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I think the K and r selection section currently insexual selection belongs here (ielife history), or in a closely related entry,life history theory?. --Pete Hurd

No, K and r are population biology topis; this is cell biology (perhaps).Dysmorodrepanis (talk)21:03, 10 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]

If this page were retitled 'Life cycle' it would make for tidier internal links from other pages (DMC)

Not sure why that would be true (please explain), but as the word has more meaning than just as a biological phenomenon, it seems unwise to change it. -Marshman02:22, 14 February 2006 (UTC)[reply]

I would tend to agree that it should redirect here (or rather this page be moved tolife cycle with a dab page created, though checking the links at life cycle for context seems to indicate there are a reasonable portion of non-biology links.Richard00110:14, 11 June 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think we should rename "Biological life cycle" to "Life cycle", or to "Life cycle (biology)".

My thinking is that I've never heard anyone say "The biological life cycle of the mosquito." only, "The life cycle of the mosquito." I've not heard "biological life cycle" at all, as far as I can recall. Googling that phrase brings up on page one only hits for "life cycle" except for the single hit for the Wikipedia article with that title.

"Biological life cycle" seems to me to contain redundancy. A life cycle, in it's original, literal sense, is of course biological.Polar Apposite (talk)20:45, 31 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

The use of the term "lifecycle" (note the lack of a space) has been adopted (one could almost say hijacked) by both business and technology, for their own uses. See theLife cycle article if you are unfamiliar with how extensive these non-biological uses have become. It is not exactly typical for the non-biological application of the term to contain a space, but it does happen fairly often; it is conversely VERY rare for any biologist to ever use "lifecycle" without a space, but it also does sometimes happen when non-biologists write about biology and don't realize that "lifecycle" is not the biological version of the term. Because the two versions of the term are so similar, the present configuration of Wikipedia - where "Life cycle" is a disambiguation page - is a pretty fair compromise, but it does require that editors know that there IS usually a difference between the two. Renaming THIS page as "Life cycle" is absolutely impossible, as it would destroy a major disambiguation page, and "Life cycle (biology)" already exists, and redirects to this article (the use of parentheses in a page title is considered sloppier than a title with no parentheses, and generally avoided when there is a reasonable alternative). The one thing to bear in mind,if you are an editor, is to please avoid using "lifecycle" for the biological phenomenon, and only use "life cycle". This will help reinforce the primary and historical usage of the latter as a phrase integral to biology. For that matter, if you ever see a biological article with "lifecycle" in it, please do change it.Dyanega (talk)21:49, 31 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Hydrozoa and "worms" and many others are diplonts as typical for animals, but they differ from the standard strategy in having an asexual cloining phase. This article needs expansion in that direction. 21:03, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

The subject of this article of is of fundamental importance in biology, and as such it is (I presume) well understood by biologists. It gives a concise overview of the subject, but does so by using language foreign to the non-specialist. It is true that dificult terminology is hyperlinked, but this does little to improve readability. I think it would be good to unpack some of the jargon within the article. This would make it more comprehensible to non-specialiststs, who I would presume are the target audience of the article.Tapatio (talk)07:45, 11 August 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Possibly, though it's at a perfect level for undergraduate biology students! Seriously though, I thinkAlternation of generations provides a pretty good summary of the basic concept of diploid and haploid life phases, and the broader idea of a life history can then be understood by comparing that with mammalian reproduction, which most people are more familiar with. You don't exactly want to be defining words like meiosis or spore in this article, right?Dewert (talk)22:58, 4 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]

THERE NEEDS TO BE MORE INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC. IT WOULD BE QUITE INTERESTING TO KNOW WHATS A BEAR LIFE CYCLES LIKE AND ADAPTATION TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES.

life cycle of a bear—Precedingunsigned comment added by124.106.255.120 (talk)01:52, 20 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

seriously? a bear? no way!Dewert (talk)22:54, 4 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]

According toNoctilucales#Characteristics - admittedly after I fixed a probable spelling mistake - these (and speculatively other dinoflagellates) alsohavegametic meiosis. Is the list supposed to be exhaustive? Should we add Noctoluticales to the list?Cucamber (talk)19:58, 7 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Just a note that this "life cycle" in this context only refers to passing of one generation to the next. It does NOT refer to life cycle from original conception (the "first") toextinction (the "last"). --71.245.164.83 (talk)02:27, 8 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Good point. It has to with reproduction, not reincarnation.Polar Apposite (talk)20:38, 31 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Fh TTC41.114.157.209 (talk)23:51, 24 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]

I see many grammatical errors in the first paragraph and some sentences are not even complete. English isn't my native language so I'm not too confident about correcting them myself.— Precedingunsigned comment added by122.170.112.39 (talk)17:03, 3 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]

The Haplodiplontic life cycle section has this sentence, which appears to have been copy-pasted from the Diplontic life cycle section:

"In the whole cycle, gametes are usually the only haploid cells, and mitosis usually occurs only in the diploid phase."

I'm not an expert on this, but this seems factually incorrect to me, since a Haplodiplontic life cycle would have a multicellular haploid phase, which would necessarily have to undergo mitosis. Could someone more knowledgeable than me correct this if I'm right?Equaaldoors (talk)22:52, 11 March 2012 (UTC)[reply]

I think that the article must be restructured, clarifying some concepts, according toDíaz-González, theFrench article, and theDutch article. -Zorahia (talk)15:21, 5 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]

• (1) about the concepts of generation, phase, individual and biont:
  • generation, for geneticists (Simon, 2007): intervalle de temps séparant l'oeuf de l'oeuf c'est à dire l'ensemble des mitoses, et éventuellement des phases individualisées que sépare deux fécondations. [Interval between an egg and other egg, that is, the set of mitosis, and eventually the individualized phases that separates two fertilizations.]
  • génération (Feldmann, 1978, cf.Simon, 2007): une génération, chez les végétaux, est une étape du développement d'un organisme débutant par une cellule reproductrice (spore ou zygote) et aboutissant, après une activité végétative marquée, à la production d'autres cellules reproductrices différentes ou non de celle ayant produit la génération envisagée. [A generation in plants is a developmental stage of a organism starting by a reproductive (spore or zygote) cell and ending after a marked vegetative activity, with the production or other different (or not) reproductive cells from that which produced the contemplated generation.]
    • Note: Almost identical toDíaz González et al.: Generación es una etapa del desarrollo de un ser vivo (organismo, órgano o conjunto de células), que comienza por una célula reproductora (espora o zigoto) y termina, después de una marcada actividad vegetativa, con la producción de otras células reproductoras (esporas o gametos) diferentes o no de las que han producido la etapa de desarrollo considerada (talk)13:53, 30 December 2015 (UTC);[reply]
  • génération (Martens, 1954, cf.Simon, 2007): pour Martens, au contraire de J. Feldmann, cette activité végétative doit comporter des mitoses. [For Martens, unlike J. Feldmann, this vegetative activity must include mitosis.] So, maybe it is not applicable to some unicellular organisms (do exist unicellular eukaryotes without mitosis, only with meiosis/fertilization?). See also Boudoresque (2015).
    • Yes, apparently there are protoctists that lack mitosis.Margulis (1990)Sminthopsis84 (talk)00:37, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]
      • Really? I don't have access to this book. What is said?Zorahia (talk)02:47, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]
        • I'll start a new section below.Sminthopsis84 (talk)19:53, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]
  • generation and phase (Smith, 1938): he seems to use "generation" for multi-celled phases and "phase" only for one-celled phases
  • individual or biont (Svedelius, 1915,1931,Díaz-González): it seems to have a meaning alike that of generation used by Feldmann or Martens, but a generation, to be considered a biont, must be physiologically (nutritionally) independent of other generation.
  • biont (Celakovsky’s, 1874, cf.Haig, 2008)
• (2) types of life cycle according to the "cytologic alternation of nuclear phases" - i.e., according to the nuclear phases present in the cycle (excluding that in gametes and zygotes); or to the moment when meiosis occur; or to the moment when mitosis occur; cf.Feldmann (1952),Feldmann (1972), Beukeboom & Perrin (2014):
  • haplophasic cycle: haplont organisms, only zygote is diploid; zygotic meiosis; with no diploid mitoses
  • diplophasic cycle: diplont organisms, only gametes are haploid; gametic meiosis; with no haploid mitoses
  • diplohaplophasic cycle: diplohaplont organisms, two vegetative phases, haploid and diploid; sporic meiosis; with both haploid and dilpoid mitoses
    • Note 1:Battaglia (1985) makes a revision of the terminology used to describe life cycles: "As early as 1875, with reference to the sex dimorphism in Juglans regia, Federico Delpino (1875) [cf.Battaglia (2009)] proposed the terms "aplonte", "diplonte" & "triplonte" (= pleionte) whilst in the next century the same terms and very similar ones, without due attention to historical priorities and etymological exactness are universally adopted with regard to the alternation of generations: Haplophase & Diplophase in Vuillemin (1908); Dihaplophase in Bonnet (1912); Haplont, Diplont in Fischer (cf. Goeldi & Fischer, 1916); Haplont, Diplont, Diplohaplont inHartmann (1918); Haplobiont, Diplobiont, Haplodiplobiont inWettstein (1924); Isohaplont & Miktohaplont inKniep (1928); hémiplonte & pseudohaplonte inDangeard (1947); Uplont inWidder (1951); Polyplont inChapmann & Chapmann (1961), etc.
    • Note 2:South (1987) uses the terms zygotic, gametic, sporic and somatic life cycles;D'Amato (1977) uses the terms haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic life cycles,Ruppert (2004) uses the terms asexual haploid cycle, sexual haploid cycle, diploid cycle and haplodiploid cycle.
    • Note 3:Raikov (1995) distinguishes three categories of life cycles in sexual eukaryotes: cycles of haplonts undergoing zygotic meiosis, of diplonts with gametic meiosis, and of heterophasic forms with intermediate meiosis.
    • Note 4:Beukeboom & Perrin (2014) review the occurence of each type of cycle in eukaryotes.
    • Note 4: Some authors use the terms "postzygotic meiosis" and "pre-gametic meiosis".
• (3) types of life cycle according to the "morphologic alternation of generations" - i.e., according to the number of generations in a cycle, byFeldmann (1952),Chapman (1962),Feldmann (1972),Díaz-González:
  • monogenetic cycle (no morphological alternatin of generations)
  • digenetic cycle
  • trigenetic cycle
    • Note 1: these terms are also used in zoology to indicate the number of hosts in life cycles of parasites.
    • Note 2:van den Hoek et al. (1972) prefer the terms monophasic, diphasic and triphasic cycles.
• (4) types of organisms according to the "alternation of individuals" - i.e., according to the number of individuals (=bionts), except males and females, in nature, according toSvedelius, 1915,1931, andDíaz-González:
  • haplobiont organisms (they can be either haplont, diplont or diplohaplont organisms)
  • diplobiont organisms
    • Note 1: the bionts or individuals need not necessarily coincide with the cytological generations (nuclear phases) or with the morphological generations.

Proposal based on Díaz González et al.:PAvdK (talk)13:30, 30 December 2015 (UTC);[reply]

Small readability improvement (hopefully)PAvdK (talk)06:50, 2 June 2016 (UTC)[reply]

• Battaglia, E. (1985).Meiosis and mitosis: a terminological criticism.Annali di Botanica (Rome) 43: 101–140.
• Battaglia, E. (2009).Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature.Caryologia, 62(4), 1.
• Boudouresque, C. F. (2015). Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes. In:Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications (pp. 191-257). Springer: Netherlands,[1].
• Chapman, D.J. & Chapman, V.J. (1961).Life histories in the algae.Ann. Bot. 25: 547-561.
• Chapman, V.J. (1962).The algae. London, Macmillan.
• Dangeard, E. (1947).Cytologie Végétale et Cytologie Générale. Lechevallier, Paris.
• Díaz González, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez & J.A. Fernández Prieto.Ciclos biológicos de vegetatles. Noción de generación. Noción de de alternancia de fases nucleares. Ciclos monogenéticos, digenéticos y trigenéticos. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo.
• Díaz González, T.E., C. Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez & J.A. Fernández Prieto. (2004).Curso de Botánica. Gijón: Trea.
• Feldmann, J., (1952).Les cycles de reproduction des algues et leurs rapports avec la phylogénie.Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végetales 13: 1–49.
• Feldmann, J. (1972). Les problèmes actuels de l'alternance de générations chez les Algues.Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, 119: sup. 1, 7-38. Special Issue:Colloque sur les cycles sexuels et l'alternance des generations chez les algues.
• Haig, David. (2008).Homologous versus antithetic alternation of generations and the origin of sporophytes.The Botanical Review 74(3): 395-418.
• Hartmann, M. (1918).Theoretische Bedeutung und Terminologie der Vererbungserscheinungen bei haploiden Organismen (Chlamydomonas, Phycomyces, Honigbiene).Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 20, 1-26.
• Hoek, C. van den, Cortel-Breeman, A. M., Rietema, H. & Wanders, J. B. W. (1972).L'interprétation des données obtenues, par des cultures unialgales, sur les cycles évolutifs des algues. Quelques exemples tirés des recherches conduites au laboratoire de Groningue.Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, 119: sup. 1, 45-65.
• Kniep, H. (1928).Die Sexualität der niederen Pflanzen. Jena: G. Fischer.
• Martens P., (1954). Alternance de phases et cycles de développement chez les Végétaux.Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique 1: 508-517.
• Simon, N. (2007).La reproduction des algues. Station biologique de Roscoff.
• Smith, G.M. (1938).Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 1. Algae and fungi. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Svedelius, N. (1915).Zytologisch-entwicklungsgeschichtliche Studien überScinaia furcellata. Ein Beitrag zur Frage de Reduktionsteilung der Nicht Tetrasporenbildenden Florideen.Nov. Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Ups. 4: 1-55.
• Svedelius, N. (1931).Nuclear Phases and Alternation in the Rhodophyceae. In:Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. Band 48/1: 38-59.
• Wettstein, R. von (1924).Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik, 3rd ed.
• Widder, F. J. (1951).Grundformen des pflanzlichen Phasenwechsels.Phyton (Horn, Austria), 3 (3-4): 252- 272.

Some interesting papers and books that may enrich the article:

• Beukeboom, L. & Perrin, N. (2014).The Evolution of Sex Determination. Oxford University Press.Online resources. [Note: The book and the online material give information about the evolution, in many groups of eukaryotes, of sexual reproduction, sex decoupled from reproduction, gamete differentiation/sexes/anisogamy, mating types, types of life cycles/alternation of nuclear phases and sex-determination systems, and clarifies some terminology.]
• Cocucci, A. E., Hunziker, A. T. (1994).Los ciclos biológicos en el reino vegetal. Córdoba (Argentiga): Academia Nacional de Ciencias.
• Coelho, S., Peters A.F., Charrier, B., Roze, D., Destombe, C., Valero, M. and Cock, J.M . (2007)Complex life cycles of multicellular eukaryotes: new approaches based on the use of model organisms.Gene, 406, 152-170
• Czihak, B. et al. (1981). "Generations- und Fortpflanzungswechsel". In:Biologie, ein Lehrbuch. 3. Aufl., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.link. [4th ed., 1990,link.]
• Kjiin, H.Generationswechsel und Kernphasenwechsel. Naturwiss. V, 1917, p. 84 — 88.
• Linskens, H. F. (Hrsg.): Sexualität, Fortpflanzung, Generationswechsel.Handbuch der Pflanzenphysiologie Bd. 18. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 1967,[2].
• Melchior, H. (1964).Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (12th ed.). Vol. 1: Allgemeiner Teil; Bakterien bis Gymnospermen. (See chapter: Kernphasenwechsel, Biontenwechsel, Generationswechsel.)
• Oliverio AM, Katz LA. 2014.The dynamic nature of genomes across the tree of life. Genome Biol Evol. 6(3): 482–488.
• Parfrey LW, Lahr DJG, Katz LA. 2008.The dynamic nature of eukaryotic genomes. Mol Biol Evol. 25:787–794.
• Qiu, Y.-L., A. B. Taylor, H. A. McManus. 2012.Evolution of the life cycle in land plants. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 50: 171-194. [Note: I think that, in the legend of Figure 1, by the context, the correct would be haplophasic, instead of haplobiontic.]

Zorahia (talk)15:21, 5 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]

As almost an aside, wikipedia is surprisingly deficient, it seems, in a definition of "generation" that would be appropriate here. I've added something toGeneration (disambiguation), but it is not in an ideal form.Sminthopsis84 (talk)21:24, 6 October 2013 (UTC)[reply]

It's important also to keepWP:MTAU in mind: no matter what is discussed, it needs to be made understandable to people who don't know or don't care what haplophasic meiosis is. I'm an educated biologist and am familiar with zygotic and gametic meiosis, yet never heard the terms haplontic or diplontic in my life, thus their use as headers may further burden less-famililar readers. The life cycle is a very fundamental concept that needs a thorough yet comprehensible explanation. Rather than potentially overwhelm nonspecialist or non-collegiate readers, this article might better serve as an overview or introduction, with haplodiplonty etc. described in depth in their own article for those interested. Most basic information should be summarized first, leading to more complex discussion or soft redirects when it gets into the nitty gritty. Thus, largely unknown terms like sporocyst and redia should probably not be in the first paragraph of the lead.--Animalparty-- (talk)03:55, 30 March 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Agree. It is also important, I think, to keep this page on life cycles reasonably free of material duplicated fromalternation of generations.Sminthopsis84 (talk)15:06, 30 March 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Is anyone able to make a little stub page or a section in another article that definesBiont? I think that would be very helpful. (A wikipedia search at present gives the impression that the term is only used in science fiction.)Sminthopsis84 (talk)14:05, 4 October 2014 (UTC)[reply]

It was asked above what this book says about the existence of some eukaryotes that lack mitosis.Origins of Sex: Three Billion Years of Genetic Recombination By Lynn Margulis I don't have access to the whole book either, but here are some intriguing excerpts.

"Unlike animals, fungi, and plants, protoctists may lack mitosis, microtubules, mitochondria, and other common eukaryotic organelles. The distribution, including the absence, of these features considered essential to the sexual meiotic process provides us with fascinating clues to its origins."

"Only recently has comprehensive information about protoctists been available in one source,Handbook of Protoctista (Margulis et al. 1990), comparable to those for bacteria:Bergey's Manual (Buchanan and Gibbons, 1974) and more recentlyThe Prokaryotes (Starr et al., 1983)."

"Karyoblastea (amitotic amoebae)The phylum karyoblastea inclues anaerobic giant amoebae that lack mitochondria, chromosomes, mitotic spindles, mitosis, and meiotic sex. Several types of bacterial endosymbionts have been noted inside karyoblastea, including methanogens, which are anaerobic bacteria capable of produging methane gas.Pelomyza palustris, a pond-water form, is virtually the only species studied. Undulipodia may be present on its surface."

"Dinomastigotes (dinoflagellates) ...The DNA organization is unique in this group. Histones forming nucleosomes are absent. The unit DNA fibril densely packed to make permanently condensed chromosomes is more like that of prokaryotes than like the nucleosome-studded particle of other eukaryotes ..."

"Rhizopods... Sex is absent. ..."

"Actinopods (radiolarians, acantharians, heliozoans) ... Fusion of products of mitosis within a common cyst interpreted to be sex has been observed in heliozoans. Sexuality is unknown in other groups. ..."

"Hyphochytrids ... Sexuality is absent."

"Xanthophytes (yellow-green algae) ... No sexuality has been described for any members."

"Eustigmatophytes and Raphidiophytes ("chloromonads") ... no sexuality of any kind has been documented in them ..."

"Cryptomonads (cryptophytes) ... Rather than by standard mitosis, these mastigotes divide by an extensive developmental process that involves their undulipodia and the formation of a groove. Sex has never been seen in any of them. ..."

"Apicomplexa ("sporozoans") ... Reproduction is by multiple fission (nuclear mitoses in which several nuclear divisions precede cytoplasmic divisions), and small cells are formed. ..."

"Microsporidians (microsporidian parasites) ... They lack mitochondria and even kinetids and undulipodia are unknown. Sexuality has not been documented in the group, and their ribosomes, resembling those of prokaryotes, are smaller than those in the cytoplasm of other eukaryotes. ..."Sminthopsis84 (talk)19:53, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

In relation to the lack mitosis:

in the article ofPelomyxa, it is said that it has mitosis; in the case of cryptophytes, I think we could say that they lack standard mitosis, but not mitosis; there is an review about mitosis in protozoa (Raikov, 1994), but I don't have access to it...

In relation to the absence of meiotic sex in eukaryotes:

Lahr et al. (2011) point that many amoeboid groups have sex (cryptic in many); Beukeboom et al. (2014) made a review of the presence of sex in many groups (but not all you listed), see theonline material (The diversity of sexual cycles andEukaryota sexual systems overview).Zorahia (talk)23:47, 12 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

I don't have access to the Raikov review either.Sminthopsis84 (talk)17:11, 13 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

The comment(s) below were originally left atTalk:Biological life cycle/CommentsTalk:Biological life cycle/Comments, and are posted here for posterity. Followingseveral discussions in past years, these subpages are now deprecated. The comments may be irrelevant or outdated; if so, please feel free to remove this section.

Last edited at 23:17, 18 February 2007 (UTC).Substituted at 09:42, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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