Ateapot is a vessel used forsteepingtea leaves or aherbal mix in boiling or near-boilingwater and serving the resultinginfusion calledtea; usually put in a teacup. It is one of the core components ofteaware.
Teapots usually have an opening with a lid at their top, where the dry tea and hot water are added, a handle for holding by hand, and a spout through which the tea is served. Some teapots have a strainer built-in on the inner edge of the spout. A small air hole in the lid is often created to stop the spout fromdripping and splashing when tea is poured. In modern times, athermally insulating cover called atea cosy may be used to enhance the steeping process or to prevent the contents of the teapot from cooling too rapidly.
Dry tea is available either intea bags or asloose tea, in which case atea infuser ortea strainer may be of some assistance, either to hold the leaves as they steep or to catch the leaves inside the teapot when the tea is poured.
The switch to specialized vessels for tea brewing was powered by the change frompowdered tea toleaf tea and from whipping to steeping[1] in China. It is hard to pinpoint the time of the invention of the teapot since vessels in shapes similar to the modern teapot were known in China since theNeolithic period but were initially used for water and wine, as boiling or whipping tea did not require a specialized container. When tea preparation switched to infusion (during the lateYuan dynasty),[2] anewer-like vessel was first used.[1] Tea preparation during previous dynasties did not use a teapot.[2]
In theTang dynasty, a cauldron was used to boil ground tea and serve it in bowls.Song dynasty tea was made by boiling water in a kettle and then pouring the water into a bowl with finely ground tea leaves. A brush was then used to stir the tea. Written evidence of a teapot appears in the textJìyuán Cónghuà (霽園叢話), which describes a teapot that the author, Cài Sīzhān 蔡司霑, inherited from the Yuan Dynasty scholar Sūn Dàomíng 孫道明 (1296-1376)， with the inscription "且吃茶清隱" “just drink tea clear up your secrets”[3]. By theMing dynasty, teapots were widespread in China.[2] There are early examples of teapots, like the ones made inJun ware and the eight-lobedceladon pots of the Song-Yuan times. Still, an expert onYixing ware, Kuei-Hsiang Lo, believes that the first teapots made especially for tea appeared around 1500 as copies of much earlier Yixing wine pots.[1] The earliest example of such a teapot that has survived to this day seems to be the one in theFlagstaff House Museum of Teaware; it has been dated to 1513 and is attributed to Gong Chun,[4] the "father of Yixing teapot".[5]
Early teapots, like those still used in modernGongfu tea ceremonies, were small by Western standards meant for individual tea consumption.[6] They use a higher ratio of leaves to water, which enables the brewer to control the brewing variables to create several small infusions. After brewing, tea would be decanted into a separate vessel, distributed into the small cups of several drinkers, and brewed again. This allows the tea to be brewed skillfully and allows the flavor changes to be experienced through the various infusions.[7]
Teapots made from pottery materials such as clay have been hand-fired for tens of thousands of years, originally in China. Clay is a popular material for teapots, as they tend to retain heat very well.[8]
Many traditional Chinese teaware areYixing ware. Yixing and other regional clays are left unglazed. This allows the clay to absorb the flavor of the teas brewed over time and enhance the taste of the tea going forward. Some Gongfu practitioners designate their unglazed pots for specific types, sometimes even particular tea varietals.
From the end of the 17th century, tea was shipped from China to Europe as part of the export of exotic spices and luxury goods. The ships that brought the tea also carriedporcelain teapots.The majority of these teapots were painted inblue and whiteunderglaze.Porcelain, being completely vitrified, will withstand sea water without damage, so the teapots were packed below deck whilst the tea was stowed above deck to ensure that it remained dry.[9]
Thekyūsu (急須), a common and traditional teapot in Japan, differs from the Chinese teapot in that it has a handle facing sideways to the spout.[10] However, somekyūsu, like their Chinese counterparts, have the handle opposite the spout.[11]Kyūsu is frequently made of ceramics.[12]
Thekyūsu has its origins in a Chinese tool used for tea ceremonies.[13] Although the Chinese tool may have been used to boil water, it is unclear if it was used to steep tea back then.[13] In Japan,kyūsu has been used since at least the 18th century.[13]
The side arrangement of the handle is considered unique to Japan.[10][14] However, the same feature can be found in some Chinese tools mentioned above.[13]
In Morocco, stainless steel teapots are essential for makingMoroccan mint tea. Moroccan teapots are heat-resistant and can be put directly on the stove. Colorful tea glasses are part of the Moroccan tea ritual. The tea is considered drinkable only when it has foam on top. Teapots have a long curved spout to pour tea from a height of around 12 inches (30 cm) above the glasses, which produces foam on the surface of the tea.[15] Their designs can range from simple to heavily decorated.[16]
Teapots forbutter tea inTibet evolved simultaneously with teapots in China, eventually settling on a pitcher-like shape.[17]
The Yixing teapots came to Europe with the tea and became known asboccaro ("large mouth" in Portuguese).[6] The Chinese teapot models were used since preserving the Chinese way of drinking was considered essential.[17] The first known order for teapots "with covers and handles" dates back to 1639.[18] Porcelain teapots were particularly desirable because porcelain could not be made in Europe back then, and tea drinking in Europe was initially the preserve of the upper classes. European teapots at the time were made of silver, with the earliest preserved English one at theVictoria and Albert Museum, dated 1670,[17] looking identical to the earlier coffee pots. They can be identified as teapots only through an inscription.[18] At the same time, copies of the Chineseearthenware teapots were produced (Fulham Pottery in London had already been manufacturing these in 1670).[19] It was not until 1708 that the first successful experiments byvon Tschirnhaus enabledBöttger and theMeissen factory inDresden to start the operation in 1710[20] and produce good copies of JapaneseKakiemon andImari porcelain.[21]
When European potteries in Holland, Germany, and England began making tea wares, they initially imitated the Chineseboccaro designs.[17] However, many English potteries decided not to risk money on the new material and continued manufacturing earthenware and stoneware pots; the famedcreamware services made in Staffordshire reached popularity in the second half of the 18th century.[22]
At the turn of the 18th century, the design and decoration of the European teapot started to deviate from the Chinese tradition, with the pear shape, orpyriform, being the first major novation. An early English pyriform teapot dates back to 1690. The shape became widespread at the time ofQueen Anne and has remained in vogue since then. The other popular shapes in the 18th century were "globular" (sphere-like vessel on a raised foot) and a vase (or urn,Louis XV style), with the latter being a rare comeback to the wine-pot origins of a teapot.[23]
In the last half of the 18th century, English factories introduced the matched sets of teaware. The original demand for "China" porcelaintea sets was eventually replaced, at least among the wealthy, with enthusiasm for silver pieces that were produced extensively by the end of the reign ofGeorge III. This period also saw a reduction in the price of tea, so teapots became larger.[24] Also, cheaperpewter sets were made for the less affluent, mostly as simplified copies of the silver pieces.[25]
In colonial America,Boston became the epicenter for silver production and artistry. Among the many artists in Boston, there were four major families in the city's silver market: Edwards, Revere, Burt, and Hurd. Their works of art included silver teapots.[26] Two new "colonial" shapes appeared in the lateGeorgian era: oval and octagonal teapots with flat bases, plain handles in the shape of C, and, frequently, straight tapering spouts.[25]
The ability of a teapot to keep heat depends on the material. For example,stoneware is supposed to keep the heat better than porcelain.[27]
To keep teapots hot after the tea is first brewed, English households since the 18th century employed thetea cosy, a padded fabric covering, much like a hat, that slips over the teapot. The tea cosy became very popular in the 20th century as a practical and decorative object in the kitchen.[28]
Teapots evolved from the designs where the lid was resting in a recess of the body of the vessel to the lid sitting on top of the body, and then to the modern design with the deep flanges of the lid preventing it from falling out.[25]
When the tea is poured out, outside air needs to enter the teapot's body; therefore, the design involves either a loosely fitting lid or a vent hole at the top of the pot, usually in the lid.[25]
The built-instrainer at the base of the spout was borrowed fromcoffeepots that, in turn, get this feature from the vessels designed for other liquids (the earliest known built-in strainer dates back to 1300BC).[25]
The coffeedrip brew andcoffee percolator were invented at the beginning of the 19th century, and similar designs for tea were developed soon after that.[25]
Moderninfusers originated in 1817 when an English patent was granted for a "tea or coffee biggin", a metal basket at the bottom of the teapot. Many more tea leaf holder designs followed,[29] withtea balls and tea-making spoons arriving in the first half of the 19th century.[30]
The first automated electric teapot was invented in 1909.[31]
The typical materials used for teapots have beenstoneware (Yixing),porcelain, silver, and gold.[27]
Making teapots from silver has a major disadvantage: the thermal conductivity of silver is the highest of any metal. Therefore, the handles of antique silver teapots were often made of wood (often apple-wood or pear-wood) or ivory.[32][33] If the handles were made from silver, they would be attached to the pot's body with thermally insulating plugs, usually made from ivory. Without such features, the teapot would be uncomfortable or painful to pick up when filled with hot tea.[34]
Teapots made oftin arrived around 1700, allowing for very low-cost designs. At the same time, the use ofBritannia ware had started.Nickel plating was introduced in the second half of the 19th century.[35] Teapots fromearthenware were produced inStaffordshire from 1720 to 1780, with curious shapes (animals, houses, etc.) made possible using molds (and not thethrowing wheel).Enamelware was in wide use at the end of the 19th century.[36]
In the 20th century, the use ofaluminum became popular.[36] The arrival of theheatproof glass made a glass teapot possible, with the first "Teaket" design manufactured in 1932.[37]
The early European teapots frequently had wooden handle replacements made from pear,hornbeam, andsycamore, eitherstained orebonized (sometimes even made fromebony), connected to the pot's body using metal sockets.[38] The use of wood to repair a broken ceramic handle started soon after the introduction of tea to Europe: the vessels were expensive and were not thrown away once damaged.[39] To underscore the preciousness of the repaired teapot, the sockets were occasionally made fromgilt silver.[40]
One phenomenon with some teapots is dribbling, where the flow runs down the outside of the spout, particularly as the flow starts or stops. Different explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed at various times. Making the external surface of the spout more hydrophobic and reducing the radius of curvature of the inside of the tip so that the flow detaches cleanly can avoid dribbling.[41]
A teapot has a rather distinctive shape, and its fame may sometimes have little to do with its primary function.
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