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| Culture of Taiwan | |||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 臺灣文化 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 台湾文化 | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Taiwanese culture | ||||||||||
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Theculture of Taiwan is a blend ofHan Taiwanese andindigenous Taiwanese cultures.[1] Despite the overwhelmingChinese cultural influence and minority indigenous Taiwanese cultural influence,Japanese culture has significantly influenced Taiwanese culture as well.[2] The common socio-political experience inTaiwan gradually developed into a sense of Taiwanesecultural identity and a feeling of Taiwanese cultural awareness, which has been widely debated domestically.[3][4][5]
Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding thepolitical status of Taiwan, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanesemulticulturalism has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by thepeople of Taiwan.[6][7]
Taiwan's culture and cultural legacy has been largely shaped by the processes ofimperialism andcolonization as the structural and psychological effects of successive colonial projects have been integral to developing Taiwan's self-image and the evolution of both official and unofficial Taiwanese culture.[8] For most of its colonized existence, Taiwan remained on the cultural margins, far from the centers of civil and cultural life of each regime, and with every regime change, Taiwan's cultural center shifted. At various times Taiwan's cultural center has been indigenous Taiwan, Amsterdam,Amoy (Xiamen),Qing-eraPeking,Imperial Japan, postwar China and even, arguably, the United States.[9]
Before theQing Empire ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895, Taiwan's culture was characterized by Qing frontier societies ofHan farmers and highlandAborigines. Due to Taiwan's strategic location along East Asian trade routes, the Taiwanese were also exposed to cosmopolitan influences and the effects of European commerce. By the middle of the Japanese era (1895–1945), Taiwan had begun to shift from local to contemporary global culture, under the guidance of Japanese style "westernization". Beginning during Japan's build-up for war,[10] Japan invigorated its policies to Japanize Taiwan for mobilization against the Allies. Japan's effort taught Taiwan's elite Japanese culture and language but did not largely interfere in religious organizations. When Japan's suppressive wartime policies were lifted followingWorld War II, the Taiwanese were eager to continue with their prewarcosmopolitan activities.[11] Japan's colonial legacy has shaped many of the customs and mannerisms of the Taiwanese. Japan's colonial legacy is still visible, due to Japan's massive effort in constructing Taiwan's economic infrastructure and industrial base, which is often cited as a major factor in Taiwan's rapideconomic development.[12]
During the early postwar period theChinese Nationalist Party (KMT) suppressed Taiwanese cultural expression and barred Taiwanese from cosmopolitan life except in the spheres of science and technology.[13] The authoritarian KMT dominated public cultural space and Chinese nationalist networks became a part of cultural institutions, leaving little resource for cultural autonomy to grow.[14]
Under the early KMT, Taiwan was realigned from a Japanese imperial center to a Chinese nationalist center, under the influence of KMT and Americangeo-political interests.[citation needed] Although American cultural activities were modest, they played a significant role in Taiwan's developing cultural scene. The KMT claimed a loss of morale led to "losing China" and thus the state issued a series of ideological reforms aimed to "retake" China, which became the major state cultural program of the time. The immediate preoccupation with losing China diverted long-term investment in the humanities and social sciences. On another level, the state's main objective was to "sinicize" the Taiwanese by teaching themMandarin Chinese and Nationalist ideology through compulsory primary education.[15]
By the late 1940s the KMT hadeliminated dissent for its cultural policies. When the Taiwanese had resumed the cultural activities, which were outlawed by the Japanese in 1937, the Nationalist attitude was that the local Taiwanese had been Japanese "slaves" and would therefore have to complete a period of moral and ideological tutelage before they could enjoy their full rights as citizens of theRepublic of China.[16] TheFebruary 28 Incident destroyed Taiwan's urban elite and the arrival of the mainlander elite ensured Nationalist domination of urban cultural centers.[17]
In 1953, GeneralissimoChiang Kai-shek issued his first major opinion on culture to completeSun Yat-sen'sThree Principles of the People, which included prescribing Nationalist curriculum for education, building facilities for intellectual and physical recreation and the major state cultural program of promoting anti-communist propaganda.[18] In regard to Taiwanese cultural life, the major thrust was for "universalization" of education in Mandarin, which was enforced by law. Despite the hard-line Chinese control over culture, the Soviet advances in technology led to a new Nationalist focus on building closer cooperation with American universities and developing engineering programs.[19] The American presence in Taiwan also encouraged Taiwanese to resume some politically, ethnically neutral cultural activities, which was expressed in a flourishing Taiwanese-language media market.[20]
Between the 1960s and the 1980s Taiwan's culture was described by its media as the contrast between Taiwan (Free China) and China (Communist China), often drawing from the official tropes of Taiwan as a bastion of traditional Chinese culture, which had preserved "true" Chinese values against the "false" Chinese values of post Communist China. At the same time, Taiwanese cultural expressions were brutally suppressed by Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT. In response to theCultural Revolution of China, the government of Taiwan began promoting theChinese Cultural Renaissance" (中華文化復興運動), with a myriad of programs designed to promote traditional Chinese culture to counter the communist movement on the mainland which aimed at uprooting the "Four Olds". These programs involved subsidized publication ofChinese Classics, the symbolic functions of theNational Palace Museum, promoting famous prewar scholars to prominent positions in government and academic institutions, textbook and curriculum design with a focus on the official view of "traditional" Chinese culture and involvement in social and community events and the exemplification of Confucian ideology intertwined withSun Yat-sen thought.[citation needed]
Bentuhua orTaiwanization/Taiwanese localization has become, arguably, the most important symbol of cultural change over the past twenty years. Bentuhua describes the social and cultural movement by the people of Taiwan to identify with Taiwan's unique mixed historical and cultural legacy. Bentuhua has often been associated withTaiwan Name Rectification Campaign,Taiwan Independence, andTaiwanese nationalism.[citation needed]
The prevalent form of religious belief inTaiwan is a blend ofBuddhism,Taoism, andChinese folk religion, includingChinese ancestral worship,Mazu worship,Wang Ye worship andZhai Jiao Traditions.[21] However, there are also large numbers of devotees to each of these belief systems.[22]
Apart from the syncretic form of traditional Chinese folk religion,Humanistic Buddhism is the major distinguishing trait of modern Taiwanese Buddhism. Humanistic Buddhism traces its roots to Chinese monkVenerable Taixu (1890–1947), who promoted more direct contributions to society through the Buddhist community and was a significant influence forVenerable Yin Shun, who is generally considered to be the key figure who brought Humanistic Buddhism to Taiwan.[23]
Christian churches have been active in Taiwan for many years, a majority of which are Protestant (with 2.6% of the population identifying themselves as Protestant)[22] with Presbyterians playing a particularly significant role. ThePresbyterian Church in Taiwan has been active in promoting human rights and the use of the spoken and writtenTaiwanese (seePe̍h-ōe-jī), both during Japanese rule, as well as the martial law period of the Republic of China, during which the exclusive use ofMandarin was legally mandated. As such, the church has been associated with theTaiwan Name Rectification Campaign and thepan-green coalition.[citation needed]
Several Taiwanese religious organizations have extended their operations beyond the country. Several organizations, especiallyBuddha's Light International Association (Fo Guang Shan),Tzu Chi Foundation,Dharma Drum Mountain andChung Tai Shan, have set up branch temples (or centres) and extended their humanitarian or missionary works around the world.[citation needed]
Buddhist-Taoist religious belief makes up 93%, Christian 4.5%, and others 2.5%.[24]
Pearl milk tea (also known asbubble tea or boba) is a popular tea drink available in many parts of the world. A notable Japanese influence exists due to the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. Taiwanese cuisine itself is often associated with influences from mid to southern provinces of China, most notably from the province ofFujian, but influences from all of China can easily be found due to the large number of Chinese who immigrated to Taiwan during theretreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan.
The most widely spoken and de facto language in Taiwan isMandarin Chinese which was introduced to Taiwan by people who emigrated frommainland China after 1949.Taiwanese Hokkien, or "Taiwanese" for short, is spoken by about 70% of the population. TheHakka, who make about 13% of the population, speak the distinctHakka language. TheFormosan languages and theYami language are the native languages of theindigenous Taiwanese, comprising about 2.3% of the island's population.[25]
Standard Chinese is the official language and is almost universally spoken and understood. English is taught universally, starting in elementary school.
Taiwanese Mandarin, derived from Standard Chinese, is spoken at different levels according to the social class and situation of the speakers.
Some terms have different meanings in Taiwan and mainland China, such as: 土豆 (tǔdòu), which means peanut in Taiwan, but potato in China. There also exist differences in official[26] pronunciations of a few words such as 垃圾, which is pronouncedlèsè in Taiwan butlājī in China, with the former being derived fromShanghainese.
In Taiwan,traditional Chinese characters are generally used, rather than thesimplified characters used predominantly in mainland China.[27]
The artistic heritage of Taiwan is extremely diverse. Stonecutters of theChangbin culture began to make art on Taiwan at least 30,000 years ago. Around 5,000 years ago jade and earthenware works started to appear. Art was first institutionalized in Taiwan during the Japanese Colonial period and the establishment of public schools dedicated to the fine arts. The Japanese introduced oil and watercolor paintings to Taiwan and Taiwanese artists were heavily influenced by their Japanese counterparts. As was typical of colonel rulers Japanese did not establish tertiary institutions for art education in Taiwan, all students wishing to pursue an advanced degree in the arts had to travel to Japan to do so. When the Nationalists fled to Taiwan in 1949 they brought many of China's most prestigious artists with them. The Nationalists also established the first art colleges and universities in Taiwan. Along with Chinese influences the Nationalists also allowed the United States to establish a series of military bases in Taiwan, Americanpop culture and artistic ideas such asabstract expressionism were introduced to Taiwan by the Americans. Democratization in the late 1980s and the lifting of martial law granted Taiwanese artists freedom of expression for the first time in history. The economic boom of the '80s and '90s also saw the financial resources of Taiwanese museums and patrons increase significantly.[28] By 1990 Taiwan was Asia's biggest art market.[29] As Taiwan's art scene matured there began to be a greater specialization in exhibit spaces with dedicated museums for things like photography and ceramics opening. In the 21st century Taiwan's artistic community embraced new technologies and new mediums.[28] While no longer the largest art market in Asia the tastes of Taiwan's collectors have matured and Taiwan remains the most cutting-edge art market in Asia.[30]
Taiwan'sfreedom of press is guaranteed by theConstitution and itsworldwide press freedom index ranks at 32 among 169 nations, as of 2007. Taiwan had been under martial law, with strict restrictions on the press and broadcasting, before political liberalization loosened restrictions in the 1980s.
Popular sports in Taiwan include:
Athletes from Taiwan compete in international sporting events, often under the banner of "Chinese Taipei" due to PRC's opposition to the use of "Taiwan" or "ROC" under such circumstances.
Taiwanese tea culture, include tea arts,tea ceremony, and a very social way of enjoying tea. While the most common teas are oolongs, especially Taiwanese oolongs such as Iron Goddess and Alpine Oolong. However, black teas and green teas are also popular. Many of the classical arts can be seen in thetea culture, examples:calligraphy, flower arts, incense arts, and such.
Karaoke is incredibly popular in Taiwan, where it is termed KTV (karaoke television). This is an example of something the Taiwanese have drawn, on scale, from contemporaryJapanese culture.Pachinko is another example. During typhoons, many young Taiwanese will spend the day singing karaoke or playingmahjong. Many people enjoy watchingminiseries collectively calledTaiwanese drama.
Indoor shrimping has remained a popular form of recreation in Taiwan since the 1990s.[31][32][33][34]
Since 1999,hot springs, known aswēnquán inChinese andonsen in Japanese, have been making a comeback thanks to efforts by the government. Over 100 hot springs have been discovered since the Japanese introduced their richonsen culture to Taiwan, with the largest concentration on the northernmost part of Taiwan island.
Anime andmanga are very popular in Taiwan. Comics, including manga, are calledmanhua in Taiwan. It is common to see a manga rental shop or a manga store every couple of streets in larger cities.
Boasting over 9,200convenience stores in an area of 35,980 km2 and a population of 22.9 million, Taiwan has theAsia Pacific's and perhaps the world's highest density of convenience stores per person: one store per 2,500 people or .0004 stores per person.[35] As of 1 January 2009, Taiwan also has 4,8007-Eleven stores, and thus the world's highest density of 7-Elevens per person: one store per 4,786 people or .000210 stores per person.[24][36] In Taipei, it is not unusual to see two 7-Elevens across the street from or several of them within a few hundred meters of each other.
Because they are found nearly everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of the city parking fee, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty-one percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week.[35] The idea of being able to purchase food items, drink, fast food, magazines, videos, computer games, and so on 24 hours a day and at any corner of a street makes life easier for Taiwan's extremely busy and rushed population.
Taiwan, like its neighbors in East Asia, is well known for itsbuxiban (補習班), often translated ascram school, and literally meaning "make-up class" or "catch-up class" or to learn more advanced classes. Nearly all students attend some sort ofbuxiban, whether for mathematics, computer skills, English, other foreign languages, or exam preparation (college, graduate school,TOEFL,GRE,SAT, etc.). This is perpetuated by ameritocratic culture that measures merit through testing, with entrance into college, graduate school, and government service decided entirely on testing. This has also led to a remarkable respect for degrees, including PhDs and overseas Western degrees (US and Great Britain).
English teaching is a big business in Taiwan, with Taiwan, as part of its project to reinvigorate theTaiwan Miracle, aiming to become a trilingual country—fluent in Mandarin, Taiwanese, and English.
Cell phones are very popular in Taiwan. Mobile penetration rate stands at just over 120%.[37] Because of their high use, phones in Taiwan have many functions and are becoming cheaper.
Internet cafes are very popular with teenagers. They often sell food. Many gamers eat while using the internet. Many parents and teachers are concerned with the amount of time youth spend in the internet cafes.
One of the best known figures in Taiwanese cinema is directorAng Lee, who has also made movies in the West and has won anAcademy Award. Some popular pop artists in Taiwan includeLeehom Wang,Jay Chou,Jolin Tsai, andDavid Tao. Some of them have gained international fame and toured Asian countries like Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Since Taiwan is well known for its entertainment scene, some of its TV stations have organised talent search to find new and young talents to join the big family of pop culture here. Some successful bands likeS.H.E were formed in the talent search.
Hip-hop culture from the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan also flourished in Taiwan.J-pop,G-Unit andEminem are also very popular as well. In this process, Taiwan produced several hip-hop artists, includingDog G,MC HotDog,Machi, andL.A. Boyz.
Taiwanization of the culture of Taiwan has been a trend since democratisation in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2000, after half a century of ChineseKuomintang (KMT) party rule, the first ever democratic change of ruling parties in Taiwan occurred with the election of Chen Shui-bian and his Taiwan-centricDemocratic Progressive Party (DPP), marking an important step towards Taiwanization. While generally the KMT, the other major political party, is also more open to promoting Taiwan's cultural autonomy than in the past, the DPP made Taiwanization a key plank in its political platform. The Chen administration's policies included measures designed to focus on Taiwan while de-emphasizing cultural and historical ties to China. These policies included changes such as revising textbooks and changing school curricula to focus more on Taiwan's own history to the exclusion of China, and changing the names of institutions that contain "China" to "Taiwan". This sometimes led to incongruities such asSun Yat-sen being treated as both a "foreign" (Chinese) historical figure and as the "Father of the Country" (Republic of China). These policies are calledTaiwanization but have been attacked by detractors as "desinicization", which explains why these policies are generally applauded by most ethnic Taiwanese and opposed by the KMT.
One phenomenon that has resulted from the Taiwanization movement is the advent ofTaike subculture, in which people consciously adopt the wardrobe, language and cuisine to emphasize the uniqueness of popular, groundroots Taiwanese culture, which in previous times had often been seen as provincial and brutally suppressed byChiang Kai-shek.
The Kuomintang took power in 2008 with the election ofMa Ying-jeou to the presidency. The new KMT administration has controversially sought to reverse some of the desinicizing policies of the Chen administration, to various degrees of public support. The restoration of theChiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall to its former state has been generally supported. By contrast, a directive by the administration to foreign missions to henceforth refer to visits by foreign dignitaries as "visiting (cultural) China" has been rescinded after criticism from DPP legislators.
Since 1949, Taiwan had managed to develop itself into the center of Chinese pop culture (also known as "C-pop" or 中文流行文化). Today, the commercial Chinese music industry in the world (especiallyMandopop andTaiwanese pop) is still largely dominated by Taiwanese pop artists. Successful Chinese pop artists from other countries (e.g.Stefanie Sun,JJ Lin from Singapore) are also trained, groomed andmarketed in Taiwan. Chinese pop artists from other countries who wish to become successful usually have to go to Taiwan to develop their music career. Mandopop and Taiwanese (Hokkien) genre music continue to flourish in Taiwan today.
Ever since the 1990s, Taiwanese variety shows (綜藝節目) had grown from its home base in Taiwan to other parts of the world. Today, it is widely watched and enjoyed by theOverseas Chinese communities in countries such asSingapore,Malaysia,Indonesia, and theUnited States.
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