This article is about the 1999 film. For the franchise, seeTarzan. For the 1999 soundtrack, seeTarzan. For the video game, seeTarzan. For other uses, seeTarzan.
Pre-production ofTarzan began in 1995, with Lima selected as director[3] and Buck joining him the same year. Following Murphy's first draft, Tzudiker, White,Dave Reynolds, andJeffrey Stepakoff (the latter two of whom received additional screenplay credits in the final cut), were brought in to reconstruct the third act and add additional material to the screenplay. English recording artistPhil Collins was recruited to compose and record songs integrated with a score byMark Mancina. Meanwhile, the production team embarked on a research trip toUganda andKenya to study the gorillas. The animation of the film combines2D hand-drawn animation with the extensive use ofcomputer-generated imagery, and it was done inCalifornia,Orlando, andParis, with the pioneeringcomputer animation software system Deep Canvas being predominantly used to create three-dimensional backgrounds.
Tarzan premiered at theEl Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 12, 1999, and was released in the United States on June 18. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its voice performances, music, animation, and action sequences. Against a production budget of $130 million (then the most expensive traditionally animated film ever made untilTreasure Planet in 2002), the film grossed $448.2 million worldwide, becoming thefifth highest-grossing film of 1999, the second highest-grossing animated film of 1999 behindToy Story 2, and the first Disney animated feature to open at first place at the North American box office sincePocahontas (1995). It won theAcademy Award for Best Original Song ("You'll Be in My Heart" by Phil Collins). The film has led to many derived works, such as aBroadway adaptation, atelevision series, and twodirect-to-video followups,Tarzan & Jane (2002) andTarzan II (2005). Due to licensing issues withEdgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., the use of these characters is limited.[4]
In the 1890s, a British couple and their infant son are shipwrecked inEquatorial Africa. The couple build a treehouse, but are killed by aleopard namedSabor.Kala, a localgorilla whose son was also killed by Sabor, finds the human infant and adopts him, naming himTarzan.
As a 7-year-old child, Tarzan befriends Kala's niece Terk and the paranoidelephantTantor. Because of his different appearance and unorthodox behaviors, Tarzan finds himself treated differently by the other gorillas, and byKerchak, the troop's leader and Kala's mate. Tarzan makes valiant efforts to improve himself as he grows. Several years later, Sabor attacks the gorillas, but Tarzan kills it, gaining Kerchak's reluctant respect.
Meanwhile, British explorer Archimedes Q. Porter, his daughterJane, and their hunter escortWilliam Cecil Clayton arrive in Africa to study the gorillas. Jane accidentally becomes separated, and is chased bybaboons, until a curious Tarzan rescues her. After comparing her to himself, he realizes they are from the same species. Jane leads Tarzan back to their camp, where Porter and Clayton both take interest in him. The former in terms of scientific progress, while the latter hopes to have Tarzan lead the group to the gorillas. Despite Kerchak's warnings to avoid the strangers, Tarzan repeatedly returns to the camp. The Porters and Clayton teach him how to speak English, and tell him what the human world is like. Tarzan and Jane begin a romantic relationship, though Jane has difficulty convincing Tarzan to lead the humans to the gorillas, as Tarzan fears Kerchak's fury.
As the explorers ship returns to retrieve them, Jane asks Tarzan to travel toEngland with her. However, when she says it is unlikely they will return toAfrica, Tarzan tries persuading Jane to stay with him instead. Clayton tricks Tarzan into believing Jane will stay in Africa in exchange for her seeing the gorillas. Tarzan persuades Terk and Tantor to lure Kerchak away, and leads the trio to the nesting grounds. The Porters excitedly mingle with the gorillas, but Kerchak returns to attack the humans. Tarzan restrains Kerchak while the humans escape, disappointing Kerchak. Taking Tarzan to the treehouse where she found him, Kala reveals his heritage and says she wants him to be happy whatever he decides.
Tarzan boards the ship, accompanied by the Porters, but Clayton and his traitorous group of stowaway poachers ambush them. Now aware of the location of the nesting grounds, Clayton plans to capture and sell all the gorillas for a fortune, and imprisons Tarzan and the Porters to prevent their interference. Terk and Tantor hear Tarzan’s yell, and they head to the ship to free Tarzan. That night, Clayton and his henchmen arrive at the jungle and capture the gorillas, but Tarzan arrives with his friends just in time, rallying the other animals to free the gorillas and help fight Clayton's henchmen. Clayton fatally wounds Kerchak and enters therainforest canopy to fight Tarzan, but inadvertently falls and hangs himself on a vine. Before dying, Kerchak finally accepts Tarzan as his son and names him the gorilla troop's leader.
The next day, the Porters prepare to leave on the ship, while Tarzan stays behind with the gorillas. As the ship's rowboat leaves shore, Porter encourages his daughter to stay with the man she loves, and Jane jumps overboard, followed soon after by her father. The Porters reunite with Tarzan and his family and together they embark on a new life in the jungle.
Tony Goldwyn as Tarzan, a man raised by gorillas who finds his human roots.Glen Keane served as the supervising animator for Tarzan as an adult, while John Ripa animated Tarzan as an infant and a 7-year-old child. John Ripa studied the movements of young chimpanzees to use for young Tarzan's animation, while Glen Keane used movements of a gibbon for the animation of adult Tarzan. Keane also watched his son Max Keane skateboarding and snowboarding and referenced surfers' movements to animate the scenes where Tarzan slides across tree branches.[5]Brendan Fraser auditioned twice for the title character before portraying the lead role inGeorge of the Jungle (1997).[6] Goldwyn auditioned for the title role as well, and according to co-director Kevin Lima, Goldwyn landed it because of "the animal sense" in his readings, along with some "killer baboon imitations".[7]
Minnie Driver as Jane Porter, the eccentric, feisty, benevolent, and intelligent daughter of Professor Porter. She is the first of the group to encounter Tarzan and becomes his love interest. Ken Duncan served as the supervising animator for Jane. Many of Driver's mannerisms and characteristics were incorporated into Jane's animation. The scene where Jane describes meeting Tarzan for the first time to her father and Clayton was improvised by Driver, resulting in Duncan animating one of the longest animated scenes on record. The scene took 7 weeks to animate and 73 feet of film.[8]
Rosie O'Donnell as Terk (short for Terkina, a feminization of Terkoz merged with Teeka), Tarzan's best friend, a wisecrackinggorilla. She is also Kala and Kerchak's niece, making her and Tarzan adoptive cousins. Michael Surrey served as the supervising animator for Terk. The character was originally written as a male gorilla, but after O'Donnell's audition, Terk was re-characterized as a female.[9] Prior to changing Terk to a femaleChris Rock was offered the role, but turned it down.[10]
Glenn Close as Kala, Tarzan's adoptive mother, who found and raised him after losing her biological son to Sabor. She is also Kerchak's mate.Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Kala.
Brian Blessed as William Cecil Clayton, an intelligent and suave yet arrogant and treacheroushunter, who assists the Porters on their quest. Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator for Clayton, basing his design onClark Gable and other film stars of the 1930s and 40s. Blessed also provided the iconicTarzan yell for the title character.[11]
Lance Henriksen as Kerchak, Kala's mate and Tarzan's reluctant adoptive father, a silverback and leader of the gorilla troop, who struggles to accept Tarzan since he is a human.Bruce W. Smith served as the supervising animator for Kerchak.
Nigel Hawthorne as Professor Archimedes Q. Porter, an eccentric, short-statured scientist and Jane's father. Dave Burgess served as the supervising animator for Porter. This was one of Hawthorne's two final acting roles before his death in 2001. This is also the second Disney film Nigel starred in following his performance in the earlier Disney filmThe Black Cauldron (1985).
Bob Bergen as Vincent Snipes, Clayton's lead henchman.
Corey Burton as Butch Jones, one of Clayton's henchmen.
Disney'sTarzan was the firstTarzan film to be animated.[13]Thomas Schumacher, then-president ofWalt Disney Feature Animation, expressed surprise there had not been any previous attempts to animate aTarzan film, saying, "Here is a book that cries out to be animated. Yet we're the first filmmakers to have ever taken Tarzan from page to screen and presented the character as Burroughs intended." He noted that in animated form, Tarzan can connect to the animals on a deeper level than he can in live-action versions.[14]
In 1994, whenA Goofy Movie (1995) was nearly finished,Kevin Lima was approached to directTarzan by then-studio chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg. He had desired to have the film animated through theDisney Television Animation division with a new animation studio established inCanada. Lima was reluctant to the idea because of the animation complexities being done by inexperienced animators. Following Katzenberg's resignation from theWalt Disney Company, Lima was again contacted about the project byMichael Eisner, who decided to have the film produced through the Feature Animation division, by which Lima signed on.[15]
Following this, Lima decided to readTarzan of the Apes where he began to visualize the theme of two hands being held up against each other.[16] That image became an important symbol of the relationships between characters in the film, and a metaphor of Tarzan's search for identity. "I was looking for something that would underscore Tarzan's sense of being alike, yet different from his ape family", Lima said, "The image of touching hands was first conceived as an idea for how Tarzan realizes he and Jane are physically the same."[16]
Following his two-month study of the book, Lima approached his friend,Chris Buck, who had just wrapped up work as a supervising animator onPocahontas (1995), to ask if he would be interested in serving as co-director. Buck was initially skeptical but accepted after hearing Lima's ideas for the film.[17] By April 1995, theLos Angeles Times reported that the film was in its preliminary stages with Lima and Buck directing after Disney had obtained the story rights from the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs.[18]
Tab Murphy, who had just finished work onThe Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), was attracted to the theme of man-versus-nature inTarzan, and began developing atreatment in January 1995. For the third act, Murphy suggested that Tarzan should leave for England, as he did in the book, but the directors felt that it was incompatible with their central theme of what defines a family.[19] In order to keep Tarzan in the jungle, the third act needed to be restructured by redefining the role of the villain and inventing a way to endanger the gorillas. In this departure from Burroughs' novel, a villain named Clayton was created to serve as a guide for Professor Archimedes Q. Porter and his daughter, Jane.[20] In addition to this, Kerchak was re-characterized from a savage silverback into the protector of the gorilla tribe.[21]
In January 1997, husband-and-wife screenwriting duoBob Tzudiker andNoni White, two other writers ofThe Hunchback of Notre Dame, were hired to help refocus and add humor to the script as a way to balance the emotional weight of the film.[22] Comedy writerDave Reynolds was also brought on to write humorous dialogue for the film.[23] "I was initially hired on for six weeks of rewriting and punch-up", Reynolds said, "A year and a half later, I finished. Either they liked my work, or I was very bad at time management."[24] One challenge the writers faced was how Tarzan should learn about his past. "When Kala takes Tarzan back to the tree house, she is essentially telling him that he was adopted",Bonnie Arnold, the producer forTarzan, said, "This is necessitated by him encountering humans and recognizing he is one of them." As a way to explore the feelings in that scene, Arnold brought in adoptive parents to talk with the story team.[25]
The animators were split into two teams, one in Paris and one inBurbank. The 6000-mile distance and difference in time zones posed challenges for collaboration, especially for scenes with Tarzan and Jane.Glen Keane was the supervising animator for Tarzan at the Paris studio, while Ken Duncan was the supervising animator for Jane at the studio in Burbank. To make coordinating scenes with multiple characters easier, the animators used a system called a "scene machine" that could send rough drawings between the two animation studios.[26] Meanwhile, following production onMulan (1998), two hundred animators atWalt Disney Feature Animation Florida provided character animation and special effects animation where the filmmakers had to discuss their work through daily video conferences among the three studios.[27]
Keane was inspired to make Tarzan "surf" through the trees because of his son's interest in extreme sports, and he began working on a test scene. The directors expressed concern that Tarzan would be made into a "surfer dude".[28] In October 1996, Keane revealed the test animation to them, which they liked it enough that it was used during the "Son of Man" sequence, with movements inspired by skateboarderTony Hawk, who would later land the first900 at X Games V in 1999 in front of an ad for the film.[29][30] Although Keane initially thought that Tarzan would be easy to animate because he only wears aloincloth, he realized that he would need a fully working human musculature while still being able to move like an animal. To figure out Tarzan's movements, the Paris animation team studied different animals in order to transpose their movements onto him. They also consulted with a professor of anatomy. This resulted in Tarzan being the first Disney character to accurately display working muscles.[31]
To prepare for animating the gorillas, the animation team attended lectures on primates, made trips to zoos, and studied nature documentaries, with a group of animators also witnessing a gorilla dissection to learn about their musculature. In March 1996, the production team began a two-week safari in Kenya to take reference photographs and observe the animals. On the trip, they visitedBwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda to view mountain gorillas in the wild, and get inspiration for the setting.[32] In 2000, Chris Buck repeated the journey accompanied by journalists to promote the film's home video release.[33]
To create the sweeping 3D backgrounds,Tarzan's production team developed a 3D painting and rendering technique known asDeep Canvas (a term coined by artist/engineer Eric Daniels).[34] This technique allows artists to produceCGI backgrounds that look like a traditional painting, according to art directorDaniel St. Pierre.[34] (The software keeps track of brushstrokes applied in 3D space.)[34] For this advancement, theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded the creators ofDeep Canvas a Technical Achievement Award in 2003. AfterTarzan,Deep Canvas was used for a number of sequences inAtlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), particularly large panoramic shots of the island and several action sequences. Expanded to support moving objects as part of the background,Deep Canvas was used to create about 75 percent of the environments in Disney's next major animated action film,Treasure Planet (2002).
In 1995,Phil Collins was initially brought onto the project as a songwriter following a recommendation by Disney music executive Chris Montan. Early into production, directors Kevin Lima and Chris Buck decided not to follow Disney's musical tradition by having the characters sing. "I did not want Tarzan to sing", Lima stated, "I just couldn't see this half-naked man sitting on a branch breaking out in song. I thought it would be ridiculous."[6] Instead, Collins would perform the songs in the film serving as the narrator.[35][36] The choice of Collins, a popular and well establishedadult contemporary artist, led to comparisons withElton John's earlier music forThe Lion King (1994).[37]Tarzan was dubbed in thirty-five languages—the most for any Disney movie at the time,[38] and Collins recorded his songs in French, Italian, German, and Spanish for the dubbed versions of the film's soundtrack.[38][39] According to Collins, most of the songs he wrote forTarzan came from improvisation sessions and his reactions while reading the treatment. Three of the songs he wrote—"Son of Man", "Trashin' the Camp", and "Strangers Like Me"—were based on his initial impressions after he read the source material.[40] The other two songs were "You'll Be in My Heart", a lullaby sung to Tarzan by Kala (voiced by Glenn Close), and "Two Worlds", a song Collins wrote to serve as the anthem forTarzan.[41]
The instrumental scoring for the film was composed byMark Mancina, who had previously produced music forThe Lion King (1994), and themusical of the same name. Mancina and Collins worked closely to create music that would complement the film's setting and used many obscure instruments from Mancina's personal collection in the score.[42] "The idea of score and song arrangement came together as one entity, as Phil and I worked in tandem to create what's heard in the film", Mancina said.[42]
On June 12, 1999, the film premiered at theEl Capitan Theatre with the cast and filmmakers as attendees followed by a forty-minute concert with Phil Collins performing songs from the film.[43] On July 23, 1999, Disney launched adigital projection release ofTarzan released only in three theatrical venues includingWalt Disney World'sPleasure Island multiplex for three weeks. AlthoughStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace andAn Ideal Husband had been given earlier digital projection releases despite being shot onphotographic film,Tarzan was notable for being the first major feature release to have been produced, mastered, and projected digitally.[44][45]
Disney Consumer Products released a series of toys, books, and stuffed animals forTarzan, partnering withMattel to produce a line of plush toys and action figures.[46] Mattel also produced the Rad Repeatin' Tarzan action figure, but discontinued it after complaints regarding the toy's onanistic arm motions.[47] Continuing its advertising alliance withMcDonald's, its promotional campaign began on the film's opening day with several toys accompanied with Happy Meals and soda straws that replicated the Tarzan yell.[48] Disney also worked withNestle to createTarzan themed candies, including a banana-flavored chocolate bar.[49] In early 2000, Disney partnered again with McDonald's to release a set of eight Happy Meal toys as a tie-in for the film's home video.[50] They also offered Tarzan themed food options, such as banana sundaes and jungle burgers.[51]
On February 1, 2000, the film was released onVHS andDVD, as well as onLaserDisc on June 23, 2000, only in Japan, makingTarzan the last Disney animated feature to be released on the latter format.[52] The DVD version contained bonus material, including the "Strangers Like Me" music video, the making of "Trashin' the Camp" featuring Collins and'N Sync, and an interactive trivia game.[53] A 2-Disc Collector's Edition was released on April 18, 2000. It included an audio commentary track recorded by the filmmakers, behind-the-scenes footage, and supplements that detailed the legacy ofTarzan and the film's development.[54] TheseTHX certified DVD releases also featured a sneak peek forDinosaur (2000), and a DVD-ROM.[55] Both editions were placed inmoratorium on January 31, 2002, and placed back into theDisney Vault.[56] By January 2001, the film was the most successful home video release of 2000, earning retail revenues of $268 million.[57]
On October 18, 2005, Disney released theTarzan Special Edition on DVD.Tarzan's firstBlu-ray edition was released throughout Europe in early 2012, and on August 12, 2014, Disney released theTarzan Special Edition on Blu-ray, DVD, and Digital HD.[58][59]
Pre-release box office tracking indicated thatTarzan was appealing toall four major demographics noticeably for the first time for a Disney animated film sinceThe Lion King (1994).[60] The film was given a limited release on June 16, 1999,[1] and its wide release followed two days later in 3,005 screens. During the weekend of June 18–21,Tarzan grossed $34.1 million, ranking first at the box office aboveAustin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) andThe General's Daughter (1999).[61] At the time, it also ranked second behindThe Lion King (1994), which had earned $40.9 million, as the highest-earning box office opening for a Disney animated film.[62] In its second weekend, the film would drop into second place behindBig Daddy (1999), making $23.5 million.[63] By August 1999, the domestic gross was projected to approach $170 million.[64] Ultimately, the film closed its box office run earning $448.2 million worldwide.[1]
In the UK,Tarzan collected $5 million during its opening weekend, beating outAmerican Pie (1999),Deep Blue Sea (1999) andBowfinger (1999) to reach the number one spot at the box office.[65] It had the highest opening weekend for a traditionally animated film in the country, taking the previous record held byThe Lion King (1994).[65] The film also managed to earn $1.4 million in Sweden, making it the country's third-highest opening weekend in history, after the latter film andIndpendence Day (1996).[66] Then, it earned $7.2 million in France, making it the fourth-highest opening there, trailingStar Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999),Asterix & Obelix vs. Caesar (1999) andThe Visitors II: The Corridors of Time (1998).[67] Additionally, the film made $2.5 million in Spain, surpassingRansom (1996) as the country's highest opening weekend for any Disney film.[67]
Rotten Tomatoes reported that 90% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 158 reviews, with an average score of 7.7/10. The critical consensus reads that "Disney'sTarzan takes the well-known story to a new level with spirited animation, a brisk pace, and some thrilling action set-pieces."[68]Metacritic, which uses aweighted average, the film received a score of 80 based on 27 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[69] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[70]
Entertainment Weekly compared the film's advancement in visual effects to that ofThe Matrix, stating that it had "the neatest computer-generated background work since Keanu Reeves did the backstroke in slow motion". They elaborate by describing how the characters moved seamlessly through the backgrounds themselves, giving the film a unique three-dimensional feel that far surpassed the quality of previous live-action attempts.[71]Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, and he had similar comments about the film, describing it as representing "another attempt by Disney to push the envelope of animation", with scenes that "move through space with a freedom undreamed of in older animated films, and unattainable by any live-action process".[72] Awarding the film three stars,James Berardinelli wrote: "From a purely visual standpoint, this may be the most impressive of all of Disney's traditionally animated features. The backdrops are lush, the characters are well realized, and the action sequences are dizzying, with frequent changes of perspectives and camera angles. No conventional animated film has been this ambitious before."[73]Desson Howe, writing forThe Washington Post, claimed the film "isn't up there withAladdin,The Lion King andThe Little Mermaid, but it's easily above the riffraff ranks ofHercules andPocahontas".[74]Todd McCarthy ofVariety proved to be less amused by the animation, claiming it was "richly detailed and colorfully conceived, but the computer animation and graphics are often intermingled and combined in ways that are more distracting in their differences than helpful in their vividness".[75]
Lisa Schwarzbaum, who graded the film an A−, applauded the film as "a thrilling saga about a natural man, untainted by the complications of 'civilized' life, who can anticipate changes in the air by sniffing the wind — swings because the Disney team, having sniffed the wind, went out on a limb and kept things simple".[76] Peter Stack of theSan Francisco Chronicle admired the film for tackling "meanings of family relationships and ideas about society, guardianship and compassion" and "cunning and greed and the ultimate evil", as well as remaining faithful to Burroughs's original novel.[77]Kenneth Turan ofLos Angeles Times wrote that the "story unfolds with dangers as well as warm humor; a jungle jam session called 'Trashin' the Camp' is especially hard to resist. We may have seen it all before, but when it's done up like this, experiencing it all over again is a pleasure."[78]Janet Maslin, reviewing forThe New York Times, similarly opined that "Tarzan initially looks and sounds like more of the same, to the point where Phil Collins is singing the words 'trust your heart' by the third line of his opening song. But it proves to be one of the more exotic blooms in the Disney hothouse, what with voluptuous flora, hordes of fauna, charming characters and excitingly kinetic animation that gracefully incorporates computer-generated motion."[79]
TheRadio Times review was not as positive, stating the film "falls way short of Disney's best output" and featured "weak comic relief". The review concluded, "Lacking the epic sweep ofMulan orThe Lion King, and laced with feeble background songs from Phil Collins (inexplicably awarded an Oscar), this King of the Swingers may be merchandise-friendly, but it's no jungle VIP."[80] Michael Wilmington of theChicago Tribune, while giving the film three stars, wrote thatTarzan "lacks that special pizazz that the string of Disney cartoon features fromThe Little Mermaid throughThe Lion King all had". He found faults in the film's removal of all African characters, lack of romantic tension between Tarzan and Jane, and the songs by Phil Collins, comparing them unfavorably with Elton John's "showstoppers" forThe Lion King. He wrote "depriving the characters of big numbers weakens the movie".[81]
Ty Burr ofEntertainment Weekly gave the soundtrack a B−, stating that it was awkwardly split between Collins's songs and the traditional score, was burdened by too many alternate versions of the tracks, and in some instances bore similarities to the scores ofThe Lion King andStar Wars.[82]
A spin-offanimated series,The Legend of Tarzan, ran from 2001 to 2003. The series picks up where the film left off, with Tarzan adjusting to his new role as leader of the apes following Kerchak's death, and Jane (whom he has since married) adjusting to life in the jungle.
In July 1999, Disney announced that they were planning a sequel forTarzan.[96] In 2002,Tarzan & Jane was released as adirect-to-video sequel, withMichael T. Weiss replacing Goldwyn as the voice of Tarzan.Tarzan II, a direct-to-video follow-up, was released in 2005.
ABroadway musical produced byDisney Theatrical, also titledTarzan, began previews on March 24, 2006. It had an official opening night on May 10 of the same year. After running for over a year on Broadway, the show closed on July 8, 2007.[97]
FiveTarzan video games have been released on various platforms. Tarzan's home is also featured as a playable world, "Deep Jungle", in the 2002 gameKingdom Hearts, and in the 2013 HD remasterKingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix, in which Goldwyn and Blessed were the only actors from the film to reprise their roles, while Jane was voiced by Naia Kelly andAudrey Wasilewski reprised her role as Terk from the 1999 video game based on the film; Kerchak and Kala appeared, but were silent, while Tantor and Professor Porter were absent. The world was originally meant to return inKingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, but ultimately did not appear and has not appeared in any subsequentKingdom Hearts games.
Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. holds the rights ofTarzan[4] as the use of these characters are since limited. During the production ofHouse of Mouse episodes, crew members,Bobs Gannaway and Tony Craig, were forbidden to use these characters in the show, alongside restricting the use of other characters by different owners except only allowing original characters from theDisney canon.[98] Also regarding Burroughs' ownership, the characters are omitted fromDisney Emoji Blitz (app run byJam City).[99] TheTarzan's Treehouse attraction in the 2011 video gameKinect: Disneyland Adventures was also omitted due to licensing issues.
^ab"Creator Of Tarzan".Sunday Times (Perth). No. 2568. Western Australia. May 11, 1947. p. 23 (SUPPLEMENT TO THE SUNDAY TIMES). RetrievedApril 25, 2024 – via National Library of Australia. ,...Since 1923, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., has been sole owner and exploiter of Tarzan...
^abLawson, Terry (June 16, 1999)."'Tarzan' Yell".Knight-Ridder. Chicago Tribune.Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015.
^Natale, Richard (June 21, 1999)."A Bigger Swinger Hits Town".Los Angeles Times.Archived from the original on May 21, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015.
^Welkos, Robert (June 22, 1999)."Weekend Box Office".Los Angeles Times.Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015.
^Ebert, Roger (June 18, 1999)."Tarzan".Chicago Sun-Times.Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2015 – viaRogerEbert.com.
^"1999 Sierra Award Winners". Las Vegas Film Critics Society. December 13, 2021.Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. RetrievedJanuary 31, 2022.
^Kilmer, David (July 12, 1999)."TARZAN 2 is in the works".Animation World Network.Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. RetrievedFebruary 19, 2017.
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