is the priority while ignoring the quality and efficiency of the service. Public transportation regulation is very flawed. Bus drivers must compete for passengers in order to bring the highest earnings possible while becoming a hazard for other drivers and pedestrians and contributing to traffic jams.[164] There is an overflow of public transportation vehicles on the roads.[165] The government has declared its public transportation system to be oversupplied and inefficient.[164]
There is a project under construction to give the public transportation system an upgrade with the addition of abus rapid transit fleet. In late May 2011, the National Congress approved the project under a new law as part of the financing deal with the Inter-American Development Bank (IAB).[citation needed] The BRT system will be solely managed by the Central District government.
National and international ground transportation
Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of the country through its city to city bus services. There are several bus lines connecting the capital with the rest of Honduras.[166] There is no central bus terminal in the city; in turn, there are several bus stations scattered throughout the city, particularly in Comayagüela, and some of these stations are operated directly by the bus company serving from there. Tegucigalpa is connected with the rest of Central America and Mexico through its international bus lines. Buses leave for Guatemala, El Salvador,[167]Nicaragua,Costa Rica,Panama and Mexico every day.[168][169]
View from aircraft as it banks sharply to align with runway on final approach. Las Hadas residential neighborhood lies below.AnAmerican AirlinesBoeing 757 landing at Toncontín International Airport
Toncontín International Airport (IATA:TGU,ICAO:MHTG) formerly served as the main airport in and out of Tegucigalpa. The airport was frequently criticized as being dangerous due to its location next to asierra, short runway, and difficult approach. Large commercial jets are required to execute a tight hairpin left turn at very low altitude to land on the short runway. International airline pilots flying into Toncontín receive additional training for the Toncontín approach.
Toncontín was improved by the work of the Airport Corporation of Tegucigalpa (CAT), which is owned byTACA of El Salvador. It is managed byInterAirports, the company hired by the government of Honduras to manage the four airports in the country.[170]
After years of efforts to replace Toncontín International with an airport atPalmerola in Comayagua where theSoto Cano Air Base is located,[171]Comayagua International Airport finally opened on 15 October 2021. All international flights are expected to move there, leaving Toncontín with only domestic flights.
^Central District refers to the entire municipality containing both Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela. As established by the Constitution of Honduras, it serves as national capital and therefore its limits as government seat are not reduced to the urban area formed by Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela but extend to the entire municipality; in turn, the Central District as a whole, is the capital of Honduras.
The Central District is not afederal district since it is not an entity outside the departments of Honduras (e.g.Washington, D.C.,Mexico City); it is one of the municipalities making up the Department of Francisco Morazán.
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