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Factor analysis of perceptual items and attitude measures in online advertising:
I put this here with the hope that someone might artfully explain it in laymen language for possible inclusion in the article.
Academicians Kelli S. Burns, PhD, and Richard J. Lutz, PhD, surveyed online users in 2002. In doing so, they chose sixonline ad formats: (i)banners, (ii)pop-ups, (iii)floating ads, (iv)skyscrapers, (v)large rectangles, and (vi)interstitials.
To developperceptual factors, ratings of the 15 perceptual items for all six on-line ad formats were run throughprincipal components analysis withvarimax rotation. The authors inferred – from ascree plot – a possible three-factor solution. The first three factors accounted for over 68% of thetotal variance. The remaining 12 reflected no more than 5% of thevariance, each. Table 1, below, produced by Burns and Lutz, shows theloadings of the factors generated throughprincipal component extraction andvarimax rotation.
| Table 1 | ||||
| Summary of Factor Loadings for theRotated Three-Factor Solution for Perceptual Items | ||||
| Perception | Factor scores | |||
| Factor I entertainment | Factor II annoyance | Factor III information | ||
| 1) | Innovative | 0.81 | (0.01) | 0.07 |
| 2) | Different | 0.75 | (0.01) | (0.06) |
| 3) | Entertaining | 0.75 | (0.27) | 0.14 |
| 4) | Sophisticated | 0.72 | (0.07) | 0.22 |
| 5) | Amusing | 0.71 | (0.34) | 0.11 |
| 6) | Elaborate | 0.70 | 0.24 | 0.17 |
| 7) | Eye-catching | 0.70 | 0.24 | 0.17 |
| 8) | Attractive | 0.64 | (0.37) | 0.32 |
| 9) | Disruptive | (0.04) | 0.89 | (0.21) |
| 10) | Intrusive | 0.06 | 0.87 | (0.14) |
| 11) | Overbearing | (0.03) | 0.86 | (0.23) |
| 12) | Annoying | (0.12) | 0.85 | (0.25) |
| 13) | Informative | 0.08 | (0.23) | 0.84 |
| 14) | Useful | 0.29 | (0.37) | 0.74 |
| 15) | Beneficial | 0.35 | (0.45) | 0.65 |
| (2002) | Green boldface data indicate items loading on each factor | |||
| Table 2 | ||||||
| Mean Scores for Perceptual Factor Indices (with Coefficient∝) for Each On-line Ad Format | ||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |
| Attitude | n = 102 | n = 102 | n = 97 | n = 117 | n = 76 | n = 81 |
| Entertainment | ||||||
| M | 2.87 | 2.94 | 3.20 | 3.19 | 4.01 | 3.51 |
| SD | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.72 |
| ∝ | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.89 |
| | ||||||
| Annoyance | ||||||
| M | 2.95 | 4.19 | 2.23 | 2.96 | 3.69 | 3.18 |
| SD | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.09 |
| ∝ | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.95 |
| | ||||||
| Information | ||||||
| M | 3.11 | 2.58 | 3.59 | 3.47 | 2.87 | 3.17 |
| SD | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.79 |
| ∝ | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.78 |
| (2002) | Note: 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree | |||||
| Table 3 | ||||||
| Mean Scores for Attitude Indices (with∝) for Each On-line Ad Format | ||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |
| Attitude | n = 102 | n = 102 | n = 97 | n = 117 | n = 76 | n = 81 |
| Aad | ||||||
| M | 3.42 | 2.86 | 4.05 | 3.90 | 3.40 | 3.53 |
| SD | 0.88 | 1.19 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 1.35 | 1.19 |
| ∝ | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
| | ||||||
| Aformat | ||||||
| M | 3.25 | 1.85 | 3.83 | 3.36 | 3.07 | 3.29 |
| SD | 1.00 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 1.41 | 1.06 |
| ∝ | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.95 |
| (2002) | ||||||
| Table 4 | ||||||
| Regression Results (β Weights andR2) for Predictors ofAformat for All Formats | ||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |
| Entertainment factor | 0.23* | 0.23* | 0.42** | 0.37** | 0.30** | 0.33** |
| Annoyance factor | (0.42)** | (0.42)** | (0.42)** | (0.47)** | (0.60)** | (0.51)** |
| Information factor | 0.24* | 0.24* | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.31** |
| AdjustedR2 | 0.44** | 0.44** | 0.53** | 0.63** | 0.69** | 0.80** |
| *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 | ||||||
| (2002) | ||||||
| Table 5 | ||||||
| Regression Results (β Weights andR2) forAformat for All Formats | ||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |
| Attitude towards format | 0.39** | 0.56** | 0.68** | 0.75** | 0.81** | 0.86** |
| AdjustedR2 | 0.14** | 0.30** | 0.45** | 0.56** | 0.66** | 0.74** |
| *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 | ||||||
| (2002) | ||||||
| Table 6 | ||||||||||||
| Regression Results (β Weights andR2) for Predictors ofAformat for All Formats | ||||||||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |||||||
| w/o | with | w/o | with | w/o | with | w/o | with | w/o | with | w/o | with | |
| Entertainment factor | 0.31** | 0.27* | 0.53** | 0.46** | 0.36** | 0.14 | 0.27** | 0.04 | 0.28** | 0.09 | 0.32** | 0.08 |
| Annoyance factor | (0.07) | 0.00 | (0.16) | (0.05) | (0.18) | 0.05 | (0.29)** | (0.01) | (0.39)** | (0.02) | (0.54)** | (0.17) |
| Information factor | 0.25* | 0.21 | 0.03 | (0.03) | 0.23* | 0.18 | 0.25** | 0.18* | 0.26* | 0.19* | 0.18 | (0.04) |
| A format | — | 0.16 | — | 0.27* | — | 0.52* | — | 0.62** | — | 0.63** | — | 0.72** |
| AdjustedR2 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.74 |
| *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***All significant,p < .01 | ||||||||||||
| (2002) | ||||||||||||
| Table 7 | ||||||
| Percentage of Respondents Reporting Ad-Related Behaviors and Attitude-Behavior Correlations for Each On-line Ad Format | ||||||
| Banner | Pop-up | Skyscraper | Large rectangle | Floating | Interstitial | |
| n = 102 | n = 102 | n = 97 | n = 117 | n = 76 | n = 81 | |
| Behavioral measure | 75.5 | 37.3 | 55.7 | 40.2 | 21.1 | 24.4 |
| Percent clickthrough | ||||||
| Percent visits later | 59.8 | 23.5 | 42.3 | 36.8 | 13.2 | 19.5 |
| Clickthrough frequency | ||||||
| 0 | 35.3 | 75.5 | 60.8 | 67.5 | 80.3 | 80.5 |
| 1–2 | 48.0 | 21.6 | 29.9 | 20.5 | 15.8 | 17.1 |
| 3 or more | 16.7 | 2.9 | 9.3 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 2.4 |
| | ||||||
| Correlation betweenA formatand ... | ||||||
| Percent clickthrough | 0.46** | 0.34** | 0.27** | 0.14 | 0.29* | 0.27* |
| Percent visits later | 0.31** | 0.26** | 0.21* | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.33** |
| Clickthrough frequency | 0.38** | 0.42** | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.27* | 0.23* |
| Behavioral index | 0.46** | 0.42** | 0.25* | 0.16 | 0.28* | 0.33** |
| *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 | ||||||
| (2002) | ||||||