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Tantamani

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Egyptian pharaoh of the 25th dynasty

Tenutamun

Statue of Kushite ruler and lastpharaoh of the25th Dynasty, Tantamani (Louvre Museum, reconstruction through color-pigment analysis)

Pharaoh

Reign

664-656 BC

Predecessor

Taharqa

Successor

Psamtik I (in Egypt) andAtlanersa (in Nubia)

Royal titulary

Horus name

Wahmerut
wꜣḥ-mrwt

Praenomen

Bakare
bꜣ-kꜣ-Rˁ

Nomen

Tanetamun
tꜣnwꜣtj-jmn

Consort

Piankharty, [..]salka, possiblyMalaqaye

Children

PossiblyAtlanersa, Queen Yeturow, Queen Khaliset

Father

Shabaka (orShebitku?)

Mother

QueenQalhata

Died

653 BC

Dynasty

25th dynasty

Tantamani (Ancient Egyptian:tnwt-jmn;Neo-Assyrian Akkadian:𒁹𒌨𒁕𒈠𒉌𒂊,romanized: Tanṭammanē;^[1]Ancient Greek:Τεμένθης,romanized: Teménthēs), also known asTanutamun orTanwetamani (d. 653 BC) was ruler of theKingdom of Kush located in NorthernSudan, and the lastpharaoh of theTwenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Hisprenomen or royal name wasBakare, which means "Glorious is the Soul ofRe."^[2]

Filiation

[edit]

He was the son of KingShabaka and the nephew of his predecessorTaharqa.^[3] In some Egyptological literature he is identified as the son ofShebitku.^[4] Assyrian records call Tantamani a son of Shabaka and refer to his mother,Qalhata, as a sister of Taharqa. Some Egyptologists interpreted the Assyrian text as stating that Tantamani was a son of Shebitku, but it is now more common to consider Tantamani a son of Shabaka.^[5]

Kushite Monarchs andRulers
Part ofa series on

Main Topics Main article Kandake Kingdom of Kush Nubia Pharaoh Qore Viceroy
Viceroys atKerma Si-Tayit Turo Seni Penre Amenemnekhu Nehi Usersatet Amenhotep Merymose Tuthmose Amenhotep called Huy Paser I Amenemopet Yuny Heqanakht Paser II Huy Setau Anhotep Mernudjem Khaemtir Messuy Seti Hori I Hori II Siese Nahihor Wentawat Ramessesnakht Pinehesy Setmose Piankh Akheperre Pamiu I
Napatan Alara Kashta Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani Atlanersa Senkamanisken Anlamani Aspelta
Early Meroitic Aramatleqo Malonaqen Analmaye Amaninatakilebte Piankhariten Karkamani Amaniastabarqa Siaspiqa Nasakhma Malewiebamani Talakhamani Amanineteyerike Baskakeren Harsiotef Akhraten Amanibakhi Nastasen Aktisanes Aryamani Kash(...)amani Arikepiankhiqo Sabrakamani
Late Meroitic Arakamani Amanislo Amantekha Arnekhamani Arqamani Adikhalamani Tabirqo Nahirqo Tanyidamani Pakhedateqo Naqyrinsan Teriteqas Amanirenas Amanishakheto Shanakdakhete Nawidemak Amanikhabale Natakamani Amanitore Shorkaror Amanikhareqerem Amanitenmemide Amanikhatashan Tarekeniwal Amanikhalika Aritenyesbokhe Amanitaraqide Amanikhedolo Takideamani Mashadakhel Teqorideamani Tamelerdeamani Talakhidamani Aryesbokhe Yesebokheamani Patrapeamani Amanipilade
Category
v t e

Conflict with Ashurbanipal of Assyria

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Main article:Assyrian conquest of Egypt

Portrait of Tantamani,Sudan National Museum.

Ashurbanipal's account of his Second Campaign in Egypt against Tantamani (*"Urdamanee"/ "Ruddamon"*), in theRassam cylinder

Soon after theAssyrians had appointedNecho I as king and left, Tantamani invaded Egypt in hopes of restoring his family to the throne. Tantamani marched down theNile from Nubia and reoccupied all of Egypt, includingMemphis. Necho I, and the Assyrians' representative were killed in Tantamani's campaign.

This led to a renewed conflict withAshurbanipal in 663 BCE. The Assyrians led by Ashurbanipal returned to Egypt in force. Together withPsamtik I's army, which includedCarian mercenaries, they fought a pitched battle in north Memphis, close to the temple ofIsis, between theSerapeum andAbusir. Tantamani was defeated and fled toUpper Egypt. Forty days after the battle, Ashurbanipal's army arrived inThebes. Tantamani had already left the city for Kipkipi, a location that remains uncertain but might beKom Ombo, some 200 km (120 mi) south of Thebes.^[6]^: 265 The city of Thebes was conquered, "smashed (as if by) a floodstorm" and heavily plundered in theSack of Thebes.^[7] The event is not mentioned in Egyptian sources, but is known from the Assyrian annals,^[8] which report that the inhabitants were deported. The Assyrians took a large booty of gold, silver, precious stones, clothes, horses, fantastic animals, as well as two obelisks covered inelectrum weighing 2.500talents (c. 75.5 tons, or 166,500 lb):^[7]

Capture of Memphis by the Assyrians in 663 BCE.

This city, the whole of it, I conquered it with the help of Ashur and Ishtar. Silver, gold, precious stones, all the wealth of the palace, rich cloth, precious linen, great horses, supervising men and women, two obelisks of splendid electrum, weighing 2,500 talents, the doors of temples I tore from their bases and carried them off to Assyria. With this weighty booty I left Thebes. Against Egypt and Kush I have lifted my spear and shown my power. With full hands I have returned to Nineveh, in good health.

— Rassam cylinder of Ashurbanipal^[9]

The sack of Thebes was a momentous event that reverberated throughout theAncient Near East. It is mentioned in theBook of Nahum chapter 3:8-10:

Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were bound in chains

A prophecy in theBook of Isaiah^[10] refers to the sack as well:

Just as my servant Isaiah has gone stripped and barefoot for three years, as a sign and portent against Egypt and Cush, so the king of Assyria will lead away stripped and barefoot the Egyptian captives and Cushite exiles, young and old, with buttocks bared—to Egypt's shame. Those who trusted in Cush and boasted in Egypt will be dismayed and put to shame.

The Assyrian reconquest effectively ended Nubian control over Egypt, although Tantamani's authority was still recognised in Upper Egypt until his 8th Year in 656 BCE, whenPsamtik I's navy peacefully took control of Thebes and effectively unified all of Egypt. These events marked the start of theTwenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt.

Later rule

[edit]

Thereafter, Tantamani ruled only Nubia (Kush). He died in 653 BC and was succeeded byAtlanersa, a son of Taharqa. He was buried in the family cemetery atEl-Kurru. The archaeologistCharles Bonnet discovered the statue of Tantamani atKerma (now called Doukki Gel) in 2003.^[11]

Tomb in El-Kurru

[edit]

The tomb of Tantamani was located below a pyramid, now disappeared, at the site ofEl-Kurru. Only the entrance and the chambers remain, which are beautifully decorated with mural paintings.

Exterior of the Nubian tomb of Tantamani.^[12]
Portrait of Tantamani in his tomb inEl-Kurru
Tomb of the pyramid of Tantamani, at the site ofEl-Kurru
Burial Chamber of Tantamani
Tomb of Tantamani
Burial Chamber of Tantamani
Tomb of Tantamani

Artifacts

[edit]

King Tantamani,National Museum of Sudan
Statue of Tantamani,Kerma Museum
Yet another statue of Tantamani,Kerma Museum
Tanotamun portrait in Kerma Museum
Tantamani, in profile. Kerma Museum
Tantamani statue,Toledo Museum of Art
Painting of Tantamani, inThebes
Statuette of godAmon dedicated by Tantamani
Head ofAmon-Ram dedicated by Tantamani,Musée du Louvre
Stele of the Dream by Tantamani, Jebel Barkal, Sudan
Stele of the Dream, Tantamani making offerings to Egyptian Gods
Prenomen and Nomen of Tantamani

References

[edit]

^"URdammaniʾ [TANUTAMON, PHARAOH OF EGYPT] (RN)".Oracc: The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus.
^Clayton, Peter A. (1994).Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 190.ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
^Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson.ISBN 0-500-05128-3.
^Dunham, Dows; Macadam, M. F. Laming (1949). "Names and Relationships of the Royal Family of Napata".Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.35:139–149.doi:10.1177/030751334903500124.JSTOR 3855222.S2CID 192423817.
^Morkot, R. G. (2000).The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers. The Rubicon Press.ISBN 0-948695-23-4.
^Kahn, Dan'el (2006). "The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 B.C.) and the Final Expulsion of the Kushites".Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur.34:251–267.JSTOR 25157757.
^^a ^bKahn 2006, p. 265.
^Robert G. Morkot:The Black Pharaohs, Egypt's Nubian Rulers, LondonISBN 0948695234, p. 296
^Ashurbanipal (auto) biography cylinder, c. 668 BCE; in James B. Pritchard, ed.,Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement (Princeton UP, 1950/1969/2014), 294-95.ISBN 9781400882762. Translated earlier in John Pentland Mahaffy et al., eds.,A History of Egypt,3 (London: Scribner, 1905), 307. Google Books partial-view: books.google.com/books?id=04VUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307; and E. A. Wallis Budge,A History of Ethiopia: Volume I, Nubia and Abyssinia (London: Taylor & Francis, 1928/2014),38.ISBN 9781317649151.
^20:3-5
^"Digging into Africa's past". Archived fromthe original on November 11, 2007.
^"Sudan National Museum".sudannationalmuseum.com.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Taharqa	Pharaoh of Egypt 664 – 656 BC	Succeeded by Psamtik I
King of Kush 664 – 653 BC	Succeeded by Atlanersa

v t e Kushite monarchs and rulers
Main topics	Main article Qore Kandake Kingdom of Kush Nubia Pharaoh Viceroy
Viceroys atKerma	Si-Tayit Turo Seni Penre Amenemnekhu Nehi Usersatet Amenhotep Merymose Tuthmose Amenhotep called Huy Paser I Amenemopet Yuny Heqanakht Paser II Huy Setau Anhotep Mernudjem Khaemtir Messuy Seti Hori I Hori II Siese Nahihor Wentawat Ramessesnakht Pinehesy Setmose Piankh Akheperre Pamiu I
Napatan	Alara Kashta Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani Atlanersa Senkamanisken Anlamani Aspelta
Early Meroitic	Aramatle-qo Malonaqen Analmaye Amaninatakilebte Piankhariten Karkamani Amaniastabarqa Siaspiqa Nasakhma Malewiebamani Talakhamani Amanineteyerike Baskakeren Harsiotef Akhraten Amanibakhi Nastasen Aktisanes Aryamani Kash(...)amani Arikepiankhiqo Sabrakamani
Late Meroitic	Arakamani Amanislo Amantekha Arnekhamani Arqamani Adikhalamani Tabirqo Nahirqo Tanyidamani Pakhedateqo Naqyrinsan Teriteqas Amanirenas Amanishakheto Shanakdakhete Nawidemak Amanikhabale Natakamani Amanitore Shorkaror Amanikhareqerem Amanitenmemide Amanikhatashan Tarekeniwal Amanikhalika Aritenyesbokhe Amanitaraqide Amanikhedolo Takideamani Mashadakhel Teqorideamani Tamelerdeamani Talakhidamani Aryesbokhe Yesebokheamani Patrapeamani Amanipilade
Category

Pharaohs

Protodynastic toFirst Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Protodynastic
(pre-3150 BC)

Lower	Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Wash
Upper	A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Bull Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes

Early Dynastic
(3150–2686 BC)

I	Narmer /Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird
II	Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy

Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)

III	Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni
IV	Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis
V	Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas
VI	Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer

1^st Intermediate
(2181–2040 BC)

VII/VIII	Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu
IX	Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep
X	Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare

Middle Kingdom andSecond Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Middle Kingdom
(2040–1802 BC)

XI	Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV
Nubia	Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre
XII	Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu^♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra

2^nd Intermediate
(1802–1550 BC)

XIII	Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV	Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har
XV	Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi
XVI	Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre
Abydos	Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib
XVII	Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose

New Kingdom andThird Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs (male female^♀) uncertain

New Kingdom
(1550–1070 BC)

XVIII	Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut^♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten^♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb
XIX	Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret^♀
XX	Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII

3^rd Intermediate
(1069–664 BC)

XXI	Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun	Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre
XXII	Shoshenq I Osorkon I Heqakheperre Shoshenq IIa Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb Maatkheperre Shoshenq IIc Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami I Shoshenq V
Lines of XXII/XXIII	Harsiese Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini Iuput II of Leontopolis Peftjauawybast of Herakleopolis Nimlot I of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat of Hermopolis Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis
XXIII	Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III
XXIV	Tefnakht Bakenranef
XXV	Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun

Late toRoman Period(664 BC–313 AD)

Period

Dynasty	Pharaohs male female^♀ uncertain

Late
(664–332 BC)

XXVI	Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
XXVII	Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II
XXVIII	Amyrtaeus
XXIX	Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis
XXX	Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II
XXXI	Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III