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TheTaiwanese Communist Party (Kyūjitai:臺灣共產黨;Shinjitai:台湾共產党) was a revolutionary organization active inJapanese-ruled Taiwan. Like the contemporaryTaiwanese People's Party, its existence was short, only three years, but its politics and activities were influential in shaping Taiwan's anti-colonial enterprise.

The party was subordinate to theJapanese Communist Party but advocated Taiwan's independence from Japan.

The party was officially formed on 15 April 1928 in theShanghai French Concession. Its planning went back to as early as 1925, whenMoscow-trained Taiwanese students began to contact likeminded individuals inChina andJapan. By late 1927, theComintern had instructed Japanese communists, who had been organized since 1922, to draft political and organizational charters (綱領) for a "Japanese Communist Party, Taiwanese National Branch". Following the draft,Lin Mu-shun [zh] andHsieh Hsueh-hung secretly met inShanghai with seven others, three of whom represented theChinese,Korean, and Japanese Communist Parties, respectively, to form the nascent organization. The TCP's first headquarters were located in theShanghai French Concession.^[1]

In 1931, the Comintern elevated the group's status from party branch to that of a full-fledged party, which was directly answerable to it.

The party advocated Taiwan's independence from Japanese rule.^[2][3]: 90 Politically, the party described the "Taiwanese nation" (臺灣民族) as the descendants ofKoxinga's army and later settlers from southeastern China. Both Koxinga and otherManchu rulers established a feudal system, which, in its view, began to disintegrate with the introduction of 19th-century Western capital into the island.

TheRepublic of Formosa represented a revolutionary movement of feudal landowners, merchants and radical patriots, but it was doomed to failure given the immaturity of the native capitalist class. It saw Taiwan's capitalism to be utterly dependent upon its Japanese counterpart.

The proletarian revolution would be driven by the contradiction between the dominant Japanese capital and the native (and poorly developed) capital and rural feudalistic elements. The goal of the party was to unite the workers and the peasants. Toward that goal, the party would use the left-leaningTaiwanese Cultural Association as a platform and legal front, and expose the "lies" of theTaiwanese People's Party, which had been moving toward the left underChiang Wei-shui's leadership.

The 1928 charter subjected the organization of the Taiwanese communists to the Japanese party. Although Japanese communists had been entrusted with the task of guiding the Taiwanese branch, massive repression in Japan proper, starting in 1928, left the Taiwanese adrift. Some leftist students were also forced to return to Taiwan. Leadership fell to Hsieh Hsueh-hung to reorganize in light of that development.

The party sought to organize workers in still-unorganized key industries, including the transportation and mining sectors in northern Taiwan. Party cadres were sent to work spread propaganda in the logging ranches ofGiran and the mines inKīrun, with mixed success. InTaihoku, the party led a failed strike by print workers. In the island's south, cadres sparked a strike by railroad workers inTakao. Overall, however, the TCP was neither as active nor as successful as theAlliance of Taiwanese Workers, which was affiliated with the Taiwanese People's Party.

The party had more success organizing peasants. Earlier, a bottom-up farmers' movement had spread rapidly in 1925, leading to the creation of the island-wideTaiwanese Peasants' Union. The TCP was able to cultivate its faction within the Union and by late 1928, the Union had openly declared its support for the communists. At that time, theGreat Depression of 1930 was seen by many communists worldwide as a sign that the proletariat revolution was on the verge of exploding. Japan's war efforts in China had also bogged down. By 1931 the TCP-led Peasants' Union was secretly training farmers (many ofHakka ethnicity) in preparation for armed struggle to form asoviet, one that some believed would soon elicit support from the Chinese Communist Party. A leak allowed the authorities to liquidate a key group, halting that plan.

From its inception, the TCP had plans to infiltrate the Cultural Association, which was already left-leaning, after a group of moderate and conservative leaders had left in 1927. It was a convenient platform that could serve as a legal front. The third congress (1929) saw the communists succeed in electing several cadres to the association's central committee. They proceeded to purge the leadership of the remaining conservatives and non-TCP leftists, particularlyLien Wenqing.

Between 1931 and 1933, authorities arrested 107 TCP members, who were sentenced to prison terms of up to 15 years. A few died in prison.

Initially, the party had been under the sway of the Japanese theoristYamakawa Hitoshi, who advocated uniting the workers, peasants, and thepetty bourgeoisie to form a mass party. The Comintern also initially favored communists uniting with "bourgeois forces"^{[citation needed]} to wage an anti-imperialist war ofnational liberation. The TCP's 1931 charter, however, reflected new assessment that downplayed the revolutionary potential of the bourgeoisie.Class struggle was to be the priority. Hsieh, the leader until then, was opposed to the new turn. She and her supporters were forced out of the party.

There is no evidence that surviving members of the party managed to re-constitute the TCP after Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces. However, during the two years between 1945 and the aftermath of theFebruary 28 Incident, some individual past members (most notably Hsieh Hsueh-hung) participated the anti-government action. The Kuomintang's repression led a part of them to flee toMainland China, where they merged into the ranks of theChinese Communist Party (CCP). Some of the survivors fled toBritish Hong Kong and formed theTaiwan Democratic Self-Government League in November 1947. Communist activities after the1949 Nationalist retreat to Taiwan were thus directed under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party. By that point, theTaiwan Provincial Working Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was particularly targeted, and by 1952 had been completely destroyed by theKuomintang in Sanyi, Miaoli, and its leadership was incarcerated or executed during theWhite Terror.

TheLabor Party was formed in 1989 and proclaims to have historical links to the Taiwanese Communist Party.^[4]

After the lifting ofmartial law in 1987, attempts have been made to re-establish a legal party of the same name. However, applications to theMinistry of the Interior were rejected on the grounds that Article 2 of the Civic Organization Law forbids civic organizations and activities from promotingcommunism.^[5] Later, theLabor Party was founded in 1989, which views itself as the ideological successor to the Taiwanese Communist Party.^[6]

On 20 July 2008, theTaiwan Communist Party was founded, the same day that the Taiwanese Constitutional Court ruled the prohibition of communism to be unconstitutional.^[7] The following year, two other parties were founded. On 31 March 2009, theCommunist Party of the Republic of China was founded, and later that year, theTaiwan Democratic Communist Party was founded.

TheChinese Communist Party has shown no recent interest in promoting communism in Taiwan, and as of 2005, most of its efforts are directed at promotingChinese nationalism on Taiwan, which has led to increasingly-warm relations with thePan-Blue Coalition. Still, in 2000, Dai Chung, a Taiwanese resident, self-proclaimed a "Taiwan Province branch" of the CCP without applying for official status as a political party and without any support or interest from the CCP.^[8]

• Xie Xuehong

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