Atallit[a] ortaleth is a fringed garment worn as a prayer shawl by religiousJews. The tallit has specialtwined andknottedfringes known astzitzit attached to its four corners. The cloth part is known as thebeged ("garment") and is usually made from wool or cotton, although silk is sometimes used for a tallitgadol.
The term is, to an extent, ambiguous. It can refer either to thetallit katan ("small tallit") item that can be worn over or under clothing and commonly referred to as "tzitzit", or to thetallit gadol ("big tallit")Jewish prayershawl worn over the outer clothes during the morning prayers (Shacharit) and worn during all prayers onYom Kippur.[4] The term "tallit" alone, usually refers to the tallit gadol.
There are different traditions regarding the age from which a tallit gadol is used, even withinOrthodox Judaism. In someSephardi communities, boys wear a tallit even before their bar mitzvah. In some communities, it is first worn frombar mitzvah (though the tallit katan is worn from pre-school age). In manyAshkenazi circles, a tallit gadol is worn only from marriage, and in some communities it may be customarily presented to a groom beforemarriage as a wedding present or even as part of adowry.
TheBible does not command wearing of a unique prayer shawl or tallit. Instead, it presumes that people wore a garment of some type to cover themselves and instructs theChildren of Israel to attach fringes (ציציתtzitzit) to the corners of these (Numbers 15:38), repeating the commandment in terms that they should "make thee twisted cords upon the four corners of thy covering, wherewith thou coverest thyself" (Deuteronomy 22:12). These passages do not specify tying particular types or numbers of knots in the fringes. The exact customs regarding thetying of the tzitzit and the format of the tallit are of post-biblical, rabbinic origin and, though theTalmud discusses these matters, slightly different traditions have developed in different communities.[5] However the Bible is specific as to the purpose of these tzitzit, stating that "it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them; and that ye go not about after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go astray; that ye may remember and do all My commandments, and be holy unto your God".[6]
Encyclopaedia Judaica describes the prayer shawl as "a rectangular mantle that looked like a blanket and was worn by men in ancient times". Also, it "is usually white and made either of wool, cotton, or silk".[7]
Traditionally the tallit is made of wool or linen, based on an understanding that reference to a "garment" in the Bible in connection with a mitzvah refers specifically to wool and linen garments.[8] Though other materials are sometimes used, the debate has not reached a conclusion, and many, especially among the orthodox, prefer wool which is accepted by all authorities.[9] There is also debate about mixed wool and linen tallit, since the Bible forbidsklayim (shatnez)—"intertying" wool and linen together, with the two exceptions beinggarments of kohanim and tzitzit. Concerning tzitzit,chazal (the sages) permit using wool and linen strings in tandem only when genuinetekhelet (see below) is available, whereaskabbalist sources take it a step further by encouraging its practice.[10][11]
According to the biblical commandment,[12] a blue thread (petiltekhelet) is included in the tzitzit.[13] However, for many centuries since the exile of the Jewish people from theLand of Israel, tzitzit have been worn without atechelet fringe, though in the last hundred years there has been something of a comeback.[14][15]
InModern Hebrew the word is pronounced[taˈlit], with the stress on the final syllable. InYiddish it is[ˈtaləs], with the stress on the first syllable. The plural oftallit in Hebrew istallitot, pronounced[taliˈtot]. The Yiddish plural istaleisim, pronounced[taˈlejsɪm].
Mishnaic Hebrew טלית is a backformation of אצטלית or אסטלית (also attested in Mishanic Hebrew, for instance Mishnah Yoma 7:1), borrowed from Ancient Greek στολή with epithetic -א to break up with initial consonant cluster and suffix ת- because final -ē was not tolerated in Mishnaic Hebrew. It is the vocalization טָלֵית which is reflected in the Yiddish and Ladino spoken traditions.
The spelling of this word motivated a Semitic folk etymology in Modern Hebrew. טלית has been re-vocalized as though it were from the rootṭ-l-l (ט־ל־ל) meaning "cover", with the diminutive suffix -it.[16]
טלית referred to a "cloak" or "sheet" generally (as Greek στολή), but in Talmudic times already referred to the Jewish prayershawl in particular.
In modern Hebrew idiom, the expression "a completely blue tallit" (טלית שכולה תכלת) means something which is completely perfect, and is typically used sarcastically to refer to a person who is imperfect and hypocritical.[17] The expression stems from arabbinic story about the biblical figureKorah who led a revolt against the leadership ofMoses andAaron. Koraḥ was said to have asked Moses a number of vexatious questions, one of which was, "Does a tallit made entirely of blue yarn require tzitzit?" To Moses's affirmative answer, Koraḥ argued that the tzitzit commandment is absurd, in that if a single string of blue makes a garment acceptable (Numbers 15:38) then a completely blue garment should be acceptable even without that string.[18] Korach's argument in this story is a metaphor for the argument justifying his rebellion. Just as he argued that a blue fringe is superfluous for an entirely blue garment, in the text of the Torah he argued that a holy leader like Moses was unnecessary for a nation which was entirely holy (Numbers 16:3).[19]
The phrase "more kosher than tzitzit" is a Yiddish metaphoric expression (כשר'ער ווי ציצית) with similar connotations but is not necessarily used in a sarcastic sense. It can refer, in the superlative, to something that is really so perfect and flawless as to be beyond all reproach or criticism.[citation needed]
In some Jewish communities a tallit gadol is given as a gift by a father to a son, a father-in-law to a son-in-law, or a teacher to a student. It might be purchased to mark a special occasion, such as a wedding or abar mitzvah. Many parents purchase a tallit gadol for their sons at the age of 13, together withtefillin, though among the orthodox a male child will have been wearing a tallit katan from pre-school age. In the Reform, Reconstructionist, Renewal, and Conservative movements many women nowadays also wear a tallit gadol. While many worshipers bring their own tallit gadol to synagogue, there is usually a rack of them for the use of visitors and guests.
At Jewish wedding ceremonies, a tallit gadol is often used as achuppah or wedding canopy. Similarly, a tallit gadol is traditionally spread out as a canopy over the children during theTorah-reading ceremony during the holiday ofSimchat Torah, or in any procession with Torah scrolls, such as when parading a newly completed scroll through the streets.
The tallit gadol is traditionally draped over the shoulders, but during prayer, some cover their head with it, notably during specific parts of the service such as theAmidah and when called to the Torah for analiyah.
In theTalmudic and post-Talmudic periods the tefillin were worn byrabbis and scholars all day, and a special tallit was worn at prayer; hence they put on the tefillin before the tallit, as appears in the order given in "Seder Rabbi Amram Gaon" (p. 2a) and in theZohar. In modern practice, the opposite order is considered more "correct". Based on the Talmudic principle oftadir v'she'ayno tadir, tadir kodem (תדיר ושאינו תדיר, תדיר קודם: lit., frequent and infrequent, frequent first), when one performs more than onemitzva at a time, those that are performed more frequently should be performed first. While the tallit is worn daily, tefillin are not worn onShabbat and holidays.
On the fast day ofTisha B'Av, different customs prevail.Ashkenazim and someSephardim do not wear a tallit gadol during the morning (Shacharit) service; at the afternoon service (Mincha), those who wear a tallit gadol make the blessing on fringes then.[20] OtherSephardim (following theKabbalah and the prevailing custom (Minhag) for Jerusalem) wear the tallit at Shacharit as usual.[21]
The Kabbalists considered the tallit as a special garment for the service ofGod, intended, in connection with the tefillin, to inspire awe and reverence for God at prayer.[22]
The tallit gadol is worn by worshipers at themorning prayer on weekdays,Shabbat, and holy days. In addition, in many communities, it is worn by thehazzan (cantor) at every prayer while before theark and by the reader ofTorah, as well as by all other functionaries during theTorah reading.
The literal commandment in the Bible was not to wear a tallit but to attachtzitzit to the corners of one's four-cornered garments every day to serve as a reminder of God commandments; this implies that such clothes were typically worn by Jews during biblical times. Such garments were large, white and rectangular and used as a garment, shawl and burial shroud. These four-cornered garments are suitable for the climate of West Asia. On hot days the garment could be draped around the body and head to provide cover from the sun or just bunched up on the shoulders for later evening use; the evenings can be dramatically cool and the garment could be draped around the neck and shoulders like a scarf to provide warmth.
Jews became at risk of losing this mitzvah when four cornered garments went out of fashion and became impractical for everyday wear. And so, a poncho-like vest undergarment was developed as a practical solution to continue following the Torah commandment. This garment is most commonly known as tzitzit, but is also referred to as arba kanfot ("four corners"), or tallit katan ("small tallit").[23] Jewish men wear the talit katan every day, most commonly worn under their clothing with the tzitzit knots hanging out. Some Jewish men prefer to tuck in their tzitzit to avoid drawing unwanted attention and/or for practical reasons. The tallit gadol became almost exclusively worn only for morning prayers and rarely outside.
In many Sephardic and German Jewish communities, the groom traditionally wears a tallit gadol under thechuppah (wedding canopy); in many cases, he will wrap it around the bride as well during the ceremony. In non-German Ashkenazi communities, a more widespread custom is that the groom wears akittel. In Hasidic and some non-Hasidic communities, an overcoat is worn over the kittel.
In theDiaspora, Jews are buried in a plain, wooden casket. The corpse is collected from the place of death (home, hospital, etc.) by thechevra kadisha (burial committee). In Ashkenazi custom, after a ritual washing of the body, the body of men is dressed in akittel and then atallit gadol. One of thetzitzit is then cut off. In the Land of Israel, burial is without a casket, and thekittel andtallit are the only coverings for the corpse. Women are buried in white shrouds only.
In addition to the morning prayers of weekdays, Shabbat and holidays, a tallit gadol is also worn forSelichos in Ashkenazic communities by the prayer leader, even though it is still night.[24] A tallit is also worn at night onYom Kippur, fromKol Nidre, which begins during the daylight hours until after the evening (Ma'ariv) service.[25]
Thetallit katan (Yiddish/Ashkenazic Hebrewtales kotn; "small tallit") is a fringed garment traditionally worn either under or over one's clothing byJewish males. It is a poncho-like garment with a hole for the head and special twined and knotted fringes known astzitzit attached to its four corners. The requirements regarding the fabric and fringes of atallit katan are the same as that of atallit gadol. Generally, atallit katan is made of wool or cotton.
AlthoughSephardic halakha generally maintains a distinct preference for a woolen garment as per the ruling of theShulchan Aruch, among Ashkenazim customs are split, withMoses Isserles ruling that all garment types are acceptable.[26] While theMishnah Berurah andMoshe Feinstein recommend wearing a woolen garment following theShulchan Aruch's ruling,Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz was known to wear cotton, following the ruling of theVilna Gaon.[27] This was also the practice ofJoseph B. Soloveitchik and that of German Jewry historically.[28]
While all four cornered garments are required to havetzitzit, the custom of specially wearing atallit katan is based on a verse in Numbers 15:38-39 which tellsMoses to exhort theIsraelites to "make them throughout their generations fringes in the corners of their garments."[29] Wearing atallit kattan is not mandated in Biblical law, but in Rabbinic law the practice is strongly encouraged for men, and often considered obligatory or a binding custom.[26][30][31]
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The tallit katan is also known asarba kanfot (Yiddish/Ashkenazic Hebrew:arbe kanfes), literally "four corners", and may be referred to simply astzitzit.
A continuing misconception within non-Jewish circles is that thetallit katan is a sheet which is used by Orthodox Jews during sexual intercourse.[32] It is believed that the fabric being hung from clothing lines during the 19th and 20th centuries within Jewish neighborhoods in the United States started these rumors. Not understanding its purpose, seeing the material with a hole in the middle caused non-Jews to make imaginative assumptions.[33]
Thetallit gadol (Yiddish/Ashkenazic Hebrewtallis godoil; traditionally known astallét gedolah among Sephardim), or "large"tallit, is worn over one's clothing resting on the shoulders. This is theprayer shawl that is worn during the morning services insynagogue by all male participants, and in many communities by the leader of the afternoon and evening prayers as well.
Thetallit gadol is usually woven ofwool—especially among Ashkenazim. SomeSpanish, Portuguese andItalian Jews use silktallitot. The Portuguese Jewish community in The Netherlands has the tradition of decorating the corners of the Tallit. Today some tallitot are made ofpolyester and cotton.Tallitot may be of any colour but are usually white with black, blue or white stripes along the edge. Sizes of tallitot vary, and are a matter of custom and preference. Some are large enough to cover the whole body while others hang around the shoulders, the former being more common among Orthodox Jews, the latter among Conservative, Reform and other denominations. The neckband of the tallit, sometimes woven of silver or gold thread, is called theatarah which literally means crown but is often referred to as the collar. Thetallit gadol is often kept in a dedicated pouch or cloth bag (often of velvet) which can be quite simple or ornately decorated.
The tallit gadol is typically either all white, white with black stripes, or white with blue stripes. The all-white and black-and-white varieties have traditionally been the most common, along with a blue-and-white variety, said to be in remembrance of the blue thread ortekhelet, which served as the visual inspiration for the flag of modern Israel.[34][35] The all-white variety is customary among Sepharadic communities, whereas among Ashkenazic communities the tendency is toward white tallitot with black stripes.[36] The stripes on thetallit may have their origin in theclavia, purple stripes which were worn on the tunics of distinguished Romans.[37] One explanation for the significance of the black stripes is that their black color symbolizes the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the exile of the Jews from the land of Israel.[38][39]
In many Jewish communities, the tallit is worn in the synagogue by all men and boys overbar mitzvah age (and in some communities even younger). Aside fromGerman Jews andOberlander Jews, men in mostAshkenazi communities (which comprise the majority of Jews in America today) start wearing the tallit after their wedding.[40][41]
In rabbinic law, women are not required to wear atallit or other forms oftzitzit. The vast majority of contemporary Orthodox authorities forbid the donning of a tallit by women,[42] althoughMoshe Feinstein,[43]Joseph Soloveitchik, andEliezer Melamed approve women wearing tzitzit in private, if their motivation is "for God's sake" rather than motivated by external movements such as feminism.[44][45][46] At the gender-segregated sections of theWestern Wall, women have been permitted to wear shawls worn around the neck—but harassed, expelled or arrested for wearing the more traditional garments outside the segregated men's section.[47]
Women in non-Orthodox (Reform,Conservative,Karaite,Reconstructionist and others) are not prohibited from wearing atallit, and usually encouraged to do so, especially when called to the Torah or leading services from thebimah. Women in Conservative Judaism began to revive the wearing of the tallit in the 1970s, usually using colors and fabrics distinct from the traditional garment worn by men, in the spirit of (but not necessarily out of adherence to) the contemporary Orthodox rulings regarding women not wearing "male-style" garments.[48] It has become common inReform and other non-Orthodox streams for girls to receive a tallit at their bat mitzvah,[49][50] although some do not subsequently wear it on a regular basis.[51][52] Other women have adopted the tallit later in life, including the larger, traditional style, to connect with their communities, embody egalitarian values, or create a personalized connection to Judaism.[51][53] It is rare for women to wear a tallit katan.[54]
Thetallit is usually white, based on the Talmudic description that God wraps Himself in atallit (RH 17b), and "His garment was as white as snow" (Dan. 7:9).
Thetallit may be any combination of colors, but until recently it was most commonly white with black stripes. In modern times blue stripes have become more common. Blue and white, the colors associated with the State of Israel and its flag, actually originated as the 'Jewish colors' because of thetallit.
Thetallit is sometimes decorated with black stripes, which some say is a remembrance or memorial to the destruction of the Holy Temple and the exile.
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