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Tau Sūg تَؤُ سُوْݢْ | |
|---|---|
 A Tausug woman wearing traditional attire and performing apangalay dance | |
| Total population | |
| c. 1.9–2.2 million[a] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Philippines | 1,615,823[1] |
 Malaysia | 209,000[2]–500,000[3][4] |
 Indonesia | 12,000[5][6] |
| Languages | |
| Native: Tausug Lingua francas: | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly: Sunni Islam[7][8][9][10] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| |
a This figure is a cumulative total based on referenced populations. | |
TheTausug (also spelledTausog;[1] nativelyTau Sūg,Jawi:تَؤُ سُوْݢْ) are anAustronesianethnic group native to theSulu Archipelago and northeastern coastal areas ofBorneo, which spans present-dayPhilippines,Malaysia andIndonesia. Large Tausug populations are also found in the cities of mainlandMindanao, in particularZamboanga City,Cotabato City andDavao City, and the island ofPalawan.[11] Smaller Tausug populations can be found inNunukan andTarakan inNorth Kalimantan, Indonesia.[5][12][13][14]
Following theintroduction of Islam to the Sulu Archipelago in the 14th century, the Tausug established theSultanate of Sulu, athalassocraticstate that exercised sovereignty over the islands that bordered the Zamboanga Peninsula in the east to Palawan in the north.[15] At its peak, it also covered areas further inland in northeastern Borneo and southwestern Mindanao.[16] During theSpanish colonial period of the Philippines, Tausug soldiers resisted repeatedSpanish invasions and the Sultanate of Sulu remained a de facto independent state until 1915, following theMoro Rebellion which resulted in the state being annexed by theUnited States.
Followingthe independence of the Philippines in 1946, the Philippines has acted as thesuccessor state of the Sultanate of Sulu, which has led to tensions with neighboring predominantly-Christian ethnic groups. Today, the Tausug form a part of the wider Muslim-majorityMoro political identity in the Philippines, and have continued their shared struggle forself-determination. This has culminated in adecades-long insurgency in Mindanao, and aterritorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines. In Malaysia, ethnic Tausug people are known by theexonymSuluk and have more recently formed a distinct socio-political identity from Tausug refugees arriving in Malaysia due to continued conflict in the southern Philippines.[17]
The first half of the name Tausug derives from theTausug wordtau, meaning person.[18] The termsūg is widely accepted to derive from the word meaningsea current, with the definition of the whole name meaning “people of the [sea] currents”.[19]
Sūg is the modern form of the older termSulug (meaning "[sea] currents"), which was also the old name of the island ofJolo. It is derived fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *sələg (“flowing water, current”), and is acognate ofCebuanosulog,Tagalogsilig, andMalaysuluk.[20]
During the 13th century, the Tausug people began migrating to present-dayZamboanga and theSulu archipelago from their homelands in northeastern Mindanao. William Scott (1994) calls the Tausugs the descendants of the ancientButuanons andSurigaonons from theRajahnate of Butuan, who moved south and established a spice trading port in Sulu. SultanBatarah Shah Tengah, who ruled in 1600, was said to have been a native of Butuan.[21] The Butuanon-Surigaonon origin of the Tausugs is suggested by the relationship of their languages, as the Butuanon, Surigaonon and Tausug languages are all grouped under theSouthern Visayan sub-family. Consequently, the Tausug language is closely related to other Southern Bisayan languages like theButuanon language, which is still spoken in northeastern Mindanao to this day.[22]
Prior to the establishment of the sultanate, the Tausug lived in communities calledbanwa. Each banwa was headed by a leader known as apanglima along with a shaman called amangungubat. The shaman could be either a man or a woman. Each banwa was considered an independent state, like other city-states in Asia. The Tausug of the era had trade relations with neighboring Tausug banwas, theYakan people ofBasilan, and the nomadicSama-Bajau.
The Tausug wereIslamized in the 14th century and established thesultanate of Sulu in the 15th century,[23][24] and eventually dominated the localSama-Bajau people of the Sulu archipelago,
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In 1380, theSunniSufi scholarKarim-ul Makhdum, a Muslim missionary of theAsh'ari Aqeeda andShafi'imadhhab, arrived in Sulu. He introduced theIslamic faith and settled in Tubig Indangan inSimunul, where he lived until his death. The pillars of a mosque he had built at Tubig-Indangan still stand. In 1390,Rajah Baguinda Ali landed atBuansa, and continued the missionary work of Makhdum. TheJohore-born Arab adventurerSayyid Abubakar Abirin arrived in 1450, and married Baguinda's daughter, Dayang-dayang Paramisuli. After Rajah Baguinda's death, Sayyid Abubakar became sultan, thereby introducing thesultanate as a political system (seeSultanate of Sulu). Political districts were created inParang,Pansul, Lati,Gitung, andLuuk, each headed by apanglima or district leader. After the Sunni Sufi scholar Sayyid Abubakar's death, the sultanate system had already become well established in Sulu. Before the coming of the Spaniards, the ethnic groups in Sulu — the Tausug,Samal,Yakan, and theBajau – were united to varying degrees under the Sulu sultanate following theSunni Islam, they wereAsh'ari in aqeeda andShafi'i in Madh'hab as well as practitioners ofSufism.[25]
The political system of the sultanate waspatrilineal. Thesultan was the sole sovereign of the sultanate, followed by variousmaharajah andrajah-titled subdivisional princes. Further down the line were the numerouspanglima or local chiefs, similar in function to the modernPhilippine political post of thebarangay captain in thebarangay system.
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The Sulu Archipelago was anentrepôt that attracted merchants from south China and various parts of Southeast Asia beginning in the 14th century.[26] The name "Sulu" is attested in Chinese historical records as early as 1349,[27] during the lateYuan dynasty, suggesting trade relations around this time.[28] Trade continued into the earlyMing dynasty (1368–1644), as envoys were sent in several missions to China to trade andpay tribute tothe emperor. Sulu merchants often exchanged goods withChinese Muslims, and there was also trade with Muslims who were ofArab,Persian,Malay, orIndian descent.[26] Islamic historianCesar Adib Majul argues that Islam was introduced to the Sulu Archipelago in the late 14th century by Chinese and Arab merchants and missionaries from Ming China.[27][28] Moreover, these 7 Arab missionaries were called "Lumpang Basih" by the Tausug and they were Sunni Sufi Scholars from theBa 'Alawi sada of Yemen.[29]
Around this time, a notable Arab judge,SunniSufi andreligious scholar namedKarim ul-Makhdum[note 1] fromMecca arrived in Malacca. He preachedIslam, particularly theAsh'ari Aqeeda andShafi'i Madh'hab as well as theQadiriyya Tariqa to the people, and thus many citizens, including the ruler of Malacca,converted to Islam.[30] The Sulu leaderPaduka Pahala and his sons moved to China, where he died, and Chinese Muslims brought up his sons inDezhou, where their descendants live and have the surnames An and Wen. In 1380 AD,[note 2] Karim ul-Makhdum arrived inSimunul island fromMalacca, again with Arab traders. Apart from being a scholar, he operated as a trader; some see him as aSufimissionary originating fromMecca.[31] He preached Islam in the area, and was thus accepted by the core Muslim community. He was the second person who preached Islam in the area, following Tuan Mashā′ikha. To facilitate easy conversion of nonbelievers, he established a mosque in Tubig-Indagan, Simunul, which became the first Islamic temple to be constructed in the area, as well as the first in thePhilippines. This later became known asSheik Karimal Makdum Mosque.[32] He died in Sulu, although the exact location of his grave is unknown. In Buansa, he was known as Tuan Sharif Awliyā[33] On his alleged grave in Bud Agad, Jolo, an inscription reassure "Mohadum Aminullah Al-Nikad". InLugus, he is referred to as Abdurrahman. InSibutu, he is known by his name.[34]
The difference of beliefs on his grave location came about due to the fact that theQadiriShaykh Karim ul-Makhdum travelled to several islands in theSulu Sea to preach Islam. In many places in the archipelago, he was beloved. It is said that the people ofTapul built a mosque honoring him and that they claim descent from Karim ul-Makhdum. Thus, the success of Karim ul-Makhdum of spreading Islam in Sulu threw a new light in Islamic history in the Philippines. The customs, beliefs and political laws of the people changed and customized to adopt the Islamic tradition.[35]
Sulu abruptly stopped sending tributes to the Ming in 1424.[28]Antonio Pigafetta, in his journals, records that the sultan of Brunei went and invaded Sulu in order subjugate the nation and retrieve the two sacred pearls Sulu pillaged from Brunei during earlier times.[36] A sultan of Brunei,Sultan Bolkiah, married a princess (dayang-dayang) of Sulu, Puteri Laila Menchanai, and they became the grandparents of the Muslim prince ofMaynila,Rajah Matanda, as Manila was a Muslim city-state and vassal to Brunei before the Spanish colonized them and converted them from Islam to Christianity.[citation needed] Islamic Manila ended after the failed attack ofTarik Sulayman, a Muslim Kapampangan commander, in the failure of theConspiracy of the Maharlikas, when the formerly Muslim Manila nobility attempted a secret alliance with the Japanese shogunate and Bruneiean sultanate (together with her Manila and Sulu allies) to expel the Spaniards from the Philippines.[37] Many Tausugs and other native Muslims of Sulu Sultanate already interacted with Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslims calledLuzones based in Brunei, and there were intermarriages between them. The Spanish had native allies against the former Muslims they conquered like Hindu Tondo which resisted Islam when Brunei invaded and established Manila as a Muslim city-state to supplant Hindu Tondo.
Battles and skirmisheswere waged intermittently from 1578 till 1898 between the Spanish colonial government and theMoros ofMindanao and theSulu archipelago.[citation needed] In 1578, an expedition sent by GovernorFrancisco de Sande and headed by Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa began the 300-year conflict between the Tausūgs and the Spanish authorities. In 1579, the Spanish government gave de Figueroa the sole right to colonize Mindanao. In retaliation, the Moro raided Visayan towns in Panay, Negros, and Cebu, for they knew the Spanish conscripted foot soldiers from these areas. Such Moro raids were repelled by Spanish and Visayan forces. In the early 17th century, the largest alliance, comprising Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausūg, and other Moro and Lumad groups, was formed bySultan Kudarat or Cachil Corralat of Maguindanao, ruler of domains extending from the Davao Gulf to Dapitan on the Zamboanga peninsula. Several Spanish expeditions suffered defeat at their hands. In 1635, Captain Juan de Chaves erected a fort and established a settlement in Zamboanga. In 1637, Governor GeneralSebastián Hurtado de Corcuera personally led an expedition against Kudarat, and temporarily triumphed over his forces at Lamitan andIliana Bay. On 1 January 1638, Hurtado de Corcuera, with 80 vessels and 2000 soldiers, defeated the Moro Tausūg and occupied Jolo, mainly staying inside captured Cottas. A peace treaty was forged, but Spanish sovereignty over Sulu still had not been firmly established; the Tausūg abrogated the treaty in 1646 soon after the Spaniards occupiers departed.[38] It wasn't until 1705 that the sultanate renounced toSpain any sovereignty it had previously asserted over southPalawan, and in 1762 it similarly relinquished its claims overBasilan. During the last quarter of the 19th century, the sultanate formally recognized Spanish sovereignty, but these areas remained partially controlled by the Spanish, with their sovereignty limited to military stations, garrisons, and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato (the latter under theSultanate of Maguindanao). Eventually, as a consequence of their defeat in the Spanish–American War, the Spanish had to abandon the region entirely.[citation needed]
In 1737, SultanAlimud Din I, advancing his own personal interests, entered into a "permanent" peace treaty with Governor General F. Valdes y Tamon; and in 1746, he befriended the Jesuits sent to Jolo by King Philip. The "permission" of Sultan Azimuddin-I (*the first heir-apparent) allowed Catholic Jesuits to enter Jolo, but his younger brother, Raja Muda Maharajah Adinda Datu Bantilan (*the second heir-apparent) argued against this, saying that he did not want the Catholic Jesuits to disturb or dishonor Islamic faith among the Moro in Sulu. The two brothers' disagreement eventually caused Sultan Azimuddin-I to depart Jolo, first removing to Zamboanga and eventually arriving inManila 1748. Upon his departure, his brother Raja Muda Maharajah Adinda Datu Bantilan was proclaimed sultan, taking the name Sultan Bantilan Muizzuddin.
In 1893, amid succession controversies, Amir ul Kiram became Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, the title being officially recognized by the Spanish authorities. In 1899, after the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War, Colonel Luis Huerta, the last governor of Sulu, relinquished his garrison to the Americans. (Orosa 1970:25–30).
In northernBorneo, most citizen families residing in Sabah are generally-recognized to have lived in the area since the time of the sultanate.[39][note 3] LocalNorth Borneo records indicate that during the period of British rule, a notable Bajau-Suluk warrior participated in theMat Salleh Rebellion, participating in the conflict until his death. During theSecond World War when theJapaneseoccupied the northern Borneo area, many Suluk people, along with ethnic Chinese emigrants, were massacred byJapanese soldiers during theJesselton Revolt against the Japanese invasion and occupation.[citation needed]
The Tausug had a saying, "Mayayao pa muti in bukug ayaw in tikud-tikud" (It is preferable to see the whiteness of your bone due to wounds than whiten your heel from running away) and in magsabil "when one runs amuck and he is able to kill a nonbeliever and in turn gets killed for it, his place in heaven is assured."[40]
The Tausug waged parang sabil (holy war) for their land (Lupah Sug) and religion against the United States after Bud Bagsak and Bud Dahu and during the Moro National Liberation Front's struggle against the Philippines since 1972, with them being memorialized in tales of Parang Sabil like "The Story of War in Zambo" (Kissa sin Pagbunu ha Zambo about MNLF commander Ustadz Habier Malik's 2013 attack in Zamboanga.[41]
Some Tausug who went on parang sabil did it to redeem themselves in causes of dishonor (hiya).[42] Tausug believe the sabils gain divine protection and can be immune to bullets while going on their suicide attacks.[43] Tausug committed parrangsabil in 1984 at Pata island, 1974 at Jolo, 1968 at Corregidor island, 1913 at Bud Bagsak, 1911 at Bud Talipaw, 1911 and 1906 at Bud Dahu. Tausug believe that the rituals they undergo in preparation for magsasabil and parrangsabil will render them invulnerable to bulles, metal and sharp weapons and that Allah will protect them and determine their fate while using their budjak spears, barung and kalis against enemies like the Americans and Spanish.[44]
Baker Atyani an Arab journalist, was kidnapped by the Abu Sayyaf group. On 3 February 2013 Ustaz Habir Malik led the MNLF to fight against Abu Sayyaf and demanded they released the hostages. Jolo was burned by Philippines on 7 February 1974, Spanish on 29 February 1896 & 27–28 February 1851.[45]
On 5 April 2019 MNLF member Abdul was interviewed by Elgin Glenn Salomon and said about the battle of Jolo in 1974 between the Philippines and MNLF. “They could not defeat the people of Sulu. See the Japanese, the Americans, and the Spaniards! They cannot defeat the province of Jolo. Until now, they could not defeat…. See, they (MNLF) have three guns… At the age of 12, they already have a gun. Will the soldiers continue to enter their territory? The heavy-duty soldiers would die at their (MNLF) hands.”[46]
A "policy of attraction" was introduced, ushering in reforms to encourage Muslim integration into Philippine society. "Proxy colonialism" was legalized by the Public Land Act of 1919, invalidating Tausūgpusaka (inherited property) laws based on the IslamicShariah. The act also granted the state the right to confer land ownership. It was thought that the Muslims would "learn" from the "more advanced" Christian Filipinos, and would integrate more easily into mainstream Philippine society. In February 1920, the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives passed Act No 2878, which abolished theDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu, and transferred its responsibilities to the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes under the Department of the Interior. Muslim dissatisfaction grew as power shifted to the Christian Filipinos. Petitions were sent by Muslim leaders between 1921 and 1924, requesting that Mindanao and Sulu be administered directly by theUnited States. These petitions were not granted. Realising the futility of armed resistance, some Muslims sought to make the best of the situation. In 1934, Arolas Tulawi of Sulu, Datu Manandang Piang and Datu Blah Sinsuat of Cotabato, and Sultan Alaoya Alonto of Lanao were elected to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. In 1935, two Muslims were elected to the National Assembly.
The Tausūg in Sulufought against the Japanese occupation of Mindanao and Sulu during World War II and eventually drove them out. The Commonwealth sought to end the privileges the Muslims had been enjoying under the earlier American administration. Muslim exemptions from some national laws, as expressed in the administrative code for Mindanao, and the Muslim right to use their traditional Islamic courts, as expressed in the Moro Board, were ended. It was unlikely that the Muslims, who have had a longer cultural history as Muslims than the Filipinos as Christians, would surrender their identity. This incident contributed to the rise of various separatist movements – the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), Ansar El-Islam, and Union of Islamic Forces and Organizations (Che Man 1990:74–75).Founders of the Ansarul Islam were Capt.Kalingalan Caluang, Rashid Lucman, Salipada Pendatun, Domocao Alonto, Hamid Kamlian, Udtog Matalam, Atty. Macapantun Abbas Jr.In 1969, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was founded on the concept of a Bangsa Moro Republic by a group of educated young Muslims.The Chief Minister of Sabah by then was Tun Mustapha, he was like a brother and had good relations with Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang. Through Tun Mustapha's help, the first fighters of MNLF(Like Al Hussein Caluang) were trained in Sabah after staying in Luuk, Sulu(which is now Kalingalan Caluang). Nur Misuari became a part of the Ansarul Islam because of his good reputation as a UP professor. After the training of these first MNLF fighters, Yahya Caluang(Son of Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang) was asked by Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang to fetch the MNLF fighters in Sabah. When Yahya Caluang arrived, Nur Misuari took over and declared himself Leader of the MNLF. Nur Misuari eventually asked forgiveness to Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang and Apuh Inggal forgive him.[47]
In 1976, negotiations between the Philippine government and the MNLF in Tripoli resulted in theTripoli Agreement, which provided for an autonomous region in Mindanao.Nur Misuari was invited to chair the provisional government, but he refused. The referendum was boycotted by the Muslims themselves. The talks collapsed, and fighting continued. On 1 August 1989, Republic Act 673 or the Organic Act for Mindanao, created the Autonomous Region of Mindanao, which encompasses Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.[citation needed]
Most of the Tausugs in Malaysia have been living in part of Saba since the rule of the sultanate of Sulu. Some of them actually descendants of a Sulu princess (Dayang Dayang) who escaped from the Sulu sultan in the 1850s, when the sultan tried to take the princess as a wife although he already had manyconcubines.[48] To differentiate themselves from the newly arrived Tausūg immigrants from the Philippines, most of them prefer to be called "Suluk".[49]
However, more recent Tausug immigrants and refugees dating back to the 1970s Moro insurgency (the majority of themillegal immigrants) often face discrimination in Sabah. After the2013 Lahad Datu standoff, there were reports of abuses by Malaysian authorities specifically on ethnic Tausug during crackdowns inSandakan, even on Tausūg migrants with valid papers.[50][51] Approximately nine thousand Filipino Tausūg were deported from January to November 2013.[52][53][54]
The Tausug number was of 1,226,601 in thePhilippines in 2010.[55] They populate the Filipino province ofSulu as a majority, and the provinces ofZamboanga del Sur,Zamboanga del Norte,Zamboanga Sibugay,Basilan,Tawi-Tawi,Palawan,Cebu, andManila as minorities. Many Filipino-Tausūgs have found work in neighboring Sabah, Malaysia as construction labourers in search of better lives. However, many of them violate the law byoverstaying illegally and are sometimes involved in criminal activities.[49] The Filipino-Tausūgs are not recognized as a native to Sabah.[note 3][56]
The Tausugs who have already been living natively in Sabah by the time of the Sulu or Tausug sultanate have settled in much of the eastern parts, fromKudat town in the north, toTawau in the south east.[39] They number around 300,000 and many of them haveintermarried with other ethnic groups in Sabah, especially the Bajaus. Most prefer to use the Malay-language ethnonymSuluk in their birth certificates rather than the native Tausūg to distinguish themselves from their newly arrived Filipino relatives in Sabah. Migration fueled mainly from Sabah also created a substantial Suluk community inGreater Kuala Lumpur. While inIndonesia, most of the communities mainly settled in the northern area ofNorth Kalimantan likeNunukan andTarakan, which lies close to their traditional realm. There are around 12,000(1981 estimate) Tausūg in Indonesia.[57]
The overwhelming majority of Tausūgs followIslam, as Islam has been a defining aspect of native Sulu culture ever since Islam spread to the southern Philippines. They follow the traditional Sunni Shafi'i section of Islam, however they retain pre-Islamic religious practices and often practice a mix ofIslam andAnimism in theiradat. A Christian minority exists. During the Spanish occupation, the presence of Jesuit missionaries in theSulu Archipelago allowed for the conversion of entire families and even tribes and clans of Tausūgs, and other Sulu natives to Christianity.[citation needed] For example,Azim ud-Din I of Sulu, the 19th sultan of Sulu was converted toChristianity and baptized as Don Fernando de Alimuddin, however he reverted to Islam in his later life near death.
Some of the assimilated Filipino celebrities and politicians of Tausūg descent also tend to follow the Christian religion of the majority instead of the religion of their ancestors. For example,Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is of patrilineal Tausūg descent is a born-again Christian. SingerSitti is of Tausūg and Samal descent (she claims to be of Mapun heritage, also native to Sulu), is also a Christian.
The Tausug used to be Hindus before converting to Islam.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][excessive citations] Najeeb Saleeby described them as still retaining Hindu practices.[78] Saleeby said the Moros were ignorant of Islamic tenets, barely prayed or went to the mosque and their juramentados were not fueled by religion but by nationalism against the occupying enemy.[79][80]
Tausug retain pre-Islamic practices in the form of folk-Islam like the pagkaja and other palipalihan, as mentioned by Samuel K. Tan, some of these practices were allowed by the majority of the Ulama like the former Grand Mufti of Region 9 and Palawan Sayyiduna Shaykh AbdulGani Yusop since the Muslims in the Philippines were Ash'ari in Aqeeda, Shafi'i inFiqh and practitioners ofSufism.[81]
IAS/ UNOPS/UNFPA/IFAD representative Dr. P. V. Ramesh saw Professor Nur Misuari's MNLF in General Santos City perform Ramayana during a ceasefire agreement.[82]
The political structure of the Tausug is affected by the two economic divisions in the ethnic group, mainlyparianon (people of the landing) and guimbahanon (hill people).[83] Before the establishment of thesultanate of Sulu, the indigenous pre-Islamic Tausug were organized into various independent communities or community-states calledbanwa. When Islam arrived and the sultanate was established, the banwa was divided into districts administered by apanglima (mayor). The panglima are under the sultan (king). The people who held the stability of the community along with the sultan and the panglimas are theruma bichura (state council advisers),datu raja muda (crown prince),datu maharaja adensuk (palace commander),datu ladladja laut (admiral),datu maharaja layla (commissioner of customs),datu amir bahar (speaker of the ruma bichara),datu tumagong (executive secretary),datu juhan (secretary of information),datu muluk bandarasa (secretary of commerce),datu sawajaan (secretary of interior),datu bandahala (secretary of finance),mamaneho (inspector general),datu sakandal (sultan's personal envoy),datu nay (ordinance or weapon commander),wazil (prime minister). Amangungubat (curer) also has special status in the community as they are believed to have direct contact with the spiritual realm.
The community's people is divided into three classes, which are the nobility (the sultan's family and court), commoners (the free people), and the slaves (war captives, sold into slavery, or children of slaves).[84]
The Tausug language is called "Sinug" with "Bahasa" to mean Language. TheTausug language is related toBicolano,Tagalog andVisayan languages, being especially closely related to theSurigaonon language of the provincesSurigao del Norte,Surigao del Sur andAgusan del Sur and theButuanon language of northeasternMindanao specially the rootTausug words without the influence of the Arabic language, sharing many common words. The Tausūg, however, do not consider themselves asVisayan, using the term only to refer to ChristianBisayan-language speakers, given that the vast majority of Tausūgs areMuslims in contrast to its very closely relatedSurigaonon brothers which are predominantlyRoman Catholics. Tausug is also related to theWaray-Waray language.[citation needed] Aside from Tagalog (which is spoken throughout the country), a number of Tausug can also speakZamboangueño Chavacano (especially those residing in Zamboanga City), and otherVisayan languages (especiallyCebuano language because of the mass influx ofCebuano migrants to Mindanao);Malay in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia; andEnglish in both Malaysia and Philippines as second languages.[citation needed]
Malaysian Tausūg, descendants of residents when theSulu Sultanate ruled the eastern part ofSabah, speak or understand the Sabahan dialect of Suluk,Malaysian language, and someEnglish orSinama (those who come in regular contact with theBajau also speak Bajau dialects). By the year 2000, most of the Tausūg children in Sabah, especially in towns of the west side of Sabah, were no longer speakingTausūg; instead they speak the Sabahan dialect of Malay and English.[citation needed]
Indonesian Tausūg on the other hand, are descendants of residents when theSultanate of Bulungan, a vassal state of the Sulu Sultanate, also ruled the southeastern part of Sabah (Tawau) and the Indonesian province ofNorth Kalimantan (northeastern portion), also speak or understand the Nunukan dialect of Suluk,Indonesian language (including colloquial variant) and as well as the regional slang. At the same time, they can also understand and speak the Suluk dialect spoken in Sabah as well as Sabah Malay.
| English | Tausug | Surigaonon | Cebuano |
|---|---|---|---|
| What is your name? | Hisiyu in ngān mu? | Unu an ngayan mu? | Unsa'y ngalan nimo? |
| My name is Muhammad | In ngān ku Muhammad | An ngayan ku ay Muhammad | Ang ngalan nako ay Muhammad |
| How are you? | Maunu-unu nakaw? | Ya-unu nakaw? | Kumusta ka? |
| I am fine, [too] | Marayaw da [isab] | Madayaw da [isab] aku (Tandaganon)/Marajaw da [isab] aku (Surigaonon) | Maayo da/ra [usab] 'ko |
| Where is Ahmad? | Hawnu hi Ahmad? | Hain si Ahmad? | Asa si Ahmad? |
| He is in the house | Ha bāy siya | Sa bay siya/sija | Sa balay siya |
| Thank you | Magsukul | Salamat | Salamat |
| ‘I am staying at’ or ‘I live at’ | Naghuhula’ aku ha | Yaghuya aku sa | Nagpuyo ako sa |
| I am here at the house. | Yari aku ha bay. | Yadi aku sa bayay. | Dia ra ko sa balay. |
| I am Hungry. | Hiyapdi' aku. | In-gutom aku. | Gi-gutom ku. |
| He is there, at school. | Yadtu siya ha iskul. | Yadtu siya/sija sa iskul. | Atoa siya sa tunghaan/skwelahan |
| Fish | Ista' | Isda | Isda/ita |
| Leg | Siki | Siki | Tiil |
| Hand | Lima | Alima | kamut |
| Person | Tau | Tau | Taw/tawo |
| (Sea/River) current | Sūg | Sūg | Sūg/Sulog |
| Fire | Kāyu | Kayajo | Kalayo |
| Shrimp/Prawn | Ullang | Uyang | Pasayan |
| Ear | Taynga | Talinga | Dalunggan |
| Face | Bayhu' | Wayong | Nawong |
| Rain | Ulan | Uyan | Ulan |
| Morning | Mahinaat/Maynat | Buntag | Buntag |
| Mosquito | Hilam | Hilam | Lamok |
| House/Home | Bāy | Bayay | Balay |
| Dog | Iru' | Ido | Iro |
| Year | Tahun | Tuig | Tuig |
| Month/Moon | Bulan | Buyan | Bulan |
| Male/Man/Lad | Usug | Layaki | Lalaki/Laki |
| Now | Bihaun | Kuman | Karon |
| Far/Distant | Malayu' | Lajo | Layo |
| Sleep | Tūg | Tuyog | Tulog |
| Sea Urchin | Tayum | Tajum | Tuyom |
| Medicine | Ubat | Tambay | Tambal |
| Shame | Sipug | Sipog | Ulaw/Kaulaw |
| Male genitalia | Utin | Utin | Utin |
| Heat | Pasu' | Paso | Init/Kaigang |
| Nice | Malingkat | Kagana | Nindot |
| I don't know/think so | Inday | Inday | Ambot |
| Don't (imperative) | Ayaw | Jagot | Ayaw |
| Rust | Gaha' | Kalaying | Taya |
| Knowledgeable | Maingat | Hibayo | Kahibawo/Kahibalo |
| Come in/Enter | Sūd | Dayon | Sulod |
| Butt/Buttocks | Buli' | Labot | Lubot |
| Underarms | Iluk | Ilok | Ilok |
| Flower | Sumping | Buyak | Bulak |
| Widow | Balu | Bayo | Balo |
| Mouse/Rat | Ambaw | Ambaw | Ilaga |
| Cow | Sapi' | Baka | Baka |
| Thunder | Dawgdug | Dayugdog | Dalugdog |
| Rich | Dayahan | Datu | Kwartahan/Dato |
| Gay/Effeminate/Homosexual | Bantut | Bayot | Bayot |
| Cat | Kuting | Miya | Iring |
| Said | Lawng | Laong | Ingon |
| Ugly | Mangi' | Kayaot | Bati |
| Right | Amu | Amo | Mao |
| Separated | Butas | Buyag | Bulag |
| Gold | Bulawan | Bujawan | Bolawan |
| Lanzones/Langsat (Lansium domesticum) | Buwahan | Buwahan | Buwahan |
| Sweat | Hulas | Huyas | Singot |
| Road/Path/Way | Dān | Dayan | Dalan |
| Money | Sīn/Pilak | Puya | Kwarta |
| Woman | Babai | Babaje/Baje | Babaye/Baye |
| Turn | Biluk | Bijok/Liso | Tuyok |
| Dress | Badju' | Baro | Sanina/Bado |
| Elderly | Maas | Tiguyang | Tigulang |
| If | Bang | Kun | Kung/Kon |
| Spices | Pamāpa | Jaman | Lamas |
| Bamboo | Patung/Kayawan | Kawajan | Kawayan |
| Climb | Dāg | Kayatkat | Katkat |
| Walk | Panaw | Panaw | Lakaw |
| Relatives | Anak kampung | Lumon | Parinte |
| Go outside | Guwa' | Lugwa | Gawas |
| Dirty | Malummi' | Lipa | Hugaw |
| Go with | Iban | Iban | Uban |
| Different | Dugaing/Kandī | Kala-in | Lain |
| Airplane/Aircraft | Ariplanu/Passawat/Kappal lupad/Kappal Tarbang | Idro | Eroplano |
| Car/Automobile | Awtu/Karita'/Mubil | Awto | Awto |
| Husband | Bana | Bana | Bana |
| Technician/Repair crew | Magdarayaw | Mandajaway | Mang-ayuhay |
| Aim/Purpose/Intention | Maksud | Tujo | Tuyo |
| Drunk | Hilu | Bayong | Hubog |
| Dove/Pigeon | Assang/Mapāti | Kayapati | Kalapati |
| Tiger | Halimaw | Tigre | Tigre |
Tausūgs are superb warriors and craftsmen. They are known for thePangalay dance (also known asDaling-Daling in Sabah), in which female dancers wear artificial elongated fingernails made from brass or silver known asjanggay, and perform motions based on theVidhyadhari (Bahasa Sūg:Bidadali) of pre-IslamicBuddhist legend. The Tausug are also well known for theirpis syabit, a multi-colored woven cloth traditionally worn as a headress or accessory by men. Nowadays, thepis syabit is also worn by women and students. In 2011, thepis syabit was cited by theNational Commission for Culture and the Arts as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the traditional craftsmanship category that the government may nominate in theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[85] The Tausug are additionally associated withtagonggo, a traditional type ofkulingtang music.[86]
Both cross cousin marriage and paternal parallel cousin marriage are practiced by Tausug Moro Muslims.[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link){{cite book}}:|work= ignored (help)TheKadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. TheBajaus, or also known as "Cowboys of the East", andMuruts, the hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include theBisaya,Brunei Malay,Bugis,Kedayan,Lotud,Ludayeh,Rungus, Suluk,Minokok,Bonggi, theIda'an, and many more. The largest non-indigenous group of the population are Chinese.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 (link)In conPage 5 is a copy of a Sulu document issued by Sultan Jamalul - Kiram I in the year 1251 A. H., or about seventy ... The first person who lived on the Island of Sulu is Jamiyun Kulisa . ... 5 One of the names of the wife of Vishnu ...
Page 5 is a copy of a Sulu document issued by Sultan Jamalul - Kiram I in the year 1251 A. H., or about seventy - three years ago . It confers the title of Khatib or Katib ? on a Sulu pandita ? named Adak . ... the wife of Vishnu .
Mohammad Daud Abdul, a research assistant of the Coordinated Investigation of Sulu Culture ( CISC ) collaborated with ... A vehicle of Vishnu, he is " depicted with a white face, red wings and body of gold "; he " became famous in ...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)The political institutions of pre - Islamic Sulu and Mindanao were patriarchal in form, resembling in many ways the ... Sulu and Mindanao were Hindu - influenced, especially if we deduce that Vitnuism, the cult of God Vishnu or ...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)From these sources, it is clear that the original inhabitants of pre - Islamic Sulu and Mindanao were Hindu - influenced, especially if we deduce that Vitnuism, the cult of God Vishnu or Narayena, was evidently practised .
... ( verse 82 of my MS ) where it is said : -Ohu bê sulu Siri Sanga - bo raja Piyangul - wehera âdi wihâra karawâ Dewnuwara Dew ... Vishnu commonly called in this ( Anuradhapura ) district, ' Utpala waruna diwya rajayan wahanse ...
Vishnu, Sokol, Thor, Zeus, Baal, Sulu, Diva, Hawk and Lark Squadrons took off, all except the suspiciously absent Hunters. It was only as the pilots of the Solitude's fighter wings filled the airwaves with their chatter, that the truth ...
CHAPTER III RISE AND PROSPERITY OF SULU SULU BEFORE ISLAM ور The Genealogy of Sulu is a succinct analysis of the tribes or ... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra, the sky; Agni, the fire; Vayu, the wind; Surya, the sun .
RISE AND PROSPERITY OF SULU SULU BEFORE ISLAM The Genealogy of Sulu is a succinct analysis of the tribes or elements which ... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra, the sky; Agni, the fire; Vayu, the wind; Surya, the sun .
... 113, 118, 131-2, 283 Sulu 31, 42, 127-9, 131-3, 148, 172 Sulu Archipelago see Sulu Islands Sulu Islands 36 ... 338, 345-6 Surapura 248 Surat 39 Surigao 171 Surya Agung Kertas ( SAK ) 328 Sutherland, Heather 4 Swahili coast ...
... the highest places in its pantheon to Indra, the sky; Agui, the fire; Vayu, the wind; Surya, the sun . ... married the daughter of Raja Sipad the Younger, Iddha, ' and became the forefather of the principal people of Sulu .
... Vayu ( wind ), and Surya ( sun ) . These elements were probably worshipped by the ancient peoples of the Sulu Archipelago whose former religion is presumed to be of Hindu origin ( Saleeby, 1963 : 38 ), now obscured by Islam .
Sringa takamu, TEL ., Trapa bispi- Su - hoh - hiang, C'HIN ., Storax, Rose Surya - kund - Tapta - kund . maloes . Suryavansa . See Orissa; Solar Race . Sringeri . See Adwaita . Sulu, LEPCH ., Inuus rhesus . Susa in Khuzistan .
Tangan, Melan Surya Sulu Ouh aku bingung Tidak tau harus bagaimana mengatakannya pada suami ku . Baru beberapa hari kemarin dia menikahiku, dan sekarang aku resmi menjadi Cyberlove, Selingku Bukan Ya ? Jangan Lupa Jemurannya Helloow ...
Titisan Lima Ksatria Agung Eirounos Hendra Surya. Jenderal Sulu terdiam mendengar keluhan Raja Bian, dia tak dapat memungkiri kenyataan yang dikatakan Raja Bian. "Kini apa yang harus kami lakukan, Baginda?" tanya Teguilla memberanikan ...
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)Tausug practice preferential cousin marriage, with no particular preference for patrilateral or matrilateral cousins . The practice is explicitly justified in terms of the ease of the marriage negotiations in an arranged marriage : in ...
There is also a tendency towards kindred epdogany, normatively sanctioned through preferential cousin marriage . This preference is Justified by such practical considerations as the ease of the marriage negotiations if the parents of ...
Traditionally, marriages are arranged to first or second cousins; however, most young adults are now starting to choose their own spouses. In the Tausug society, there is no generally approved method for courting.
A marriage with a first cousin is considered ideal for several reasons . First, there is the ease of negotiation when the transaction is arranged between the parents ( who would be siblings ) of first cousins .
Among the Tausug communities, marriages are ideally arranged by parents, in line with Islamic law . First and second cousins are favoured spouses since their parents are kinsmen and the problems of inheritance are simplified .
It is not likely for a sister to feed her sister's child as this might interfere with first – cousin marriage . ' Grandparents are very likely to feed . M.2.4.Q : What things would make little boys cry ? Little boys would cry if they ...
Technically it is the usba of either side who negotiate the marriage transactions; the woman's father's kindred is ... given the preference of many Tausug and some Sama for first-cousin marriage, incest (sumbang) at once inscribing and ...
MARRIAGE Tausug marriage involves a complex sequence of activities, of both a ritual and secular nature . ... Marriage Preferences The preferred marriage is between first cousins; the next preference is between second cousins ...
Like most Philippine ethnolinguistic groups, Tausug kinship was bilateral, emphasizing relationships derived from ... There was a tendency toward marriage within the kindred and a marked tendency toward preferential cousin marriage ...
