| Baybayin ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔ | |
|---|---|
 Tagalog script ("Sulat Tagalog"), based on traditional rules and handwrittenUST Baybayin Documents, with accurate syllable-to-character mapping | |
| Script type | |
Period | 14th to 19th century[1][2] limited modern usage[3] |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Tagalog,Bisayan languages,[4]Sambali,Ilocano,Kapampangan,Bikol,Pangasinan,Sanskrit |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | |
Sister systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Tglg(370), Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tagalog |
| U+1700–U+171F | |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| TheBrahmi script and its descendants |
Baybayin (ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔,[a]Tagalog pronunciation:[bajˈbajɪn]), also sometimes erroneously referred to asalibata, is aPhilippine script widely used primarily inLuzon during the 16th and 17th centuries and prior to writeTagalog and to a lesser extentVisayan languages,Kampampangan,Ilocano, and several otherPhilippine languages.
Baybayin is anabugida belonging to the family of theBrahmic scripts. Its use was gradually replaced by theLatin alphabet duringSpanish rule, though it has seen limited modern usage in the Philippines.The script is encoded inUnicode asTagalog block since 1998 alongsideBuhid,Hanunoo, andTagbanwa scripts.[5]TheArchives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila holds the largest collection of extant writings using Baybayin.[6][7][8]
Baybayin has seen a rise in modern usage, primarily for cultural and artistic purposes, including in visual arts, literature, tattoos, and logos. It is also featured on the logos of government agencies, Philippine banknotes, and passports. Additionally, there are educational initiatives and workshops aimed at teaching Baybayin to a new generation. Social media has also been instrumental in the increased awareness and interest in Baybayin. Artists, educators, and enthusiasts use these platforms to share tutorials, artworks, and historical facts about the script, sparking interest among younger generations.[9][10][11] Bills to recognize the script and revive its use alongside the Latin alphabet have been repeatedly considered by theCongress.[12]
The termbaybáyin means "to write" or "to spell" inTagalog. The earliest known use of the word to refer to the script was from theVocabulario de la lengua tagala (1613) by Pedro San Buenaventura asbaibayin.[13] Additionally, it was referred to assulat Tagalog by theheads of the communities in the attestation ofPacaen de Mayoboc (1681).[14] Early Spanish accounts commonly referred to baybayin as “Tagalog letters” or “Tagalog writing.” While the script is most widely known today asbaybáyin, it has various regional names—such as “Badlit” or “Kudlit-kabadlit” among theVisayans, “Kurditan” or “Kur-itan” among theIlocanos, “Kulitan” among theKapampangans, and “Basahan” among theBicolanos.[15][16]
Historically, the termalibata was used synonymously with Baybayin.[17][18]Alibata is aneologism first coined in 1914, possibly under the false assumption that the script was derived from theArabic script, hence the name.[19] Most modern scholars reject the use of the wordalibata as incorrect.[19][20]
The origins ofbaybayin are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin.
HistoricallySoutheast Asia was under the influence ofAncient India, where numerousIndianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries inKhmer-Cambodia,Indonesia,Malaysia,Singapore,Philippines,Thailand andVietnam. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the termIndianization.[21] French archaeologistGeorge Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty,Hinduism andBuddhism and theSanskrit language.[22] This can be seen in theIndianization of Southeast Asia,Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the spread ofBuddhism in Southeast Asia.Indian honorifics also influenced theMalay,Khmer,Thai,Filipino andIndonesian honorifics.[23] Examples of these includeraja, rani,maharlika, anddatu, which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines viaMalays and theSrivijaya empire.[citation needed] Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.[24][25][26][27] Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled inChampa and theMalay Archipelago, came from thePallava dynasty, as they brought with them theirPallava script. The earliest inscriptions inJava exactly match the Pallava script.[24] In the first stage of adoption ofIndian scripts, inscriptions were made locally inIndian languages. In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[28]
Isaac Taylor sought to show thatbaybayin was introduced into the Philippines from theCoast of Bengal sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations ofKistna andAssam letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble the same letters inbaybayin. Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts had "very great similarity" with theBrahmi script,[29] which was supported byT. H. Pardo de Tavera. According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong forbaybayin to be ultimately ofGujarati origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped hadbaybayin been based directly on a Gujarati model.[30]
TheKawi script originated inJava, descending from the Pallava script,[31] and was used across much ofMaritime Southeast Asia. TheLaguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety ofOld Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous betweenOld Javanese andOld Tagalog. A second example of Kawi script can be seen on theButuan Ivory Seal, found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th centuries. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site inButuan. The seal has been declared a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with the wordButwan in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at theNational Museum of the Philippines.[32] One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, thenbaybayin may have descended from Kawi.
David Diringer, accepting the view that the scripts of theMalay Archipelago originate in India, writes that theSouth Sulawesi scripts derive from theKawi script, probably through the medium of theBatak script ofSumatra. The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through theBuginese characters inSulawesi.[33] According to Scott,baybayin's immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probablyOld Makassar or a close ancestor.[34] This is because of the lack of final consonants orvowel canceler markers inbaybayin. South Sulawesi languages have a restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in theBugis andMakassar scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers inbaybayin is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two.Baybayin must therefore have been developed in the Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE.[35]
Baybayin could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with theChampa Kingdom. Geoff Wade has argued that thebaybayin characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya", and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to theCham script, rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade,Baybayin seems to be more related to other Southeast Asian scripts than to the Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin ofbaybayin, as the inscription displays final consonants, whichbaybayin does not.[36]
From the available material, it is clear thatbaybayin was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting thatbaybayin reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions wherebaybayin was and is used. It is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for the four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties ofbaybayin in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe, with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.[4]
The Calatagan Pot, an earthenware pot found in westernBatangas, is inscribed with characters strikingly similar tobaybayin, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity is disputed.[37]
Although one ofFerdinand Magellan's shipmates,Antonio Pigafetta, wrote that the people ofthe Visayas were not literate in 1521, thebaybayin had already arrived there by 1567 whenMiguel López de Legazpi reported fromCebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of theMalays, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."[38] A century later, in 1668,Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo toManila, with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter."[19] Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writingbaybayin was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion."[39]
The earliest printed book in a Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog inbaybayin and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written byFr. Juan de Placencia. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example ofbaybayin that exists today, and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containingbaybayin, preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in theArchivo General de Indias in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599.[40][4]
Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priestPedro Chirino in 1604 andAntonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according toWilliam Henry Scott, there were somedatus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.[41]
In 1620,Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, anIlocano Doctrina the firstIlocano baybayin, based on the catechism written byCardinal Bellarmine.[42] This is an important moment in the history ofbaybayin, because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision:[19] "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on amongbaybayin users, however. Nativebaybayin experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language."[44]
In 1703,baybayin was reported to still be in use in theComintan (Batangas andLaguna) and other areas of the Philippines.[45]
Among the earliest literature on the orthography ofVisayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with hisArte de la lengua bisaya in 1747[46] and of Mentrida with hisArte de la lengua bisaya:Iliguaina de la isla de Panay in 1818 which primarily discussedgrammatical structure.[47] Based on the differing sources spanning centuries, the documentedsyllabaries also differed in form.[clarification needed]
The Ticao stone inscription, also known as theMonreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that containsbaybayin characters. Found by pupils ofRizal Elementary School onTicao Island in Monreal town,Masbate, which had scraped the mud off their shoes andslippers on two irregular shapedlimestone tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at a section of theNational Museum of the Philippines, which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide.[48][49]
Historically, baybayin was used inTagalog- and to a lesser extentKapampangan-speaking areas. It spread to theIlocanos when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin.Pedro Chirino, a Spanish priest andAntonio de Morga noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin.[36] It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry.[41] During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church.[19] Documents written in the native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony.[50]
Traditionally, baybayin was written uponpalm leaves with a sharp stylus or onbamboo with a small knife.[51] The curved shape of the letter forms ofbaybayin is influenced by this practice; straight lines would tear the leaves.[52] Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, they were wiped with ash to make the characters stand out.[19]
During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill.[53]Woodblock printed books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity.[54] In some parts of the country, such asMindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained.[55]
Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines underSpanish rule. Learning the Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries.[19] In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in hisArte de la lengua tagala that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [i.e. Latin] letters."[3] Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to the use of our [Latin] writing".[56] The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants, and of letters for someSpanish sounds may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin.
The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority of native documents. Anthropologist and historianH. Otley Beyer wrote inThe Philippines before Magellan (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim,[19] and there is nodirect evidence of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries.[57] Hector Santos has suggested that, although Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses, and spells (for the Church deemed them evil), there was no systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts.[58] Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the Baybayin for secular purposes and talismans.[59]
The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas.[50] He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the baybayin script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stopIslamization, since the Tagalog language was moving from baybayin toJawi, the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies.[60] Paul Morrow also suggests that Spanish friars helped to preserve baybayin by continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos.[19]
Baybayin is anabugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character ortitik,[61] written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called akudlít[61] is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít,⟨◌᜔⟩, called asabat orkrus, avirama removes a consonant's inherenta vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama⟨◌᜕⟩, which has the same function, was added. Besides these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case to distinguish proper names or the start of sentences.
ᜀ a | ᜁ i or e | ᜂ o or u | ||
◌̇ i or e | ◌̣ o or u | ◌᜔ krus-kudlít | ◌᜕ pamudpod | |
ᜃ ka | ᜄ ga | ᜅ nga | ᜆ ta | ᜇ da | ᜈ na | ᜉ pa, fa | ᜊ ba, va | ᜋ ma | ᜌ ya | ᜍ ra | ᜎ la | ᜏ wa | ᜐ sa, za | ᜑ ha |
ᜃ + ◌̇ ᜃᜒ ki, ke | ᜄ + ◌̇ ᜄᜒ gi, ge | ᜅ + ◌̇ ᜅᜒ ngi, nge | ᜆ + ◌̇ ᜆᜒ ti, te | ᜇ + ◌̇ ᜇᜒ di, de | ᜈ + ◌̇ ᜈᜒ ni, ne | ᜉ + ◌̇ ᜉᜒ pi, fi pe, fe | ᜊ + ◌̇ ᜊᜒ bi, vi be, ve | ᜋ + ◌̇ ᜋᜒ mi, me | ᜌ + ◌̇ ᜌᜒ yi, ye | ᜍ + ◌̇ ᜍᜒ ri, re | ᜎ + ◌̇ ᜎᜒ li, le | ᜏ + ◌̇ ᜏᜒ wi, we | ᜐ + ◌̇ ᜐᜒ si, se zi, ze | ᜑ + ◌̇ ᜑᜒ hi, he |
ᜃ + ◌̣ ᜃᜓ ko, ku | ᜄ + ◌̣ ᜄᜓ go, gu | ᜅ + ◌̣ ᜅᜓ ngo, ngu | ᜆ + ◌̣ ᜆᜓ to, tu | ᜇ + ◌̣ ᜇᜓ do, du | ᜈ + ◌̣ ᜈᜓ no, nu | ᜉ + ◌̣ ᜉᜓ po, fo pu, fu | ᜊ + ◌̣ ᜊᜓ bo, vo bu, vu | ᜋ + ◌̣ ᜋᜓ mo, mu | ᜌ + ◌̣ ᜌᜓ yo, yu | ᜍ + ◌̣ ᜍᜓ ro, ru | ᜎ + ◌̣ ᜎᜓ lo, lu | ᜏ + ◌̣ ᜏᜓ wo, wu | ᜐ + ◌̣ ᜐᜓ so, zo su, zu | ᜑ + ◌̣ ᜑᜓ ho, hu |
ᜃ᜕ ᜃ᜔ IPA:/k/ | ᜄ᜕ ᜄ᜔ IPA:/g/ | ᜅ᜕ ᜅ᜔ IPA:/ŋ/ | ᜆ᜕ ᜆ᜔ IPA:/t/ | ᜇ᜕ ᜇ᜔ IPA:/d/ | ᜈ᜕ ᜈ᜔ IPA:/n/ | ᜉ᜕ ᜉ᜔ IPA:/p/,/f/ | ᜊ᜕ ᜊ᜔ IPA:/b/,/v/ | ᜋ᜕ ᜋ᜔ IPA:/m/ | ᜌ᜕ ᜌ᜔ IPA:/j/ | ᜍ᜕ ᜍ᜔ IPA:/r/ | ᜎ᜕ ᜎ᜔ IPA:/l/ | ᜏ᜕ ᜏ᜔ IPA:/w/ | ᜐ᜕ ᜐ᜔ IPA:/s/,/z/ | ᜑ᜕ ᜑ᜔ IPA:/h/ |
Baybayin originally used only one punctuation mark (᜶), which was calledBantasán.[61][62] Todaybaybayin uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single (᜵) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation (᜶), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and doubledanda signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across the Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in theHanunóo script block.[63] Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today.[19]
In theDoctrina Christiana, the letters were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except for sorting vowels before consonants as:
In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class.
Historic:
, Traditional:
, Modern:According to Scott, when the sign for ba has to be read as be / bi, it has akudlit (a small "v" shaped diacritic sign) on the left (or above), if it has to be read as bu / bo, the kudlit is on the right (resp. below). The ancient characters of Tagalog and Camarines people had its own character for /r/, in contrast to more common modern Baybayin version and Ilokano Kurdita.[66] In his time the kaldit was calledkaholoan orholo according toMarcos de Lisboa, author of the earliest dictionary of Bikol.[67][66]
According to Lisboa, the writing of the old Bikolnons started from the bottom up, writing to the right.[68][66] However, some scholars such as Ignacio Villamor who have studied the 'basahan' of pre-Hispanic Filipinos strongly emphasize that they all wrote the scriptures in a straight line starting from left to right, then returning to the left at the beginning, keep writing right.[69]
A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aimed at promoting the writing system, including the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022[70]/Senate Bill 433).[71]
There are attempts to modernize Baybayin, such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the wordZambales and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins.[72]
Baybayin was used in the most currentNew Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" (ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ).
It is also used inPhilippine passports, specifically the lateste-passport edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have "ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔" ("Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan"/"Righteousness exalts a nation") in reference toProverbs 14:34.
_Baybayin.jpg)
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Bayabin's surviving descendant scripts include theTagbanwa script, also known as known asibalnan by thePalawan people, who have adopted it, theBuhid script and theHanunóo script ofMindoro. The modernKulitan script is a unique script that employs consonant stacking and is derived from Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write theKapampangan language, andreformed in recent decades.[citation needed]
ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜍᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜍᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶. ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜍᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜍᜈ᜔᜶
Ang lahát ng tao ay isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mangá karapatán. Sila ay pinagkalooban nang katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà nang pagkákapatíran.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵ ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵ ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶
Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ. Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà
For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit.
The first two verses of the Philippinenational anthem,Lupang Hinirang.
ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵
ᜉᜒᜍ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵
ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵
ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶
ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜍᜅ᜔᜵
ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵
ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵
ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒᜐᜒᜁᜎ᜔᜶
Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng silanganan,
Alab ng puso
Sa dibdib mo'y buhay.
Lupang hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig
Di ka pasisiil.
[ˈbaː.jɐŋmɐˈɣiː.liʊ̯]
[ˈpɛɾ.lɐsn̪ɐŋsɪ.lɐˈŋaː.n̪ɐn̪]
[ˈʔaː.lɐbn̪ɐŋˈpuː.so(ʔ)]
[sɐd̪ɪbˈd̪ibmoɪ̯bʊˈhaɪ̯]
[ˈluː.pɐŋhɪˈn̪iː.ɾɐŋ]
[ˈd̪uː.jɐn̪kɐn̪ɐŋmɐˈɣiː.t̪ɪŋ]
[ˌsamɐn̪.lʊˈluː.pɪɡ̚]
[ˌd̪i(ʔ)kɐpɐ.sɪ.sɪˈʔil]
Land of the morning,
Child of the sun returning,
With fervor burning
Thee do our souls adore.
Land dear and holy,
Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne'er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shores.
Baybayin was added to theUnicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.
The Unicode block forBaybayin is called "Tagalog" and covers U+1700–U+171F:
| Tagalog[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+170x | ᜀ | ᜁ | ᜂ | ᜃ | ᜄ | ᜅ | ᜆ | ᜇ | ᜈ | ᜉ | ᜊ | ᜋ | ᜌ | ᜍ | ᜎ | ᜏ |
| U+171x | ᜐ | ᜑ | ᜒ | ᜓ | ᜔ | ᜕ | ᜟ | |||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Thevirtual keyboardappGboard developed byGoogle forAndroid andiOS devices was updated on 1 August 2019[73] with its list of supported languages. This includes all UnicodePhilippine Scripts blocks. Included are "Buhid", "Hanunuo",baybayin as "Filipino (Baybayin)", and the Tagbanwa script as "Aborlan".[74] Thebaybayin layout, "Filipino (Baybayin)", is designed such that when the user presses the character, vowel markers (kudlít) for e/i and o/u, as well as thevirama (vowel sound cancellation) are selectable.
It is possible to typebaybayin directly from one's keyboard without the need to useweb applications which implement aninput method. The Philippines Unicode Keyboard Layout[75] includes different sets ofbaybayin layout for different keyboard users: QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all of which work in both Microsoft Windows and Linux.
This keyboard layoutbaybayin can be downloadedhere.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)No se trata de los caracteres tagalos, porque es ya raro el indio [sic] que los sabe leer, y rarísimo el que los sabe escribir. En los nuestros castellanos leen ya, y escriben todos.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.BASAHAN. pc. Ela,b,c, de ellos por donde aprenden á leer que tiene quince letras consonantes, y tres vocales,a,e,o.
'Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos sin otra noticia alguna.'
Por último pondré el modo, que tenían de escribir antiguamente, y al presente lo usan en el Comintan (Provincias de la laguna y Batangas) y otras partes.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)However, when I started looking for documents that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings (especially Beyer), looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented.
But if any burnings happened as a result of this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No.
CAHOLOAN. pc. Una virgula de esta manera, V. que ponen á los lados de sus caractéres, etc.
Media related toBaybayin at Wikimedia Commons| Official |  | ||||||
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