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Tai Dón language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tai language spoken in China and Southeast Asia
Tai Dón
ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ[1]
Tai Don script rendered with SyyDai fonts
Tai Dón written form from Mường So, Việt Nam manuscripts.
Pronunciation/taj˦.dɔn˦˥/,/taj˦.xaːw˨/
Native toLaos,Vietnam,China (Mengla Township ofJinping)
EthnicityWhite Tai
Native speakers
(500,000 cited 1995–2002)[2]
Kra–Dai
Tai Viet
Language codes
ISO 639-3twh
Glottologtaid1250
Tai Khao as written in Tai Viet from Jinping, China.
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You may needrendering support to display the uncommonUnicode characters in this article correctly.


Tai Dón (ꪼꪕ ꪒ꪿ꪮꪙ,/taj˦.dɔn˦˥/[1]), also known asTai Khao (/taj˦.xaːw˨/) orWhite Tai, is aTai language of northernVietnam,Laos andChina.

Classification

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Tai Dón is classified as belonging to theTai-Kadai language group, located in the Tai languages andSouthwestern Tai languages subgroups.

Geographical distribution

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In China, White Tai (Tai Khaw 傣皓) people are located in the following townships of Yunnan province, with about 40,000 people (Gao 1999).[3]

  • Jinping County 金平县: Mengla Township 勐拉乡 and Zhemi Township 者米乡 (along the banks of the Zhemi River 者米河 and Tengtiao River 藤条)
  • Malipo County 麻栗坡县: Nanwenhe Township 南温河乡
  • Maguan County 马关县: Dulong Town 都龙镇
  • Jiangcheng County 江城县: Qushui Township 曲水乡 (along the banks of the Tuka River 土卡河)

Phonology

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Each syllable has at least oneonset, onenucleus, and onetone.[4] The following sections present the consonants, vowels, and tones in Tai Dón.

Consonants

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Initial consonants

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Initial consonants in Tai Dón[4]: 9–10 
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Stop/Affricatevoiced[b][d]
voiceless unaspirated[p][t][t͡ɕ][a][k][ʔ]
voiceless aspirated[pʰ][tʰ][t͡ɕʰ][kʰ]
Nasal[m][n][ɲ][ŋ]
Fricativevoiced[v][b]
voiceless[f][s][x][h]
Approximant[l][j][c]
  1. ^"Hudak (2008)[4]: 9  likely used <c> to transcribe /t͡ɕ/. Fippinger and Fippinger (1970) used <c> to transcribe /t͡ɕ/, by writing "/c/ [č] alveopalatal affricate", for /t͡ɕ/ inTai Dam, a language closely related to Tai Dón, in an article that compares Tai Dam phonemes to Tai Dón phonemes.[5]: 85 
  2. ^/v/ is likely a sonorant because of its sonority and low level of friction.[4]: 10  It is also incomplementary distribution with [w] which occurs only at the end of a syllable.[4]: 10 
  3. ^/j/ is often pronounced as [z] in initial position due to the influence of Vietnamese phonology.[4]: 10 

The following table presents the above consonant phonemes in words reported in Hudak's (2008) book.[4]: 9–10 

PhonemeExamplePhonemeExamplePhonemeExamplePhonemeExamplePhonemeExample
/b//bɤn˨˨/ꪚꪷꪙ "moon"/d//dɔn˦˥/ꪒꪮꪙꫀ "white"
/p//pɔ˦˥˦/ꪝ꪿ꪮ "father"/t//tu˨˨/ꪔꪴ "door"/t͡ɕ//t͡ɕɔn˧˩ʔ/ꪋꪮꪙꫂ "spoon"/k//kaːŋ˨˨/ꪀꪱꪉ "middle"/ʔ//ʔaːŋ˦˥/ꪮꪱꪉꫀ "basin"
/pʰ//pʰaː˨˦ʔ/ꪞꪱꫂ "cloth"/tʰ//tʰiw˨˨/ꪖꪲꪫ "to whistle"/t͡ɕʰ//t͡ɕʰaj˦˥/ꪼꪌꫀ "egg"/kʰ//kʰo˨˦ʔ/ꪂꪺꫂ "to cook"
/m//mɯŋ˦˦/ꪣꪳꪉ "you"/n//naː˨˦ʔ/ꪘꪱꫂ "face"/ɲ//ɲuŋ˦˦/ꪶꪑꪉ "mosquito"/ŋ//ŋaːj˦˥˦/ꪉꪱꪥꫀ "easy"
/v//vaːn˨˨/ꪪꪱꪙ "sweet"
/f//faː˨˨/ꪠꪱ "lid"/s//sɔŋ˨˨/ꪎꪮꪉ "two"/x//xaj˨˨/ꪼꪄ "tallow"/h//hɤ˦˥/ꪬꪷꫀ "sweat"
/l//loŋ˦˦/ꪩꪺꪉ "dragon"/j//jɔj˧˩ʔ/ꪥꪮꪥꫂ "to drool"

There are four consonant clusters that occur at the beginning of a syllable.

Initial consonant clusters in Tai Dón[4]: 10 
ClusterExample
kw/kwaː˦˥˦/ꪁꪫꪱꫀ "to visit"
kʰw/kʰwe˦˥/ꪂꪫꪸꫀ "to dig"
ŋw/ŋwaː˦˥˦/ꪉꪫꪱꫀ "fig"
xw/xwan˦˦/ꪅꪫꪽ "smoke"

Final consonants

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Final consonants in Tai Dón[4]: 10–11 
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Stopptkʔ
Nasalmnŋ
Approximantwjɰ[a]
  1. ^"/ɰ/ occurs after /a/ (e.g., /baɰ˨˨/ꪻꪚ "leaf")[4]: 11 

Vowels

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Tai Dón has nine short vowels, and one long vowel. However, the short vowels are phonetically realized as long in final position[4]: 10  (e.g., /e/ is phonetically [eː] in final position).

Vowels in Tai Dón[4]: 10 
FrontBack
unroundedrounded
Highiɯu
Mideɤo
Lowɛaaːɔ

Tones

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There are six tones on a smooth syllable (an open syllable or a closed syllable ending in asonorant).[4]: 9 

Tai Dón tones in smooth syllables[4]: 9 
DescriptionTone lettersExample
level, slightly lower than mid22 (or ˨˨)/kaː˨˨/ꪀꪱ "crow"
high-rising45 (or ˦˥)/kaː˦˥/ꪀꪱꫀ "all the way to"
low-rising, glottalized24ʔ (or ˨˦ʔ)/kaː˨˦ʔ/ꪀꪱꫂ "young rice plant"
level, somewhat higher than mid44 (or ˦˦)/kaː˦˦/ꪁꪱ "stuck"
level, somewhat higher than mid with a rise and fall454 (or ˦˥˦)/kaː˦˥˦/ꪁꪱꫀ "price"
falling, glottalized31ʔ (or ˧˩ʔ)/kaː˧˩ʔ/ꪁꪱꫂ "to trade"

Two of the six tones occur on a checked syllable (a syllable ending in astop).

Tai Dón tones in checked syllables[4]: 9 
ToneVowel lengthExample
high-risingshort/sat˦˥/ꪎꪰꪒ "animal"
long/ʔaːp˦˥/ꪮꪱꪚ "to bathe"
level, somewhat higher than midshort/mot˦˦/ꪣꪺꪒ "ant"
long/laːt˦˦/ꪩꪱꪒ "to cover"

Writing system

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Consonants

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The letter order of Tai Don consonants, including regular and alternative glyph forms, found in manuscripts from Mường So, Phong Thổ, and Mường Lai, Việt Nam.

Initials

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Shown below are consonants of Tai Don with two tonal registers (high on the top and low on the bottom).

Tai Don Consonants in Tai Viet Script

Finals

[edit]
The letter order of Tai Don vowels, including regular and alternative glyph forms, found in manuscripts from Mường So, Phong Thổ, and Mường Lai, Việt Nam.

Shown below are final consonants of Tai Don with short vowel [a] on top and other vowels on the bottom.

Tai Don Final Consonants in Tai Viet Script

Onset

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Tai Don Finals in Tai Viet from Jinping China

References

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  1. ^ab"The White Tai refer to themselves and their language as tay⁴ dɔn², probably because of the white blouses worn by the women. The usual word for 'white' in White Tai is dɔn²" (p. 8). Hudak, T. J. (2008).William J. Gedney’s comparative Tai source book. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  2. ^Tai Dón atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  3. ^Gao Lishi 高立士. 1999. 傣族支系探微. 中南民族学院学报 (哲学社会科学版). 1999 年第1 期 (总第96 期).
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnoHudak, T. J. (2008).William J. Gedney’s comparative Tai source book. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  5. ^Fippinger, J. & Fippinger, D. (1970). Black Tai Phonemes, with reference to White Tai.Anthropological Linguistics, 12(3). 83-97.

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