Kingdom of Taraf তরফ রাজ্য
c. 1200–c. 1610
Syed Murad Ahmad's map of Chunarughat, main Taraf, denoting both its modern and historical sites.
Capital	Rajpur (1200–1304), Laskarpur (1304–1610)
Recognised national languages	Middle Bengali,Persian
Religion	Hinduism (1200–1304),Islam (1304–1610)
• 1240–1253	Epivishnu (first)
• 1253	Shandul
• 1253–1260	Bhadra Janardan
• 1260–1304	Achak Narayan
• 1304–	Syed Nasiruddin
• 1350s	Syed Sirajuddin
Historical era	Classical period
• Established	c. 1200
• Disestablished	c. 1610
Preceded by Succeeded by Gour Kingdom Twipra Kingdom Mughal Empire
Today part of	Bangladesh

Taraf (Bengali:তরফ/তরপ,romanized: Torof/Torop), previously known asTungachal (Bengali:তুঙ্গাচল,romanized: Tungachol), was a feudal territory of theSylhet region inBengal and was under manypetty kingdoms in different periods of time. It was part of what is present-dayHabiganj District in Bangladesh.

Tungachal became a part of Brahmachal in 1170 AD and was annexed back to theGour Kingdom in 1258 for a few years before being captured by theTwipra Kingdom.Gour Govinda, the king of Gour, would retake Tungachal in 1260. Following thecapture of Taraf in 1304, the area came under the rule ofSyed Nasiruddin and was renamed Taraf.^[1] The territory was transformed into a renowned centre of Islamic and linguistic education in theIndian subcontinent, hosting writers such as Syed Shah Israil, Syed Pir Badshah, and Syed Rayhan ad-Din.^[2][3][4][5] Taraf peacefully remained under the rule of Nasiruddin's descendants until the Twipra Kingdom conquered it. Not long after,Khwaja Usman would shortly take over Taraf until his defeat by theMughal Empire. The Mughals made use of the fortified territory in their future battles. Taraf remained as an administrativepargana up until thePartition of India in 1947.

The headquarters of the territory has always been within the modern-dayChunarughat Upazila. The majority of Tungachal was a part of the modern-dayHabiganj District and eastern borders of theMoulvibazar District. It was bounded by theTwipra Kingdom and Bejura pargana to the south, theBhanugach Hills to the east, andLakhai to the west. Following the establishment of Muslim rule, its territory was extended all the way south toSarail and west toJoanshahi.^[5][4]

Epivishnu is the earliest known ruler of this territory. He is considered to be aTripuri, though he was a feudal ruler under Raja Upananda of Brahmachal and not theTwipra Kingdom. He ruled from the capital at Rajpur (modern-day Bishgaon/Bishgram,Chunarughat). It is said that the entire territory was named Tungachal after the birth of his son, Prince Tungamadhav. Epivishnu appointed Bhadra Janardan to be his minister and Raghu to be the army commander.

After the murder of Raja Upananda and the capture of Brahmanchal byGovardhan of Gour, this meant that Tungachal was now also a part of Gour by default. Epivishnu - who was not given a choice - was effectively under the control ofAmar Singh, who was appointed by Govardhan to be in charge of Brahmanchal. Having close ties with the Brahmanchal rulers as well as theTwipra Kingdom, Epivishnu was adamant to Govardhan and Singh's amicable compromises. With Epivishnu refusing every pleasant proposal given to be a feudal ruler under Gour, Govardhan and Singh decided it was time that they dethrone Epivishnu and appoint someone else to govern Tungachal. The Gour forces entered Tungachal, and a battle emerged on the banks of the Ghungi Jurir Haor. Raja Epivishnu was murdered and his commander-in-chief General Raghu was kidnapped and taken as a captive back to Gour. Govardhan then appointed his second general, Shandul, to be the feudal ruler of Tungachal.

Ratan Manikya, king ofTwipra, was informed of the murder of Epivishnu, who was a close associate. Manikya decided that the Gour administration was going too far and decided to put a stop to Govardhan's craving to invade neighbouring kingdoms. He sent a contingent towards Brahmanchal to attackAmar Singh. Singh's forces were outnumbered, and requested assistance from Govardhan. However, Govardhan was unable to help, as Gour was facing an invasion in the north from theJaintia Kingdom. Singh was killed by the Twipra forces, and the Kuki chiefs saw this as an opportunity for them to annex Brahmanchal to theTwipra Kingdom.Jaidev Rai, son of the minister of Raja Upananda, who was the king of Brahmanchal before Amar Singh, was made the feudal ruler under the Twipras. They then proceeded to Tungachal in an attempt to dethrone Shandul. In fright, Shandul fled Tungachal for Gour, thus enabling the Twipras to bloodlessly annex Tungachal to its kingdom as well. Epivishnu's minister, Bhadra Janardan, was appointed as the feudal ruler of Tungachal under the Twipra Kingdom, as Epivishnu's son, Tungamadhav, was still a child.^[6]

Tungachal continued to be governed by Janardan as a part of Raja Ratan Manikya'sTwipra Kingdom up until the ascension of RajaGovinda of Gour. By making peace with Ratan Manikya of Tripura and gifting him an elephant, Govinda was able to gain Tungachal back to Gour administration. Govinda's close friend Achak Narayan gained the respect of the Tungachal royal family by marrying the eight-year-old Princess Lalasa Devi. Through this marriage, Narayan was able to rightfully become the ruler of Tungachal, dismissing Bhadra Janardan, the former minister of Epivishnu. Narayan was a feudal ruler under Gour, with his sister, Hiravati, being married toGour Govinda.^[7]

There was also a minority of Muslim families who migrated to Tungachal, following the short-livedAzmardan Expedition in 1254 led by the Governor of Bengal,Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak.^[8] Qazi Nuruddin, a rich cultivator, celebrated his son's marriage ceremony by slaughtering a cow for them to eat. Achak Narayan, in a fury for what he saw as sacrilege due to hisHindu beliefs, sentenced Nuruddin to death.Burhanuddin, a man punished byGovinda of Gour for also slaughtering a cow, as well as Nuruddin's brother, Halimuddin, travelled to lower Bengal, where they addressed their issues with SultanShamsuddin Firoz Shah of Lakhnauti.

In 1303, forces led bySikandar Khan Ghazi andShah Jalal defeatedGovinda at Gour, annexing it toShamsuddin Firuz Shah's sultanate. Govinda then fled with his family to Hurong Harong cave in Mulnicherra. He then went to the shrine of Grivakali, where he left his aunt, Apurna, and his cousinGaruda and Garuda's wife, Shantipriya, in the care of the priest. Garuda, Apurna, and Shantipriya, taking shelter at Grivakali shrine, then decided to head off to Tungachal. However, they were caught by Subid, a rebel from the time ofRaja Govardhan, who informed the Muslims of their actions, leading to Garuda's boat being followed by the Muslims. Out of embarrassment, Garuda appeared to commit suicide, jumping off the boat at PuniBeel. The boatmen, however, continued taking Apurna and Shantipriya to Tungachal, eventually finding refuge with Achak Narayan. They made a vow in the Tunganath Shiva temple to fast for ninety days, hoping for safety.^[7]

Following the successful Islamicconquest of Gour,Syed Nasiruddin, SultanShamsuddin Firuz Shah's commander-in-chief, set off on an expedition to Tungachal in 1304. Nasiruddin arrived accompanied by 12saints, and they camped in a place now known as Laskarpur.^[9] One of the saints, Majlis Amin, built theShankarpasha Shahi Masjid. Achak Narayan was defeated and fled with his family toMathura. Following a victory, Tungachal was annexed toShamsuddin Firuz Shah's sultanate and renamed Taraf.

Syed Nasiruddin became the effective leader of Taraf, and his descendants continued to rule there. The capital would be shifted from Rajpur to Laskarpur. Nasiruddin's son, Syed Sirajuddin, would succeed him. Sirajuddin had two sons: Syed Musafir and Syed Faqir.

The elder son, Musafir, would succeed him as the ruler of Taraf. Musafir had four sons: Khudawand, Ismail, Sulayman, and Ibrahim. Taraf was transformed into an esteemed centre of study inthe subcontinent. This is evident with the famous proverb associated with Taraf;

জায়গার নাম তরফ, ঘরে ঘরে হরফ
Jaygar naam Torof, ghore ghore horof

Translated, this means "The place is named Taraf,letters in every house".^[2][3][4][5]Syed Ibrahim was an Islamic scholar who was recognised byDelhi emperors and granted land inSonargaon, where he moved to in his later life. Syed Khudawand had three sons: Mikail, Israil, and Sayef. Syed Israil wrote thePersian bookMa'dan al-Fawaid in 1534 and is considered to be theSylhet region's first author.^[10] Mikail became the effective ruler of Taraf after his father, Khudawand, and he had four sons: Nazir Khan, Abbas, Musa, and Mina. There are claims that Syed Mina is the same person asSyed Sultan, although the dates do not seem to add up. Khudawand's grandson Syed Qalandar married the daughter of Sultan Bazid ofPratapgarh.^[11]

Syed Musa was the successor of Syed Mikail, and his reign marked the end of the Syed dynasty of Taraf. It was also during his rule that theBengal Sultanate fell in 1576, leading the nobles of Bengal to become fiercely independent local rulers forming an anti-Mughal confederacy known as theBaro-Bhuiyans.

Amar Manikya of theManikya dynasty ofTwipra, just south of Taraf, was digging a tank, now known as Amar Sagar, in his capital atUdaipur for religious reasons.^[14] He demanded that various chieftains supply labour for this task and pay tribute to Twipra.^[15][16] TheRajmala chronicles highlight all the donations provided by theBaro-Bhuiyans, numbering at least over 500 labourers. Syed Musa was the only ruler to refuse to accept such subordination, as he viewed Taraf to be an independent principality. This angered Amar Manikya, and he sent his son, PrinceRajdhar, to deal with him. Musa called upon Fateh Khan, a Baro-Bhuyanzamindar ofSylhet, who came to his aid. In 1581, a battle took place in the village of Jilkua inChunarughat.Isa Khan was appointed as Manikya's naval commander. TheTripuris were victorious, and Syed Musa and his son Syed Adam were taken as prisoners. Syed Musa was imprisoned in Udaipur, but Adam was eventually set free.^[17] The Twipra army then proceeded toGudhrail, via Dinarpur and theSurma River, where they defeated Fateh Khan with the help of their elephants. Khan was captured and transported to Udaipur via Dulali and Ita.^[13] He was treated well and later released.Amar Manikya was very proud of the successful conquest of Taraf and even minted a coin referring to himself as theConqueror of Sylhet. This coin was in the possession ofBir Bikram Kishore Debbarman in the 20th century.^[12]

Some historians suggest that Syed Musa of Taraf is the same person as the Syed Musa of Arakan. They claim that Musa was appointed as a minister in the Arakanese court, and it was under his patronage thatAlaol completedSaiful Mulk Badi Uzzamal. Ayesha A. Irani, a scholar of early modern Islamic Bangla literature, has argued against this theory on the grounds that the dates do not match up.^[18]

Mughal conquest of Taraf
Date 1610 Location Fort of Taraf Result Mughal victory Territorial changes Taraf annexed toMughal Empire
Belligerents
Eastern Afghan Confederates in Taraf	Mughal Empire (Bengal Subah)
Commanders and leaders
Khwaja Usman Khwaja Mumriz  Khwaja Malhi  Baaz †	Jahangir Islam Khan I Haji Shamsuddin Baghdadi Mirza Saqi Baqi Pattani
Taraf chiefs escape toUsmangarh (Uhar)

Although theBengal Sultanate was defeated, theMughal Empire took a very long time to defeat the local chieftains across Bengal. Many rebellious Afghans led byKhwaja Usman migrated to theSylhet region as it was seen as a safe zone for them due to the strong insurgency of rebellious chieftains. Usman managed to gain control of Taraf and then appointed his brother Khwaja Malhi and his son Khwaja Mumriz to govern the territory, in which they built a lofty fort. After the capture ofBaniachong,Islam Khan I, theSubahdar ofBengal, then appointed Haji Shamsuddin Baghdadi and the three brothers, Mirza Saqi, Baqi, and Pattani, to carry out a campaign against Malhi and Mumriz of Taraf and Pahlawan of Matang. He ordered Shamsuddin to build a fort in between Matang and Taraf. The Mughal forces reached the location in a few days and raised a strong, deeply-trenched fort. They plundered the neighbouring villages surrounding the fort. News of this reached Malhi and Mumriz, who decided to get ready for a battle. Leaving a small garrison at their own fort at Taraf, they set off on an expedition to attack the Mughal fort. They started marching at midday and reached the fort the next morning after sixpahars. TheBaharistan-i-Ghaibi highlights the terror experienced by the Mughal forces in this battle and mentions that it reminded them of theDay of Resurrection. The Mughals launched arrows and cannonballs from their fort, showering them over the Afghans. The Afghans managed to charge in unison, behind awar elephant named Baaz, towards the gate of the fort. In the midst of the battle, the front and back drivers of Baaz were killed and lay wounded. Shamsuddin then emerged from the left trench and managed to close off the fort gate with his soldiers. They then killed the elephant. The Afghans offered ahand-fight to which they were driven out.^[19]

The Afghans entered the fort two more times and were driven out again and again. In the fourth assault, the Afghans were finally defeated, and they fled toKhwaja Usman, who was at Uhar, thus leading to a Mughal victory and establishing Mughal rule in Taraf.^[19][20]

Taraf was incorporated into the Sarkar of Sylhet. The Mughals made use of the fort at Taraf, often camping whilst on expeditions to defeat other rebellious chieftains such as Pahlawan of Matang andBayazid Karrani II of Sylhet. During the expedition against the latter, the Mughal forces camped at Taraf for one day, in which they were given the news of the birth of a son of Mirza Nathan, a Mughal officer. Ihtimam Khan's camp was joyous of this occasion, and Ihtimam celebrated by bringing out two of his strongest elephants to fight each other outside the fort of Taraf.^[19] In the final expedition againstKhwaja Usman at Uhar, Shuja'at Khan rested at the fort of Taraf for a day and left a garrison there before proceeding.Mukarram Khan was briefly the Sardar of Sylhet in 1617 before being replaced byMirak Bahadur Jalair at Sylhet andSulayman Banarsi at Taraf and Uhar. Banarsi died in 1620, and Taraf was then governed by his son, who was most probably Tufan Bahadur.^{[19][21][22][23]}

The Syeds remained influential zamindars in Taraf despite the Mughal rule. Syed Nurul Hasan (better known as Syed Shah Nuri), son of Syed Musa, gained permission from the emperor to separate from Taraf and form his ownpargana, known as Nurul Hasan Nagar, with Pail Haveli as its headquarters. His son, Syed Pir Badshah, was the writer ofGanj-e-Taraz and thedargah at Pail holds his tomb along with the descendants of this Pail branch of the Syeds of Taraf.^{[citation needed]}

With the establishment of theEast India Company and later theBritish Raj, Taraf continued to exist as apargana, or fiscal division, within Sylhet. Its area was 79.65 square miles, consisted of 1601 estates, and had a land revenue of £4400 as of 1875. The Nurul Hasannagarpargana was 4.89 square miles, consisted of 70 estates, and had a land revenue of £2788.^[24]

The erstwhile Zamindar of Taraf, Syed Riyazur Rahman, was granted the title ofChowdhury by theMughal emperorShah Alam II in 1770. During the rebellion ofAgha Muhammad Reza in 1799 near Sylhet, Reza invited other local zamindars to also rebel against the British colonials. Riyazur Rahman, who opposed the forced taxing of the natives introduced by the British, initiated a rebellion in Taraf but was shortly suppressed.^[25]

• Laur Kingdom

• Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2006) [1917],Srihatter Itibritta: Uttarrangsho (in Bengali), Kolkata: Basanti Press

• Habiganj District
• History of Sylhet

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