Taglish orEnglog iscode-switching and/orcode-mixing in the use ofTagalog andEnglish, the most common languages of thePhilippines. The wordsTaglish andEnglog areportmanteaus of the wordsTagalog andEnglish. The earliest use of the wordTaglish dates back to 1973, while the less common formTanglish is recorded from 1999.^[1]

Taglish is widely used in the Philippines, but is also used byFilipinos in overseas communities. It also has several variants, includingCoño English,Jejemon andSwardspeak.

Taglish is very widespread in the Philippines and has become the de factolingua franca among the urbanized and/or educatedmiddle class. It is largely considered the "normal acceptable conversation style of speaking and writing" in informal settings. It is so widespread that a non-native speaker can be identified easily because they predominantly speak Tagalog, whereas a native speaker would switch freely with English.^[2][3][4]

According to the linguist Maria Lourdes S. Bautista, there are two contrasting types of code-switching in the Philippines: deficiency-driven and proficiency-driven. Deficiency-driven code-switching occurs when those who are not competent in one language must thus switch back to the language that is more familiar. That is common among younger children, as in the example below given by Bautista:^[2][4]

(English is initalic; Tagalog is inboldface.)Mother:Francis, why don't you play the piano for your grandmother?Francis:Mommy, I don't want to. It's sohirap eh. ([in Tagalog] "Because it's so difficult.")

Proficiency-driven code-switching, on the other hand, occurs when a person is fully competent in both languages being used and can switch between them easily. That is the main type of code-switching in the islands. This example is given by Bautista, taken from an interview with thetelevision journalistJessica Soho:^[4]

Sa GMA’yungobjectivity has become partnaof the culture ([in Tagalog] "At GMA, objectivity has already become part of the culture.")I can tell you with a straight facena wala kaming age-agenda ([in Tagalog] "...that we have nothing like an agenda") –you know, make this person look good and that person look bad. It's really plain and simple journalism.Kung mayroon kang binira, kunin mo ’yung kabilangside ([in Tagalog] "If you attacked somebody, then get the other side")so that both sides are fairly presented.

Proficiency-driven code-switching is characterized by frequent switching of the Matrix Language (ML) between Tagalog and English, demonstrating the high proficiency of the speakers in both languages. There are also a wide range of strategies involved, including: the formation of bilingual verbs by the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (e.g.Nagse-sweatako = "I was sweating"); switching at the morphological, word, phrasal, or clausal levels; and the use of system morphemes (likeenclitics,conjunctions, etc.) within long stretches of ML content; and even the inversion of theverb–subject–object word order of Tagalog into thesubject-verb-object order of English.^[4]

According to Bautista, the reason for this type of code-switching is what she termed "communicative efficiency" in which a speaker can "convey meaning using the most accurate, expressive, or succinct lexical items available to them."^[2][4] The linguist Rosalina Morales Goulet also enumerated several reasons for this type of code-switching. They are: "for precision, for transition, for comic effect, for atmosphere, to bridge or create social distance, for snob appeal, and for secrecy."^[3]

Taglish was originally a manner of speaking inMetro Manila involving the mixing ofTagalog/Filipino andEnglish together.^[5][6][7] However, this practice has spread to other areas where both English and Tagalog/Filipino are spoken, including in areas where Tagalog is not the native language. It is characteristically a form ofTagalog/Filipino that mixes inEnglish words, whereTagalog/Filipino is thesubstratum andEnglish is thesuperstratum. Next tocode-switching between sentences, clauses, and phrases in "pure" Tagalog and English, Taglish speech alsocode-mixes especially with sentences that follow the rules ofTagalog grammar with Tagalogsyntax andmorphology, but that occasionally employs Englishnouns andverbs in place of their Tagalog counterparts. Examples:

Englishverbs and even somenouns can be employed asTagalog verb roots. This is done by the addition of one or moreprefixes or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the noun or verb, consistent with Tagalogmorphology but usually retaining Englishspelling for theroots.

The English verbdrive can be changed to the Tagalog wordmagda-drive meaningwill drive (used in place of the Tagalog wordmagmamaneho). The English nounInternet can also be changed to the Tagalog wordnag-Internet meaninghave used the Internet.

Taglish also usessentences of mixed English or Tagalog words andphrases. Theconjunctions used to connect them can come from any of the two. Some examples include:

Because of its informal nature,prescriptivists of English and Tagalog discourage its use.^{[10][11][12][13]}

There are examples of modernbooks in Taglish: theadventure novelBullet With A Name (2018) by Kirsten Nimwey,^[14] the lovenovelAeternum Dream (2018) by Harkin Deximire,^[15][16] and more.

Swardspeak is a kind of Taglish/EnglogLGBT slang used by theLGBT demographic of the Philippines. It is a form ofslang that uses words and terms primarily fromPhilippine English,Tagalog/Filipino, and/orCebuano andHiligaynon, and occasionally as well asJapanese,Korean,Chinese,Sanskrit, or other languages. Names of celebrities, fictional characters, and trademarks are also often used.^[17][18]

Coño English (Tagalog:Konyo) or Colegiala English (Spanish:[koleˈxjala]) is asociolect of Taglish that originated from the younger generations of affluent families in Manila.^[19] The wordcoño orTagalog:konyo, itself came fromSpanish:coño,lit. 'cunt'. It is a form ofPhilippine English that mixesTagalog/Filipino words, where opposite to Taglish,English is thesubstratum andTagalog/Filipino is thesuperstratum.

The most common aspect of Coño English is the building ofverbs by using the English word"make" with theroot word of a Tagalogverb:

And adding the Englishconjunctions"like so" before using a Tagalogadjective to finish the sentence, akin tovalley girl speak:

Sometimes, Tagaloginterjections such asano,naman,pa,na (ornah),no (ornoh),a (orha),e (oreh), ando (oroh) are placed to add emphasis.Tagalog:'No/Noh / A/Ah (contractions fromTagalog:Ano,lit. 'What') are used forquestions and are added only to the end of a sentence.Tagalog:Ano,lit. 'What', is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end. It may also be used as an interjection,no?, (equal to the Spanish¿no? and theGermannicht?) and is pronounced as/no/ or/nɔ/, with a pure vowel instead of the English glide, which shows influence fromSpanish inFilipino.

"E"/"Eh" (added to answers to questions) and "o"/"oh" (for statements) are used for exclamations and are added to the front only.Tagalog:pa,lit. 'yet' (not yet; not yet done; to continue; still) andTagalog:na,lit. 'already; now' can be placed in the middle or end.Tagalog:naman (particle used to soften requests or put emphasis) is placed anywhere.

Englishadjectives are often replaced with Tagalog verbs. The language also occasionally usesSpanish words orSpanishloanwords fromFilipino/Tagalog, likebaño/banyo ("bathroom"),tostado ("toasted") andjamón ("ham").

The perceived feminine sound of Coño English makes male speakers sometimes overuse theTagalog:pare,lit. 'dude; pal; bro; buddy' to make it sound more masculine. SometimesTagalog:tsong,lit. 'dude; pal; bro; buddy' is used instead ofpare or along with it:

• Bisalog, code-switching betweenVisayan and Tagalog
• Bislish, code-switching betweenVisayan and English
• Hokaglish, a mixed language ofPhilippine Hokkien, Tagalog and English
• Pseudo-anglicism

• Wikang Taglish, Kamulatang Taglish, article byVirgilio S. Almario

• English language
• Tagalog language
• Code-switching

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