Tambralinga Tāmbraliṅga | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 2nd century CE–1277 | |||||||||||||
 Tambralinga at their largest extent in 1244 after the Sri Lankan conquest | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Nakhon Si Thammarat (on theMalay Peninsula) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Khmer,Sanskrit | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Hinduism,Buddhism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||
• 1230–1262 | Chandrabhanu | ||||||||||||
• 1263–1272 | Sri Dharmasokaraja V | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| c. 2nd century CE | |||||||||||||
| 927 | |||||||||||||
• First mentioned in medieval Chinese sources | 970 | ||||||||||||
| 775–969 | |||||||||||||
• Late Independent | 970–1277 | ||||||||||||
| 1003 | |||||||||||||
| 1025 | |||||||||||||
• Vassal ofPagan? | 1060 or 1130 – 1176 | ||||||||||||
• Tambralinga invadedSri Lanka | 1247 | ||||||||||||
• Fall of Tambralinga | 1277 | ||||||||||||
• Refounded and becameNakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom | 1278 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | Thailand,Malaysia | ||||||||||||
Tambralinga orHo-ling[4]: 182–4 was anIndianised kingdom located on theMalay Peninsula (primarily in modern-daySouthern Thailand), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE.[1][2]: 19 It possibly was under the influence ofSrivijaya for some time,[a] but later became independent from it or were generally allies rather than conqueror and vassal.[2]: 23 The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga asNakhon Si Thammarat (Nagara Sri Dharmaraja). InSanskrit andPrakrit,tām(b)ra means "copper", "copper-coloured" or "red" andlinga means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing the divine energy ofShiva.[5][6]
Tambralinga first sent an embassy to China under theSong dynasty in 1001. In the 12th century it may or may not have been under thesuzerainty of the BurmesePagan Kingdom and a kingdom of Sri Lanka.[7] At its height in the mid-13th century, under KingChandrabhanu, Tambralinga was independent, regrouping and consolidating its power and even invading Sri Lanka.[8] By the end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history asNakhon Si Thammarat, under the suzerainty of the TaiSukhothai Kingdom.[9]
In his 13th-century workZhu Fan Zhi, Chinese historianZhao Rugua mentions the stateDanmaling (Tan-ma-ling,單馬令), describing it as a vassal of Srivijaya.[a] WhetherDanmaling can be identified with Tambralinga is dubious;[10] sinologistRoderich Ptak proposes instead to locate it in theTembeling region ofPahang.[11] In contrast, theSung shih gives an account of Tambralinga under the name ofTan-mei-liu, and says Tambralinga seems to have been a dependency of theKhmer Empire during all the reigns ofJayavarman VII (r.1181–1218).[12]: 291
An indigenous source of Tambralinga history is an inscription dating to 1183, written inOld Khmer, engraved on the base of a bronze Buddha statue found at Wat Hua Wiang inChaiya District,Surat Thani Province. It gives an impression of the political situation of Tambralinga in the late-twelfth century.[13] Another important source is a Sanskrit inscription ascribed to KingChandrabhanu of Tambralinga, dated 1230. It gives the king the epithet "Śrī Dharmarāja", which is an evidence for the identification of Tambralinga with Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nagara Śrī Dharmarāja in Sanskrit).[14][15]
Present-peninsular Thailand has long been considered an important area in social interaction as the gateway between theSouth China Sea and theIndia Ocean since the protohistoric period (c. 500 BCE–500 CE).[2]: 1 Hermann Kulke (1990) suggests that complex pre-Indianizedpolitical entities in present-day peninsular Thailand existed before the first millennium CE and developed to the centralized polities around the mid-first millennium CE through theIndianization,[2]: 7, 71 by adopting Indic ideologies to extent the power as well as institutionalizing god-king statuses and dynamic traditions.[16]: 238–240 Tambralinga was one of the significant centralized polities in the area that was mentioned in Indian literature of the 2nd century CE.[17]: 183 Previous scholars assume that Tambralingawas situated near modernNakhon Si Thammarat or Ligor, based on text given in the inscription No. 28 found in Phra Maha That temple at the center of modern Nakhon Si Thammarat, engraved withPallava scripts inSanskrit language dated to the 5th century CE.[2]: 19
However, based on Chinese chronicles and ignored local inscriptions, some academics are inclined to believe that the beginning of Tambralinga as an autonomous polity dates to the 10th or 11th century instead, and before that date, it was overshadowed by the northern neighborPan Pan centered at the area around theBay of Bandon in present-day Thailand'sSurat Thani province.[2]: 20
The region was under the domination first ofFunan and then ofChenla from the beginning of the 3rd century until it was conquered bySrivijaya in the latter part of the 8th.[12]: 284
The ChineseSonghuiyaogao chronicle mentions a country namedDanliumei(Tan-liu-mei), stating many details during the period from 970 to 1070. It gives the impression that the kingdom was an independent state at that time, sending embassies to the court of China under theSong dynasty in 1001, 1016 and 1070.Danliumei is assumed to be a Chinese rendering ofTambralinga, the location of that state however is not precisely described. The chronicle ofMa Duanlin and theSongshi, mention similarly named states,Zhoumeiliu(Chou-mei-liu) andDanmeiliu(Tan-liu-mei) respectively, that are also reported to have sent their first mission to China in 1001, which makes it likely that they refer to the same state.[18]
In this era, Tambralinga consisted of five main mandalas located on the bank of Khlong Tha Khwai, Khlong Tha Chieo – Tha Thon, Khlong Tha Lat, Maying River, and the largest one on the Haad Sai Keao dune, which was speculated to be the center of Tambralinga.[2]: 125 Each of these mandalas formed by several communities in the surrounding area with the shrine of the most sacred site be the center and were connected with other mandalas by waterways and land paths.[2]: 124 Vaishnavism was the prominent belief system unlikeDvaravati incentral Thailand andKorat plateau whereHinayanaBuddhism was dominant.[2]: 97–98 The kings of Tambralinga were institutionalized as Siva-king but the king's power was probably shared by administrative subordinates and his kinship groups.[2]: 131
The region began receiving the immigrants of theMon people around the 7th century.[19]: 36 According to the legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phraya Sri Thammasokaraj or Norabadi (พญาธรรมาโศกราช[b];พญานรบดี) from theMon'sHanthawaddy,[20][23] together with his younger brother named Dharanont (ธรนนท์), brought their relatives and 30,000 soldiers, along with two Monks Phra Phutthakhamphien (พระพุทธคัมเภียร) and Phra Phutthasakon (พระพุทธสาคร), moved south to settle in Khao Chawa Prab (เขาชวาปราบ) in present-dayKrabi Province and later relocated to establishNakhon Si Thammarat.[20]
During the 10th–11th centuries, after gaining independence fromSrivijaya by the liberation of King Sujita,[12]: 295 Tambralinga was very strong politically and economically since it sent several missions to the Chinese court and even supported the troops to conquer theLavo Kingdom[3] as well as seizing the throne of theAngkor, two of the greatmandalas in that period.[2]: 23
The origin ofSujita (Jivakas) remains unclear.Cœdès interprets the term “Jivakas” to mean Javanese (Javaka), indicating the king’s lineage as a native Javanese-Malay descended from theSrivijaya dynasty centered onJava. Meanwhile, Pierre Dupont argues that Jivakas was likely ofAngkorian descent, or at least his wife must have been an Angkor princess. Dupont additionally comments that to avoid the loss of Angkorian influences over Lavo in the925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars, Sujita moved the troops north to occupy theLavo before it was taken by theMon'sHaripuñjaya.[24] However, Dupont's theory is rebutted by an expert inSrivijaya Studies, Pratum Chumphengphan, who defines that the wars happened before the Angkorians exercised political power to theMenam Valley. Therefore, the conflict between “Lavo–Haripuñjaya” at that time was not yet a fight between the “Angkorian and Mon,” but rather a struggle for power between “Mon ofDvaravati” in thecentral andnorthern regions, who were relatives.[24]
During this period, at Angkor'sYaśodharapura to the northeast, since the reign ofCandravaṃśa'sJayavarman V of the Bhavapura house (r. 968–1001),[25] the aristocratic families dominated the royal court.[26]: 135 The throne then fell into two Tambralinga princes,Udayadityavarman I andJayavirahvarman, who ruled Angkor from 1001–1011, which considered the period of the 9-year civil war between the two brothers andSuryavarman I of theShailendra dynasty who controlled the east and southern regions and was supported by the Bhavapura house of the overthrown king.[27][28]
In contrast, according to the Prasat Khna Inscription (K.1312), some scholar believes that Narapativiravarman was Sujita, the successor king of both Tambralinga andLavo, who gave the throne at Tambralinga to his younger brother,Udayadityavarman I, in 1001, and then successfully launched a campaign to conquerYaśodharapura and enthronedJayavirahvarman, a new Angkorian king, the following year. In the same year,Udayadityavarman I of Tambralinga/Lavo was replaced by his nephew, an usurperSuryavarman I or Kampoch, who also allied with the house of the overthrown Angkorian king,Jayavarman V, and waged war against Jayavirahvarman to controlYaśodharapura.[27]
After the Sujita dynasty's losses in thewar against the Chola empire in 1026, Tambralinga was revived by Padmavamsa (ปัทมวงศ์), a noble clan from the north (the exact location is still disputed, either fromLavo[21]: 38–39 or Inthapat Nakhon (possiblyYaśodharapura[23]) orHanthawaddy[20][23]). The influx of people and monks fromSri Lanka was recorded, which madeBuddhism the dominant belief in the kingdom.[29]: 54
Thai academicChanchirayuwat Ratchanee [th] proposes that after losing the war to theChola Empire in 1026, the center of power in the eastern Siam peninsula was shifted fromChaiya toNakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) in 1077, according to the information given to the Chinese court by the diplomat sent in 1168. The previous king's son was enthroned as the new ruler.[21]: 40 Gordon Luce speculates that the region was possibly controlled by thePagan Kingdom from 1060 to 1200,[30]: 61 as recorded in the Dhammarajaka inscription, which gives the southern limits of the kingdom toTakwā (Takua Pa),Salankre (Junk Ceylon?,Phuket) and two other places hardly legible, ending with a city with the suffixnakuiw' (nagara).[31]: 89–90 Meanwhile, D.K. Wyatt said Tambralinga was the vassal of thePagan Kingdom from 1130–1176, with the agreement of the King of Sri Lanka.[31]: 90 However, this claim remains disputed;Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h [fr] speculated that even the polities in the Mergui-Tenasserim region to the north of theIsthmus of Kra most probably enjoyed the status of independent chiefdoms during the period under consideration.[31]: 91–2
The conflict between thePaganKyanzittha's grandson andCeylon'sParakramabahu I to have concerned rights of passage over theIsthmus of Kra was recorded in 1164.[30]: 92 [32]: 3 This quarrel would continue and be the cause of theinvasion of Sri Lanka in 1247 byChandrabhanu, whose lineage was believed to have moved from the north.[33]: 184–85 Chandrabhanu is of the Padmavamsa (the Lotus Line). This clan has ruled Tambralinga at least since 1156.[22]: 290
The relationships between Tambralinga and theTai leaders in the north of theKra Isthmus was speculated to have begun during the reign ofChandrabhanu I,[12]: 292 which was expected to be one of the reasons that Srivijaya lost influence over Tambralinga.[12]: 298 During the reign ofChandrabhanu II,Ligor was known asPataliputra as the area of theKra Isthmus was calledVartma–setu (lit. 'cuaseway on the route') orVarttma dvayantara (lit. 'the region between two trade routes') and was controlled byKalinga family.[34]: 173
In 1244, King Chandrabhanuinvaded Sri Lanka, adopting the regnal name 'Srīdḥarmarāja' and installing himself as the king of Jaffna. This era ended with the losses of Tambralinga in the1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars. Several local legends said the Padmavamsa clan ended due to the plague.[23]
AfterChandrabhanu III (Sri Thammasokaraj IV) died in the battle in Sri Lanka, his younger brother became the successor and was crownedSri Dharmasokaraja V (ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 5). During his reign, the kingdom faced several circumstances, including the invasion ofSinghasari's kingKertanagara from 1268–69 and the plague in 1270, which led to the decline of Tambralinga.[21]: 42–43 Sri Dharmasokaraja V died with no heirs in 1272, marking the end of the Padmavamsa clan.[21]: 43 In 1270, according to theRam Khamhaeng Inscription, numbers of savants from Tambralinga evacuated northward to theSukhothai Kingdom.[29]: 71
After that, Phanomwang (พระพนมวัง), a prince inPhetchaburi–Ayodhya clan, with his wife Sadieng Thong (สะเดียงทอง) and son Sri Racha (เจ้าศรีราชา), were assigned by thePhetchaburi's king to revivedNakhon Si Thammarat.[23]: 81 This led to the formation of theSri Thammasokaraj clan [th] and the expansion of theTai's influence to the south of theKra Isthmus.[23]: 81 Even the enthronement was patrilineal succession but an appointment from theAyodhya was needed.[23]: 82 According to theRamkhamhaeng stele of 1283 (or 1292), Tambralinga which was recognized asNakhon Si Thammarat became the southernmost tributary ofSukhothai.[35]
In 1365Majapahit, the Kingdom of Java, recognized Nakorn Sri Dharmaraja asDharmanagari written inNagarakretagama. Despite its rapid rise to prominence in the 13th century, that is, by the following century Danmaling, or Tambralinga, the former member state of Sanfoshih –Javaka, had become a part of Siam (Ayutthaya Kingdom).[36]
In the early 10th century, battles between twoMon's mandalas,Lavo Kingdom andHaripuñjaya, happened several times.[24] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai:อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) ofHaripuñjaya moved south to attack the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Tambralinga), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo.[3] Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupyHaripuñjaya, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day inSankhaburi district).[24] The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as theJinakalamali andCāmadevivaṃsa.[3]
After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapür (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch or Kambojaraja (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attackedHaripuñjaya but lost.[37] He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles betweenHaripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to aKhmer princess who had fled anAngkorian dynastic bloodbath.[37]
Later in 960, Lavapür was annexed bySiamese fromAyodhya,[38] who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom.[39]
Cœdès suggests that Sujita, who was the king of Tambralinga, won overUdayadityavarman I of theAngkor in 1003 and enthroned asJayavirahvarman.[2]: 23 This led to a nine-year Angkorian civil war in whichSuryavarman I ofLavo won the battle and became the successor ofJayavirahvarman in 1010.[2]: 23 However,Achille Dauphin-Meunier proposes thatJayavirahvarman was the rightful successor and brother of Udayadityavarman I.[40] Suryavarman I was believed to be Kambojaraja, a son ofSujita and an Angkorian princess.[2]: 22 He was appointed the new ruler ofLavo Kingdom after it was taken over by his father in the925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars.[2]: 22 [3] Some academics citeSuryavarman I was instead a Khmer opponent who evictedJayavirahvarman out of the Angkor.[2]: 23
However, the most recent studies found thatSuryavarman I was actually from the easternmost regions with the strongholds inSambor andKratié, but later span influence westward toKampong Thom. Meanwhile,Jayavirahvarman controlled the western part but after losing the throne toSuryavarman I, he evacuated toBattambang and then to his power base in thePhimai region. This led toSuryavarman I's attacking campaign of theKhorat Plateau andChao Phraya basin, which includedLavo Kingdom of Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. Suryavarman I's invading of Lavo is probably a cause of the1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars.[28]
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AfterSuryavarman I overthrewJayavirahvarman from theAngkor throne in 1010.[2]: 23 He was enthroned as the Angkor'sSuryavarman I.[2]: 23 Three year later, he devastated theLavo which was ruled by Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. He then requested aid from EmperorRajendra Chola I of theChola dynasty against Tambralinga.[41] After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king,Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman.[41][42] This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The conflict ended with a victory for the Chola and heavy losses for Tambralinga andSrivijaya with the capture of Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman in the Chola raid in 1025.[33]: 142–143 [41][42]
Following the Chola naval campaign against Srivijaya in 1025, the Cholas conducted further expeditions against ports in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. In some recensions of the Malay Annals, a figure known as Raja Chulan appears and is sometimes identified by modern scholars with Rajendra Chola I.[43][44][45][46][47][48] However, the Malay Annals were compiled several centuries after the events they describe, and the Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute.[49]
According to the inscription No. 24 found at Hua-wieng temple inChaiya nearNakhon Si Thammarat, the ruler of Tambralinga namedChandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the king of Padmavamsa (Lotus dynasty).[33]: 184 He began to reign in 1230, he had thePhra Borommathat (chedi in Nakhon Si Thammarat, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year. Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja brought Tambralinga to the pinnacle of its power in the mid-13th century. From theSri Lankan and Tamil materials, records, and sources, Chandrabhanu was aSavakan king from Tambralinga who had invaded Sri Lanka in 1247. His navy launched an assault on the southern part of the island but was defeated by the Sri Lankan king.
However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island over the Jaffna kingdom, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by theTamil EmperorJatavarman Sundara Pandyan.[33]: 185 He was compelled to pay a tribute to thePandyan dynasty of precious jewels and elephants. In 1262 Chandrabhanu launched another attack on the south of the island, his army strengthened this time by the addition ofTamil andSinhalese forces, only to be defeated when Pandya sided with the Sri Lankan side; this time Jatarvarman Sundara Pandyan's brotherJatavarman Veera Pandyan intervened and Chandrabhanu himself was killed in the fighting. Chandrabhanu's sonSavakanmaindan inherited the throne and submitted to Veera Pandyan's rule, received rewards and retained control over the northern kingdom. His regime too had disappeared followingMaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I's ascension to the Pandyan empire's throne and another invasion of the island by the army of the Pandyan dynasty in the late 1270s. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I installed his minister in charge of the invasion,Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan, anAryachakravarti as the new king of Jaffna.
In at least two senses, the rapid expansion of Tambralinga is exceptional in thehistory of Southeast Asia. In the first place, Candrabhanu's invasion ofSri Lanka and occupation of the Jaffna kingdom marks the only time that a Southeast Asian power has launched an overseas military expedition beyond the immediate Southeast Asian region. In the second place, in the historiography of Southeast Asia, southern Thailand has generally played a secondary role to that of places likeJava,Sumatra, theMalacca Strait region (Srivijaya in the seventh~eighth century,Melaka in the 15th century),Cambodia,Champa,Vietnam, andBurma. Tambralinga's sudden appearance on centre-stage in the 13th century was thus highly unusual.[citation needed]
Information regards Tambralinga's king during this era is scattered and largely based on local legends.[23] Except for Sujita who was mentioned in some chronicles.[24][3] This era ended with heavy losses for Tambralinga in the1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars.[33]: 142–143 [41][42]
| Rulers | Reign | Note | Contemporary event | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanized name | Thai name | |||
| Rulers before the reign of Sujita are still unknown. | ||||
| Sujita[2]: 22 /Vararāja/Sīvaka/To-hsi-chi | พระเยาวรราช/ชีวกราช/สุชิตราช/สุรชิตราช/ | c. 927 | Father of Kambojaraja, king of Lavo.[2]: 22 | Fall of theDvaravati civilization (11th century) |
| Narapativiravarman?[27] | ?–1001 | Later won overYaśodharapura. | ||
| Udayadityavarman I?[27] | 1001–1002 | Younger brother of the previous. | ||
| Suryavarman I?[27] | 1002–1003? | Usurper. Younger brother of the previous. Later claimedYaśodharapura in 1006. | ||
| Unknown | 1003–1025 | The dynasty ended after losing in the wars against theChola Empire.[33]: 142–143 [41][42] | ||
| The Malay peninsula faced 20 years of being raided by theChola Empire as the post-match of the1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars.[33]: 142–143 [41][42] | ||||
| Rulers | Reign | Note | Siamese era | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanized name | Thai name | ||||
| From 1060 or 1130 – 1176, Tambralinga was probably under the control of thePagan Kingdom.[30]: 61 [31]: 90 | |||||
| Sri Saiyanarong | ศรีไสยณรงค์ |
| |||
| Dharmakasat | ธรรมกษัตริย์ | ||||
| Vacant[29]: 57 | ?–1077 | ||||
| Sri Dharmasokaraja I | ศรีธรรมโศกราชที่ 1 | 1077–1157 |
| Sai Nam Peung ofAyodhya (r.1111–1165) | |
| Sri Dharmasokaraja II (Norabadi) | ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 2/พญานรบดี/ จันทรภาณุที่ 1 | 1157–1183[21]: 41 | Dhammikaraja (r.1165–1205) ofAyodhya | ||
| Sri Dharmasokaraja III | ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 3/ จันทรภาณุที่ 2 | 1183–1230[21]: 39 |
| Uthong II (r.1205–1253) ofAyodhya | |
| Sri Thammasokaraj IV, known asChandrabhanu (III) (formerly Pongse Suraha)[21]: 41 [22]: 293 | ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 4/จันทรภาณุที่ 3/พงษาสุระที่ 1 | 1230[c] or 1244[d]–1262 |
| Jayasena (r.1253–1289) ofAyodhya | |
| Sri Dharmasokaraja V[21]: 42 | ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 5 | 1263–1272[21]: 43 or 1277 | The last ruler of the Padmavamsa clan of Tambralinga | ||
| End of Padmavamsa clan | |||||
| Rulers | Reign | Note | Siamese era | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanized name | Thai name | |||
| Phanomwang | พนมวัง | 1270s–? | Son ofPhetchaburi's king Phanom Thale Sri (พนมทะเลศรี)[23]: 81 | |
| Sri Thammasokaraj (formerly Sri Racha) | ศรีธรรมาโศกราช/ศรีราชา | Son of the previous. | ||
| Oo | อู | Co-rulers; Oo was a grandson of the previous, while Yoo was the younger brother.[23]: 82 | ||
| Yoo | อยู่ | |||
| Sri Chomrat/Ram | ศรีจอมรัตน์/ราม | Son of Oo,[23]: 82 Last ruler from the Sri Thammasokaraj clan.[23]: 83, 85 | ||
| Sri Maharaja (formerly Intara) | ศรีมหาราชา/อินทารา | From the local clan, Sri Maharaja, seat atLan Saka. Became the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat after married Ueay, a daughter of Sri Chomrat.[23]: 84 | ||
| Sri Thanu/Sri Tun/Sri Maharaja II | ศรีทนู/ศรีทูน | Son of the previous.[23]: 84 | ||
End of the Sri Maharaja clan, the next rulers were directly appointed byAyodhya. | ||||
The city chronicle mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. TheRam Khamhaeng inscription of 1283 lists Nakhon Si Thammarat as one of the tributary kingdoms ofSukhothai. In the Old JavaneseDesawarnana document of 1365, theMajapahit kingdom also recognised Nakhon Si Thammarat as belonging toSiam.[50] In thePalatinate Law of KingTrailok dated 1468, Nakhon Si Thammarat was listed as one of eight great cities (Phraya maha nakhon) belonging to theAyutthaya Kingdom. During the reign of KingNaresuan (r. 1590–1605) it became a first class province(Mueang Ek).
Restorations were recorded at the time of KingRamesuan (1388–1395), as well as KingNarai (1656–1688) of Ayutthaya. The latter one was supported by the French engineer M. de la Mare.
The walls of the town spread 456 meters from east to west, and 2,238 meters north to south, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, calledPratu Chai Nuea orPratu Chai Sak, while the southern wall also had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected the town with the sea. To the west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall.
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