Taiwan–United States relations

Taiwan	United States
Diplomatic mission
Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States	American Institute in Taiwan
Envoy
RepresentativeAlexander Yui	DirectorRaymond F. Greene

Taiwan–United States relations
ROC Defense Mission to the United States.
Traditional Chinese	臺灣與美國關係
Simplified Chinese	台湾与美国关系
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Táiwān yǔ měiguó guānxì Bopomofo ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄩˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Toi4 waan1 jyu5 mei5 gwok3 gwaan1 hai6
Republic of China - United States relations
Traditional Chinese	中華民國與美國關係
Simplified Chinese	中华民国与美国关系
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá mínguó yǔ měiguó guānxì Bopomofo ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ ㄇㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3 jyu5 mei5 gwok3 gwaan1 hai6

After the United States established diplomatic relations with thePeople's Republic of China (PRC) in 1979 and recognized Beijing as the only legal government of China,Taiwan–United States relations became unofficial and informal following terms of theTaiwan Relations Act (TRA), which allows theUnited States to have relations with the Taiwanese people and their government, whose name is not specified.^[1][2][3] U.S.–Taiwan relations were further informally grounded in theSix Assurances in response to thethird communiqué on the establishment ofUS–PRC relations. TheTaiwan Travel Act, passed by the U.S. Congress on March 16, 2018, allows high-level U.S. officials to visit Taiwan and vice versa.^[4] Both sides have since signed a consular agreement formalizing their existent consular relations on September 13, 2019.^[5] The US government removed self-imposed restrictions on executive branch contacts with Taiwan on January 9, 2021.^[6]

The U.S. has viewed Taiwan asgeostrategically important given its key location in thefirst island chain.^[7][8] Over the past four decades, the U.S. government'spolicy of deliberate ambiguity toward Taiwan has been viewed as critical to stabilizingcross-strait relations by seeking to deter the PRC from using force toward the region and dissuadeTaiwan from seeking independence.^[9][10] However, in recent years as Beijing escalated its moves and further clarified its intentions, the effectiveness of strategic ambiguity became a topic of debate in academic and policy communities.^{[11][12][13][14][15][16][17]}

Taiwan is the United States' ninth largest trading partner.^[18] As stipulated by the TRA, theUnited States remains the main provider of arms to Taiwan, which has often been a source of tension with the PRC.^[19] Both states maintain representative offices functioning asde facto embassies. Taiwan is represented by theTaipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States (TECRO),^[20] while the U.S. government is represented by theAmerican Institute in Taiwan (AIT).^[21]

In 1784, the United States attempted to send a consul to China but was rejected by the Chinese government. Official relations beginning on June 16, 1844, under U.S. PresidentJohn Tyler,^[22] leading to the 1845Treaty of Wangxia.

Two American diplomats in the 1850s suggested to Washington that the U.S. should obtain theisland of Taiwan from China, but the idea was rejected.^[23][24] Aboriginals in Taiwan often attacked and massacred shipwrecked western sailors, and American diplomats tried to help them. In 1867, during theRover incident, a group ofTaiwanese Indigenous people killed the crew of a wrecked American ship. A subsequent U.S. military expedition attempted retaliation but was defeated in a skirmish, resulting in the death of another American.^[25][26]

In 1894, theRevive China Society, an early predecessor of theKuomintang (KMT) political party, was established in Honolulu to oppose the Qing dynasty, prior to the annexation of Hawaii by the United States.

As Taiwan was under Japanese control, following the1911 Revolution, which overthrew theQing dynasty, theWilliam Taft administration recognized thegovernment of theRepublic of China (ROC) as the sole and legitimate government of China despitea number of governments ruling various parts of China.

As one of the first Western countries to recognize the Republic of China, the United States prompted the government in Peking to send a delegation led by Ch’en Ch’i to thePanama-Pacific International Exposition world's fair in February 1915. Chinese organizers reportedly contributed more than half of all exhibits presented by participating nations.^[27]

China wasreunified by asingle government, led by the Kuomintang (KMT) in 1928, which subsequently gained recognition as China's only legitimate government despitecontinued internal strife. The first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature recognized for writing about China wasPearl S. Buck, an American author born in the United States and raised in China. Her 1938 Nobel lecture was titled The Chinese Novel.^[28]

During the period of Japanese rule, the United States operated a consulate in Taihoku, Formosa (now Taipei), beginning in 1913. The consulate was closed in 1941 due toUnited States declaration of war on Japan. In 1997, thebuilding was listed as historic monument by Chinese government.^[29]

During thePacific War, the United States and the Republic of China wereallied against Japan. In October 1945, a month afterJapan's surrender, representatives of Chinese leaderChiang Kai-shek, on behalf of theAllies, were sent to Formosa to accept the surrender ofJapanese troops. However, during the period of the 1940s, there was no recognition by theUnited States Government that Taiwan had ever been incorporated into Chinese national territory.^[30] Chiang continued to remain suspicious of America's motives.^[31]

Badge of theMilitary Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)

Badge of theUnited States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC)

Two major US military units in Taiwan during theCold War.

After being defeated by Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War^[32]: 125, the Nationalist government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan.^[32]: 125

In August 1949, the United States suspended the Republic of China’s participation in the Fulbright Program, as the ROC government, then in retreat, was unable to continue payments on surplus war materials purchased from the United States following World War II.^[32]: 32

On January 5, 1950, United States PresidentHarry S. Truman issued a statement that the United States would not become involved in "the civil conflict in China" and would not provide military aid or advice to the Nationalist forces in Taiwan.^[32]: 125

On February 6, 1950, theROC Air Force bombedShanghai, causing extensive damage to American-owned property in the city including the Shanghai power company.^[32]: 125 The American government responded by sending a diplomatic protest to theROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^[32]: 125

As theKorean War broke out, the United States resumed military aid to the ROC and sent the US Navy'sSeventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait.^[32]: 50 US military presence in Taiwan consisted of theMilitary Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) and theUnited States Taiwan Defense Command (USTDC). Other notable units included the327th Air Division. United States military, technical, and economic aid to Taiwan increased following China's entry into the Korean War in late October 1950.^[32]: 128 United States GeneralDouglas MacArthur described Taiwan as an"unsinkable aircraft carrier" and visited the island during the war.^[33]: 164

Until the U.S. formally recognized the People's Republic of China in 1979, the U.S. had provided ROC with financial grants based on theForeign Assistance Act,^[34]Mutual Security Act,^[32]: 129 andAct for International Development enacted by theUS Congress. Taiwan became a top recipient of United States aid in the following years.^[32]: 128

After their defeat in the Chinese Civil War, parts of theRepublic of China army had retreated south and crossed the border into Burma.^[35]: 65 The United States supported these Republic of China forces in the hope that they would engage the People’s Republic of China from the southwest, thereby diverting Chinese resources away from the Korean War.^[35]: 65 The Burmese government protested and international pressure increased.^[35]: 65 Beginning in 1953, several rounds of withdrawals of the ROC forces and their families were carried out.^[35]: 65 In1960, joint military action by PRC and Burma expelled the remaining ROC forces from Burma, althoughsome went on to settle in theBurma-Thailand borderlands.^{[35]: 65–66}

During a visit to Taiwan in 1953, U.S. Vice PresidentRichard Nixon stated that the United States would support the development of Taiwan as an anti-communist military and cultural stronghold.^[32]: 10 In 1954, the United States began providing significant funding foreducation in Taiwan, including to attractoverseas Chinese.^[32]: 10 These efforts also helped the KMT to consolidate its power on Taiwan.^[32]: 10

TheSino-American Mutual Defense Treaty was signed between the US and ROC in 1954 and lasted until 1979.

The U.S. State Department's official position on Taiwan in 1959 was:

In 1970s, Taiwanese activistPeter Huang attempted to assassinateChiang Ching-kuo in New York City.^[37]: 27

During the early Cold War the United States deployed nuclear weapons on Taiwan as part of the United States Taiwan Defense Command. In 1972, United States presidentRichard Nixon ordered nuclear weapons to be removed from Taiwan and this was implemented by 1974.^[38]

In the 1970s, the Kuomintang (KMT) government, led by Executive Yuan Premier Chiang Ching-kuo, launched a people’s diplomacy campaign in the United States aimed at rallying public and political opposition to the People’s Republic of China through demonstrations and petitions.^[39]: 42 Among these efforts, the KMT worked with theJohn Birch Society to launch a petition writing campaign through which Americans were urged to write their local government officials and ask them to "Cut the Red China connection."^[39]: 42

During itsmartial law period (1949 to 1987), the Taiwan government surveilled Taiwanese abroad, most often in Japan and in the United States.^[37]: 2 The United StatesFederal Bureau of Investigation often cooperated with or allowed the KMT to surveil Taiwanese students and other Taiwanese migrants in the United States.^[37]: 15

According to a 1979 report by theUnited States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the Taiwan government operated one of the two most active anti-dissident networks within the United States, with agents infiltrated within universities and campus organizations and large-scalepropaganda campaigns implemented through front organizations.^[37]: 7

In 1979 and 1980, a series of bombings targeted KMT offices and officials in the United States.^[37]: 151 The United States placed theWorld United Formosans for Independence on its terrorist organization watch list as a result.^[37]: 151

At the height of theSino-Soviet Split, and at the start of thereform and opening of People's Republic of China, the United States strategically switched diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People's Republic of China (PRC) on January 1, 1979, to counter the political influences and military threats from theSoviet Union. The US Embassy in Taipei was 'migrated' toBeijing and the Taiwanese Embassy in the US was closed. Following the termination of diplomatic relations, the United States terminated its Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan on January 1, 1980.^{[citation needed]}

On April 10, 1979, U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter signed into law theTaiwan Relations Act, which created domestic legal authority for the conduct of unofficial relations with Taiwan. U.S. commercial, cultural, and other interaction with the people on Taiwan is facilitated through theAmerican Institute in Taiwan, a private nonprofit corporation. The institute has its headquarters in theWashington area and has a main office in Taipei and abranch office inKaohsiung. It is authorized to issue visas, accept passport applications, and provide assistance to U.S. citizens in Taiwan. A counterpart organization, theTaipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States, has been established by Taiwan. The representative office located in Washington, DC, and has 12 otherTaipei Economic and Cultural Offices in thecontinental U.S. andGuam. The Taiwan Relations Act continues to provide the legal basis for the unofficial relationship between the U.S. and Taiwan, and enshrines the U.S. commitment to assisting Taiwan maintain its defensive capability.^{[citation needed]}

After the severance of diplomatic relations, the U.S. still maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with Taiwan through Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office; the current Taiwan's Representative to the U.S. isAlexander Yui. The American Institute in Taiwan, anon-profit institute headquarters in the US soil under the laws of theDistrict of Columbia inArlington County, Virginia and serves as the semi-official, working-level US representation. The current Director of American Institute in Taiwan isRaymond Greene.^{[citation needed]}

Taiwan helped Ronald Reagan circumvent theBoland Amendment by providing covert support to theContras in Nicaragua.^[40]

Reagan pressured Taiwan into giving up itsSky Horse ballistic missile program.^[41]

Taiwan'ssecret nuclear weapons program was revealed after the1987 Lieyu massacre,^[42][43] when ColonelChang Hsien-yi Deputy Director of Nuclear Research at INER,^[44] who was secretly working for the CIA, defected to the U.S. in December 1987 and produced a cache of incriminating documents.^[45] The CIA oversaw negotiations with the Taiwanese which led them to abandon their nuclear ambitions in return for security guarantees.^[41] Since the end of the nuclear weapons program the "Nuclear Card" has played an important part in Taiwan's relationship with the United States.^[46]

In 1997 theSpeaker of the United States House of Representatives,Newt Gingrich, visited Taiwan and met with President Lee Teng-hui.^[47]

In 1999 former PresidentJimmy Carter visited Taiwan.^[48]

President Bush was asked on 25 April 2001, "if Taiwan were attacked by China, do we (The U.S.) have an obligation to defend the Taiwanese?" He responded, "Yes, we do...and the Chinese must understand that. The United States would do whatever it took to help Taiwan defend herself."^[49] He made it understood that "though we (China and the U.S.) have common interests, the Chinese must understand that there will be some areas where we disagree."^[49] On the advice of his advisors, Bush later made clear to the press that there was no change in American policy.^[50]

In July 2002, Minister of JusticeChen Ding-nan became the first Taiwanese government officialto be invited into theWhite House since 1979.

On 24 August 2010, the United StatesState Department announced a change to commercial sales of military equipment in place of the previous foreign military sales in the hope of avoiding political implications.^{[citation needed]} However pressure from the PRC has continued and it seems unlikely that Taiwan will be provided with advanced submarines or jet fighters.^[51]

The Taiwan Policy Act of 2013 was raised and passed in theHouse Committee on Foreign Affairs by the US Congress to update the conditions of US-Taiwan relations.^[52][53] In 2015Kin Moy was appointed to the Director of the American Institute in Taiwan.

U.S. commercial ties with Taiwan have been maintained and have expanded since 1979. Taiwan continues to enjoyExport-Import Bank financing,Overseas Private Investment Corporation guarantees, normal trade relations (NTR) status, and ready access to U.S. markets.^[54] In recent years, AIT commercial dealings with Taiwan have focused on expanding market access for American goods and services. AIT has been engaged in a series of trade discussions, which have focused on copyright concerns and market access for U.S. goods and services.^[55]

On 19 June 2013, theTaiwanese foreign ministry expressed gratitude for aUS Congress's bill in support of Taiwan's bid to participate in theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).^[56] On July 12, 2013, US President Barack Obama signed into law H.R. 1151, codifying the US government's full support for Taiwan's participation in the ICAO as a non-sovereign entity.^[57] The United States has continued the sale of appropriate defensive military equipment to Taiwan in accordance with the Taiwan Relations Act, which provides for such sales and which declares that peace and stability in the area are in U.S. interests. Sales of defensive military equipment are also consistent with the 1982 U.S.-P.R.C. Joint Communiqué.^{[citation needed]}

On December 16, 2015, theObama administration announced a deal to sell $1.83 billion worth of arms to theArmed Forces of Taiwan, a year and eight months afterU.S. House passed theTaiwan Relations Act Affirmation and Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2014 to allow the sale ofOliver Hazard Perry-class frigates to Taiwan. The deal would include the sale of two decommissionedU.S. Navyfrigates,anti-tank missiles,Assault Amphibious Vehicles, andFIM-92 Stingersurface-to-air missiles, amid theterritorial disputes in theSouth China Sea.^[58][59]PRC foreign ministry had expressed its disapproval for the sales and issued the U.S. a "stern warning", saying it would hurtChina–U.S. relations.^[60]

On December 2, 2016, U.S. President-ElectDonald Trump accepted a congratulatory call from Taiwanese PresidentTsai Ing-Wen, which was the first time since 1979 that aPresident-Elect has publicly spoken to a leader of Taiwan.^[61] Donald Trump stated the call was regarding "the close economic, political and security ties between Taiwan and the US".^[62] The phone call had been arranged byBob Dole, who acted as a foreign agent on behalf of Taiwan.^[63]

In June 2017, the Trump administration approved $1.4 billion arms sales to Taiwan.^[64] On 16 March 2018, President Trump signed theTaiwan Travel Act,^[65] allowing high-level diplomatic engagement between Taiwanese and American officials, and encourages visits between government officials of the United States and Taiwan at all levels.^[66][67] The legislation has sparked outrage from the PRC,^[68] and has been applauded by Taiwan.^[69][66]

A new $250 million compound for theAmerican Institute in Taiwan was unveiled in June 2018, accompanied by a "low-key" American delegation.^[70] The Chinese authorities described this action as violation of its "one China" policy statement and called on the US to stop any relations with Taiwan.^[71]

On 17 July 2018, Taiwan's Army officially commissioned all of itsApache attack helicopters purchased from the United States, at cost of $59.31 billion NT(US$1.94 billion), having completed the necessary pilot training and verification of the fleet's combat capability. One of the helicopters was destroyed in a crash during a training flight in Taoyuan in April 2014 and the other 29 have been allocated to the command's 601st Brigade, which is based in Longtan, Taoyuan. Taiwanese PresidentTsai Ing-wen said the commissioning of the Apaches was "an important milestone" in meeting the island's "multiple deterrence" strategy to counter an invasion and to resist Beijing's pressure with support from Washington, which has been concerned about Beijing's growing military expansion in the South China Sea and beyond.^[72]

In September 2018, the United States approved the sale of $330 million worth of spare parts and other equipment to sustain theRepublic of China Air Force.^[73][74] In July 2019, theUS State Department approved the sale ofM1A2T Abrams tanks, Stinger missiles and related equipment at an approximate value of $2.2 billion to Taiwan.^[75]

On 26 March 2020, President Trump signed theTAIPEI Act, aiming to increase the scope of US relations with Taiwan and encouraging other nations and international organizations to strengthen their official and unofficial ties with the island nation.^[76] In May 2020, the US State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of 18MK-48 Mod 6 Advanced Technology Heavy Weight Torpedoes for Taiwan in a deal estimated to cost $180 million.^[77]

On 9 August 2020, U.S. Health and Human Services SecretaryAlex Azar visited Taiwan to meet President Tsai Ing-wen, the first visit by an American official since the break in diplomatic relations between Washington and Taipei in 1979.^[78] In September 2020, U.S.Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the EnvironmentKeith J. Krach attended the memorial service for former Taiwanese PresidentLee Teng-hui.^[79]

In September 2020, theUS Ambassador to the United NationsKelly Craft met with Amb. James K.J. Lee, Director-General of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York, who was secretary-general inTaiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs until July, for lunch in New York City in what was the first meeting between a top Taiwan official and a United States ambassador to the United Nations.^[80] Craft said she and Lee discussed ways the US can help Taiwan become more engaged within the U.N., and she pointed to a December 2019 email alert from Taiwan thatWHO had ignored, recognizing and warning about the danger of the person-to-person transmission of the new highly contagiousCOVID-19 virus in China.^[80]

In an October 2020 deal of $2.37 billion between the U.S. and Taiwan, the U.S. State Department approved the potential sale to Taiwan of 400 Harpoon anti-ship cruise missiles including associated radars, road-mobile launchers, and technical support.^[81]

In January 2021, Taiwan's PresidentTsai Ing-wen met with United States Ambassador to the UNKelly Craft by video link.^[82] Craft said: "We discussed the many ways Taiwan is a model for the world, as demonstrated by its success in fighting COVID-19 and all that Taiwan has to offer in the fields of health, technology and cutting-edge science.... the U.S. stands with Taiwan and always will."^[82] Speaking in Beijing, PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesmanZhao Lijian said: "Certain U.S. politicians will pay a heavy price for their wrong words and deeds."^[83] On her last day in office later that month, Craft called Taiwan "a force for good on the global stage -- a vibrant democracy, a generous humanitarian actor, a responsible actor in the global health community, and a vigorous promoter and defender of human rights."^[84]

In 2021 and 2022, U.S. PresidentJoe Biden made various forceful comments aboutcoming to Taiwan's military defense in the event of aPRC invasion, indicating what scholars called a potential shift to "strategic clarity,"^[85][86] while theState Department reiterated that the administration's Taiwan policy remained unchanged.^{[87][88][89][90]}

On March 3, 2021, the Biden administration reasserted the strength of the relationship between the U.S. and Taiwan in the administration's Interim National Security Strategic Guidance.^[91] On March 8, 2021, the Biden administration made the following statement during a press briefing: "We will stand with friends and allies to advance our shared prosperity, security, and values in the Indo-Pacific region.  We maintain our longstanding commitments, as outlined in the Three Communiqués, the Taiwan Relations Act, and theSix Assurances.  And we will continue to assist Taiwan in maintaining a sufficient self-defense capability."^[92]

In June 2021 a congressional delegation made up ofTammy Duckworth,Dan Sullivan andChristopher Coons briefly visited Taiwan and met with President Tsai Ing-wen. Their use of aC-17 military cargo aircraft drew strong protest from China.^[93] In late October 2021, U.S. Secretary of StateAntony Blinken called on all United Nations member states to support Taiwan's participation in the U.N. system. The comments came a day after the 50th anniversary ofU.N. Resolution 2758, in which the People's Republic of China was designated as the representative of China at the U.N., while the Republic of China (R.O.C.) was expelled.^[94][95]

In December 2021, the U.S. invited Taiwan to theSummit for Democracy.^[96] On December 15, 2021, the US House of Representative and Senate have both passed theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, in which calls for the enhancements of the security of Taiwan, including inviting the Taiwanese navy to the 2022Rim of the Pacific exercise in the face of "increasingly coercive and aggressive behavior" by China.^[97][98] President Joe Biden signed the act on December 27, 2021.^[99]

On May 23, 2022, President Biden, during his trip to Asia, vowed to defend Taiwan with US military in the case of an invasion by China.^[100] At the end of MayIllinois Senator Tammy Duckworth led a congressional delegation to Taiwan.^[101] In late May 2022, the State Department restored a line on its fact sheet on US-Taiwan relations which it removed earlier in the month and stated it did not support Taiwanese independence. However,^[102] another line which was also removed in the earlier fact sheet that acknowledged China's sovereignty claims over Taiwan was not restored while a line that stated the U.S. would maintain its capacity to resist any efforts by China to undermine the security, sovereignty and prosperity of Taiwan in a manner that was consistent with the Taiwan Relations Act was added to the updated fact sheet.^{[citation needed]}

On 27 January 2022, U.S. Vice PresidentKamala Harris and Vice President of TaiwanLai Ching-te had a brief conversation during the presidential inauguration ceremony ofXiomara Castro of Honduras.^[103] On July 28, 2022, U.S. PresidentJoe Biden had a phone call with CCP General SecretaryXi Jinping, during which he "underscored that the United States policy has not changed and that the United States strongly opposes unilateral efforts to change the status quo or undermine peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait."^[104] In July 2022 SenatorRick Scott led a congressional delegation to Taiwan.^[105]

On August 2, 2022,Nancy Pelosi, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives led acongressional delegation to Taiwan, leading to amilitary and economic response from China.^[106] Later in August a congressional delegation led byMassachusetts SenatorEd Markey also visited Taiwan^[107] and Indiana GovernorEric Holcomb (who became the first Indiana Governor to visit Taiwan since 2005).^[108] In late August 2022Tennessee SenatorMarsha Blackburn visited Taiwan.^[109] In late August 2022 thenArizona GovernorDoug Ducey arrived in Taiwan for a visit focused on semiconductors.^[110]

In February 2023, RepresentativesRo Khanna,Jake Auchincloss,Jonathan Jackson andTony Gonzales visited Taiwan.^[48] In March and April 2023,Tsai Ing-wen, President of Taiwan, traveled to the United States. In March, she met inNew York City with House Minority LeaderHakeem Jeffries and a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators:Joni Ernst ofIowa,Mark Kelly ofArizona, andDan Sullivan ofAlaska.^[111]

On April 5, 2023, Tsai met withKevin McCarthy, the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, at theRonald Reagan Presidential Library inSimi Valley, California and a bipartisan delegation of House members. The meeting between Tsai and McCarthy marked the first time a Taiwanese President had met with a US House Speaker on American soil and the second time in less than a year that a Taiwanese President had met with a US House Speaker (having met Pelosi in August 2022 in Taiwan).^[111] In June 2023 a US congressional delegation comprising nine representatives headed byMike Rogers visited Taiwan.^[112]

On June 29, 2023, theState Department approved $440 million in arms sales to Taiwan, pending final approval by Congress.^[113] Beijing opposed the move,^[114] AIT ChairLaura Rosenberger later stated that the US' "interest in peace and stability across the Strait and our commitments to supporting Taiwan's self-defense capacity are things we will continue to uphold, any complaints from Beijing are not going to change that approach."^[115] On July 28, 2023, theBiden administration formally announced a $345 million military assistance package to Taiwan.^[116][117] Both China andNorth Korea denounced the move.^[118][119] In September 2023 the Biden administration redirected military aid funding which had been appropriated to Egypt to Taiwan and Lebanon in response to a deteriorating human rights situation in Egypt.^[120]

In October 2023, Taiwan's vice defense ministerHsu Yen-pu urged the US to accelerate arms delivery at the US-Taiwan Defense Industry Conference in Virginia, a key exchange venue for top US and Taiwan defense officials that had been hosted annually since 2012.^{[121][122][123]}Some academics and retired Chinese military officers have claimed that Washington is trying to provoke Beijing to attack Taiwan by providing arms to them.CCP General SecretaryXi Jinping, told European Commission presidentUrsula von der Leyen that the US was trying to trick China into invading Taiwan, but that he would not take the bait.^[124] In November 2023 the US state ofNorth Carolina opened an investment office in Taipei.^[125] On February 22, 2024, the State Department approved $75 million in weapons sale to Taiwan, the 13th such approval under the Biden administration. The announcement was made shortly prior to a bipartisanU.S. House Select Committee on China delegation led byMike Gallagher arrived to Taiwan.^[126]

President-electDonald Trump has stated in late 2024 that he won't be committed to defending Taiwan if China invades Taiwan during his presidency. Trump has also suggested that Taiwan should pay the US for protecting it from China, referring to the relationship as insurance;^[127] especially after how the island 'took' the U.S. semiconductor business, said Trump. "You know, we're no different than an insurance company. Taiwan doesn't give us anything."^[128] In February 2025, the State Department removed a statement from its website stating that it does not support Taiwan independence. The website also added support for Taiwan's membership in international organizations.^[129] On May 5, 2025, the House of Representatives passed the bipartisan Taiwan International Solidarity Act, introduced by Democrat Congressman Gerald Connolly and Republican Congresswoman Young Kim. The Act condemns China from distorting the description of Taiwan in UN General Assembly Resolution 2758.^{[130][131][132]}

In June 2025, the US cancelled a trip by Taiwanese Defense MinisterWellington Koo to theWashington area to meet Under Secretary of Defense for PolicyElbridge Colby.^[133] In July 2025, theTrump administration denied PresidentLai Ching-te permission to stop in New York during a planned visit to Central America after the PRC objected to the US permitting the stopover.^[134] In August 2025, the Trump administration announced a 20% tariff on Taiwan.^[135]

In 2025 the American government sanctioned two Taiwanese companies,Mecatron Machinery Co Ltd andJoemars Machinery and Electric Industrial Co Ltd, for providing drone related goods and services toIran.^[136]

In November 2025 a delegation of American legislators fromNew Hampshire,Maine,Massachusetts,Rhode Island, andVermont visited Taiwan.^[137][138]

In 1949, when Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops decamped to Taiwan at the end of the Chinese civil war, Washington continued to recognize Chiang's "Republic of China" as the government of all China. In late 1978, Washington announced that it would break relations with the government in Taipei and formally recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the "sole legal government of China."^[139]

Washington's "one China" policy, however, does not mean that the United States recognizes or agrees with Beijing's claims to sovereignty over Taiwan.^[139][140] On July 14, 1982, theRepublicanReagan administration gave specific assurances to Taiwan that the United States did not accept China's claim to sovereignty over the island (Six Assurances),^[139][141] and the U.S. Department of State informed theSenate that "[t]he United States takes no position on the question of Taiwan's sovereignty."

The U.S. Department of State, in its U.S. Relations With Taiwan fact sheet, states "[T]he United States and Taiwan enjoy a robust unofficial relationship. The 1979 U.S.–P.R.C. Joint Communiqué switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing. In the Joint Communiqué, the United States recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, acknowledging the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.^[142]

The United States position on Taiwan is reflected in "the six assurances to Taiwan", theThree Communiqués, and the Taiwan Relations Act.^[143] The Six Assurances are:

1. The United States has not agreed to set a date for ending arms sales to Taiwan;
2. The United States has not agreed to hold prior consultations with the Chinese on arms sales to Taiwan;
3. The United States would not play any mediation role between Taiwan and Beijing;
4. The United States has not agreed to revise the Taiwan Relations Act;
5. The United States has not altered its position regarding sovereignty over Taiwan; and
6. The United States would not exert pressure on Taiwan to enter into negotiations with the Chinese.^[144]

The "Three Communiqués" include The Shanghai Communiqué, The Normalisation Communiqué, and The August 17 Communiqué, which pledged to abrogate official US-ROC relations, remove US troops from Taiwan and gradually end the arms sale to Taiwan, but with the latter of no timeline to do so, an effort made byJames Lilley, the Director ofAmerican Institute in Taiwan.^{[citation needed]}

Maintaining diplomatic relations with the PRC has been recognized to be in the long-term interest of the United States by seven consecutive administrations; however, maintaining strong, unofficial relations with Taiwan is also a major U.S. goal, in line with its desire to further peace and stability in Asia. In keeping with its China policy, the U.S. does not supportde jureTaiwan independence, but it does support Taiwan's membership in appropriate international organizations, such as theWorld Trade Organization,Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, and theAsian Development Bank, wherestatehood is not a requirement for membership. In addition, the U.S. supports appropriate opportunities for Taiwan's voice to be heard in organizations where its membership is not possible.^{[citation needed]}

Since the mid-1980s, the U.S.National Security Agency (NSA) and Taiwan'sNational Security Bureau have jointly operated asignals intelligence (SIGINT)listening station atYangmingshan.^{[145][146][147]}

Starting in 1997,Republic of China Air Force pilots began training atLuke Air Force Base in Arizona with the21st Fighter Squadron after the country purchased its first batch ofF-16 jets.^[148][149]

In 2007, Taiwan sold the US Department of Defense more than a billion rounds of rifle ammunition to replenish stocks depleted by the early years of thewar on terror.^[150]

In 2019, the U.S. State Department approved a contract to train Taiwanese F-16 pilots at Luke Air Force Base.^[151] In 2020, Taiwanese pilots began to be trained atMorris Air National Guard Base with the162nd Wing.^[152][148] In 2020, the U.S.Marine Raiders jointly trained with theRepublic of China Marine Corps.^[153]

In 2021, former president Tsai Ing-wen stated in an interview that U.S. military personnel were in Taiwan engaged in joint training efforts.^[154] In 2022, the two countries entered into talks to co-produce weapons.^[155] In 2022, a squadron of Taiwanese F-16s was trained at Luke Air Force Base with the 21st Fighter Squadron.^[149][156]

In early 2024, it was reported that teams from1st Special Forces Group would be continuously stationed with Taiwan's101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion andAirborne Special Service Company for joint training.^[157] Since at least 2021, Taiwanese troops have trained with American forces atExercise Northern Strike in Michigan atCamp Grayling.^[158] In 2025, over 500 Taiwanese troops participated in Exercise Northern Strike.^[158]

In May 2024, theRepublic of China Navy and theUnited States Navy conducted joint drills in the Western Pacific.^[159] In September 2024, theFinancial Times reported thatSEAL Team Six has conducted joint training with the Taiwanese military.^[160][161] In September 2024, Taiwan's first batch ofHarpoon anti-ship missiles arrived in Kaohsiung.^[162] In December 2024, Taiwan received its first batch ofM1 Abrams main battle tanks.^[163]

In January 2025, the two navies announced a two-year joint training program.^[164] In March 2025, Taiwan and the U.S. extended a program to train Taiwanese F-16 pilots in the U.S.^[165] By May 2025, about 500 U.S. military trainers were operating in Taiwan.^[166] In May 2025, Taiwan tested its firstM142 HIMARS system.^[167][168] In August 2025, Taiwan'sMinistry of National Defense announced that it would receive U.S.-madeMark 48 torpedoes.^[169] In September 2025, Taiwan'sNational Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) announced it would jointly manufacture missiles withAnduril Industries.^[170][171] In October 2025, Taiwan's Ministry of Defense announced that it would increase reciprocal visits and observation of military exercises with the U.S.^[172] In November 2025, the U.S. announced the sale of fighter jet parts and aNASAMS to Taiwan.^[173][174] In December 2025, the U.S. approved a total arms sale of over $11 billion to Taiwan.^[175] The package is geared toward countering anamphibious invasion of Taiwan.^[176]

In January 2026, the U.S. and Taiwan agreed to jointly produce155 mm caliber shells.^[177][178] In February 2026, NCSIST andKratos Defense & Security Solutions tested a jointly-developed jet-poweredkamikaze drone.^[179][180]

Taiwanese satellites have relied on U.S. launch capabilities.Formosat-8 was launched fromVandenberg Space Force Base in 2025 as wasFormosat-5 in 2017.^[181][182]

In 2013, Taiwan and Nebraska signed an agricultural trade deal.^[183][184]

On May 18, 2023, theUSTR announced that the US and Taiwan, "under the auspices of the American Institute in Taiwan and the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the US, have concluded negotiations on the U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st Century Trade."^[185][186] On August 7, 2023, President Biden signed into law the United States-Taiwan Initiative on 21st-Century Trade First Agreement Implementation Act.^[187]

In July 2024, Texas governorGreg Abbott signed an economic cooperation agreement between Texas and Taiwan and agreed to open a trade representative office in Taipei.^[188] As of 2025^[update], 24 U.S. states and territories have representative offices in Taiwan.^[189]

On 26 February 2025, China accused Taiwan of using its semiconductor sector to gain political favor from the United States. U.S. President Donald Trump criticized Taiwan for its dominance in the U.S. semiconductor industry. Taiwan's government responded by emphasizing its commitment to preserving its position as a leader in semiconductor technology.^[190] In March 2025, President Lai Ching-te met with Alaska governorMike Dunleavy in which it was announced that Taiwanese state-owned oil and gas companyCPC Corporation would purchase six million tons of natural gas from the U.S. state.^[191][192] In October 2025, Tennessee governorBill Lee signed a memorandum of understanding with Taiwan to expand economic cooperation.^[189]

In mid-January 2026, Taiwan and the United States signed a trade agreement for Taiwanese semiconductor and technology companies to invest US$250 billion in the US economy in return for the United States reducing its tariffs on Taiwanese exports from 20 to 15 percent.^[193]

The United States has ade facto embassy in Taipei called theAmerican Institute in Taiwan. It also operates ade facto consulate inKaohsiung called theKaohsiung Branch Office of the American Institute in Taiwan.

Taiwan is represented by theTaipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States in Washington, D.C. This mission is also accredited to Cuba, the Bahamas, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago, despite Taiwan not having official relations with them. Other than the mission in Washington, Taiwan also has offices inAtlanta,Boston, Chicago,Honolulu,Houston,Miami,Los Angeles, New York,San Francisco,Seattle, Guam, and Denver.^[194]

Leaders of Taiwan and the United States from 1950:

• China–United States relations
• Foreign relations of Taiwan
• Foreign relations of the United States
• List of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan
• Military Assistance Advisory Group
• Political status of Taiwan
• Twin Oaks (Washington, D.C.)
• United States beef imports in Taiwan

 This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.

• Taiwan–United States relations
• Bilateral relations of Taiwan
• Bilateral relations of the United States

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