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Tagalog grammar (Tagalog:Balarilà ng Tagalog) are the rules that describe the structure of expressions in theTagalog language, one of the languages inthe Philippines.

In Tagalog, there are nine parts of speech:nouns (pangngalan),pronouns (panghalíp),verbs (pandiwà),adverbs (pang-abay),adjectives (pang-urì),prepositions (pang-ukol),conjunctions (pangatníg),ligatures (pang-angkóp) andparticles.

Tagalog is anagglutinative yet slightlyinflected language.

Pronouns are inflected fornumber andverbs forfocus/voice andaspect.

Tagalog verbs are complex and are changed by taking on many affixes reflectingfocus/trigger,aspect andmood. Below is a chart of the main verbalaffixes, which consist of a variety ofprefixes,suffixes,infixes, andcircumfixes.

Conventions used in the chart:

• CV~ stands forreduplication of the first syllable of a root word; that is, the firstconsonant (if any) and the firstvowel of the word.
• N stands for anasal consonant, which arem,n, orng.
  • m is used when the prefixed word starts with the consonantsb orp
  • n is used before the consonantsd,t, andl
  • in all other cases,ng /ŋ/ is used
• ∅ means that the verb root is used, therefore no affixes are added.
• Punctuation marks indicate the type of affix a particular boundmorpheme is:
  • hyphens mark prefixes if placed after the morpheme (e.g., mag-), or suffixes if placed before it (e.g.,-han)
  • ⟨⟩ marks infixes, which is typically placed before the first vowel of the word, and after the first consonant if there is any. Thus, the word "sumulat"(s⟨um⟩ulat) is composed of the root wordsulat and the infix⟨um⟩.
  • ~ is used to separate the reduplicated morpheme (CV), from the root word, such that "susulat" is written as(su~sulat) and "sumusulat" as(s⟨um⟩u~sulat).

With object-focus verbs in the completed and progressive aspects, the infix-in- frequently becomes the prefixni- if the root word begins with/l/,/r/,/w/, or/j/; e.g.,linalapitan ornilalapitan andinilagáy orilinagáy.

When suffixing-in and-an to a word that ends in a vowel, anepenthetich is inserted. This helps to distinguish them from words that have aglottal stop, which is usually not written except whendiacritical marks are applied, such that "basa" (to read) becomes "basahin" while "basa" (to be wet, otherwise spelt as "basâ") becomes "basaín" pronounced with a glottal stop.

The imperative affixes are not often used in Manila, but they do exist in other Tagalog speaking provinces.

In old Tagalog, the complete and progressive aspects of actor trigger I was marked with the affix "-ungm-" or "-ingm-', while "-um-" was used solely as the infinitive form. The rule is that when a verb has an "i" in its initial syllable, the infix used is "-ingm-" like "tingmingin" (looked, complete aspect) and "tingmitingin" (is looking, progressive aspect), otherwise "-ungm-" is used. This is a case calledvowel harmony.

Another archaic feature is when a verb starts in a "b" or "p", which becomes an "n" for the complete and progressive aspects, and "m" for contemplative and infinitive. The word "pasok" (to enter) therefore becomes "nasok" (complete), "nanasok" (progressive), "mamasok" (contemplative), and "masok" (infinitive).Though these have been lost in the Manila dialect, they are preserved in some Tagalog dialects. The allophones "d" and "r" are still somewhat preserved when it comes to verbs like "dating (to arrive)" but it is sometimes ignored.

The central feature of verbs in Tagalog and other Philippine languages is thetrigger system, often calledvoice orfocus.^[1] In this system, thethematic relation (agent,patient, or other oblique relations – location, direction, etc.) of the noun marked by the direct-case particle is encoded in the verb.

Also known as the agent trigger, agent focus, actor focus, or by the abbreviations AT or AF. This verb form triggers a reading of the direct noun (marked by "ang") as theagent of the clause. The main affixes/forms under this trigger are-um-,mag-,ma-, andmang-; while their derivatives (e.g.,maka-,ma- -an,magsi-, etc.) may also function as actor focus.

Some verb roots only take one of the main affixes to form the actor trigger of that verb, such as "tingín" (to look) which only uses the-um- conjugation as its actor trigger form. Other root words may take two or more, such as "sulat" (to write) which could takemag- and-um- conjugations. In such instances, the different verb forms may have the same exact meaning, or they may have some slight nuances. In the case of "sulat", "magsulat" is closer to the meaning of physically writing a letter, while "sumulat" is closer to the meaning of sending a letter out.^[2] "sayáw" (to dance), on the other hand, has "sumayáw" and "magsayáw" which mean the same thing. Furthermore, there are a few root verbs that derive opposite meanings through these affixes, such as in the case of "bilí" (to buy), where "bumilí" means to buy and "magbilí" is to sell.

The difference between these four actor trigger forms are complicated and there seems to be no consistent rule dictating when one form should be used over another. That said, memorizing what affixes a verb root uses and its corresponding meaning is essential in learning Tagalog.

• ma- is only used with a few roots which are semantically intransitive, for example,matulog (to sleep) andmaligò (to bathe).Ma- is not to be confused withma-, a patient-trigger prefix verb form.

Otherwise known as the patient trigger, patient focus, object focus, or by its initials OT, OF, PT, or PF. This verb form triggers a reading of the direct noun (marked by "ang") as thepatient of the clause. There are three main affixes/forms used in this trigger,-in-,i-, and-an:

• -in is the most commonly used patient trigger form. It is generally used with:
  • actions that involve movement towards the agent:kainin (to eat something),bilhín (to buy something).
  • actions that involve permanent change:basagin (to crack something),patayín (to kill something).
  • actions that involve thought:isipin (to think of something),alalahanin (to remember something).
• i- is also a benefactive trigger, but when used as an object trigger, it denotes actions which involve something that is moved away from an agent:ibigáy (to give something),ilagáy (to put something),itaním (to plant something).
• -an can also serve as a locative or benefactive trigger, but as an object trigger, it denotes actions involving a surface change (doing unto something):hugasan (to rinse something),walisán (to sweep something off),sulatan (to write on a surface).

Affixes can also be used in nouns or adjectives:baligtarán (frombaligtád, to reverse) (reversible),katamarán (fromtamád, lazy) (laziness),kasabihán (fromsabi, to say) (proverb),kasagutan (fromsagót, answer),bayarín (frombayad, to pay) (payment),bukirín (frombukid, farm),lupaín (fromlupà, land),pagkakaroón (fromdoón/roón, there) (having/appearance), andpagdárasál (fromdasál, prayer). Verbs with affixes (mostly suffixes) are also used as nouns, which are differentiated by stress position. Examples arepanoórin (to watch or view) andpanoorín (materials to be watched or viewed),hangarín (to wish) andhangárin (goal/objective),arálin (to study) andaralín (studies), andbayáran (to pay) andbayarán (someone or something for hire).

Theactor trigger marks the direct noun as theagent (doer) of the action:

• Bumilí ng sagingang lalaki sa tindahan para sa unggóy.

The man bought a banana at the store for the monkey.

Theobject trigger marks the direct noun as thepatient (receiver) of the action:

• Binilí ng lalakiang saging sa tindahan para sa unggóy.

The man boughtthe banana at the store for the monkey.

Thelocative trigger marks the direct noun as thelocation or direction of an action or the area affected by the action.

The man bought a bananaat/from the store.

• Binilhán ng lalaki ng sagingang tindahan. (formal/dated form)
• Pinagbilhán ng lalaki ng sagingang tindahan. (colloquial form)

Thebenefactive trigger marks the direct noun as the person or thing that benefits from the action; i.e., thebeneficiary of an action.

The man bought a bananafor the monkey.

• Ibinilí ng lalaki ng sagingang unggóy. (formal/dated form)
• Binilhán ng lalaki ng sagingang unggóy. (colloquial form)

Theinstrumental trigger marks the direct noun as themeans by which the action is performed.

• Ipinambilí ng lalaki ng sagingang perang asawa niyá.

The man bought a bananawith his spouse'smoney.

Thereason trigger marks the direct noun as thecause or reason why an action is performed. It is mostly used exclusively with verbs of emotion.

• Ikinagulat ng lalakiang pagdatíng ng unggóy.

The man got surprisedbecause of the monkey'sarrival.

Theaspect of the verb indicates the progressiveness of the verb. It specifies whether the action happened, is happening, or will happen. Tagalog verbs are conjugated for time using aspect rather than tense, which can be easily expressed with phrases and time prepositions.^[3][4]

This serves as the base form of the verb, and is not marked by aspect. It is typically used in modal andsubjunctive constructions. It is also used in standard Tagalog as the basis for theimperative form of the verb, by adding a second-person pronoun, such aska/mo (you) andkayó/ninyó (you all), directly after it.

This is formed by affixing a verbal trigger suffix to the root word.

Examples of infinitive use in modal sentences:

Also known as thecomplete orcompleted aspect. This implies that the action was done in the past, prior to the time of speaking or some other specified time. This aspect is characterized by:

• the use of the infix-in- in all triggers except the actor trigger
• the alteration of initialm ton inmag-,ma-, andmang- (actor triggers II, III, and IV)
• no change with-um- (actor trigger I)

In the complete aspect of the object trigger-in, that suffix-in (or-hin) is removed. This is in contrast with other triggers where the trigger affix remains.

On its own, the perfective verb may not necessarily imply that the action is completed.Adding the particlena directly after it strengthens the notion that it is in fact completed. Compare this with the difference between Englishsimple past andpast perfect tenses.

Also known as theprogressive oruncompleted aspect. This implies that the action has started, is ongoing, and not yet completed. It is also used withhabitual actions, or actions that signifygeneral facts. This aspect is characterized by the reduplication of the first syllable of the root word, followed by application of the same morphological rules as seen with the complete aspect. If the base form of the verb has its stress on the last syllable, asecondary stress usually falls on the reduplicated syllable.

This implies that the action has not yet started but anticipated. This aspect is characterized solely by the reduplication of the first syllable of the root word.

In the contemplative aspect of the actor trigger-um-, that infix-um- is removed.

This implies that the action has just been completed before the time of speaking or before a specified time. This aspect is unique in that it does not use the direct case markerang to mark a focused argument. All nouns bound to a verb in this aspect are only marked by the indirect and oblique markers.

It is often taught that to form this aspect, the first syllable of the word should be reduplicated followed by adding the prefixka-. In colloquial speech however, the prefixkaka- is used instead without any reduplication. A verb in this aspect is always followed by the particlelang.

Tagalog verbs also have affixes expressinggrammatical mood; some examples areindicative,potential, social, causative and distributed.

Indicative
Nagdalá siyá ng liham.
"(S)he brought a letter."

Bumilí kamí ng bigás sa palengke.
"We bought rice in the market."

Kumain akó.
"I ate."

Hindî siyá nagsásalitâ ng Tagalog.
"(S)he does not speak Tagalog."

Causativemagpa-
Nagpadalá siyá ng liham sa kaniyáng iná.
"He sent (literally: caused to be brought) a letter to his mother."

DistributivemaN-
Namilí kamí sa palengke.
"We went shopping in the market."

Socialmaki-
Nakikain akó sa mga kaibigan ko.
"I ate with my friends."

Potentialmaka-/makapag-
Hindî siyánakapagsásalitâ ng Tagalog.
"(S)he was not able to speak Tagalog."

While Tagalog nouns are notinflected, they are usually preceded by case-markingparticles. These follow anAustronesian alignment, also known as atrigger system, which is a distinct feature ofAustronesian languages. There are three basic cases:direct (ang/si);indirect (ng/ni); andoblique (sa/kay).

Thedirect case marks the noun which has a special relation to the verb in the clause. Here, it is the verb'strigger that determines whatsemantic role (agent, patient, etc.) the noun is in. Theindirect case marks the agent or patient, or both, that isn't marked with the direct case in the clause. Theoblique case marks the location, beneficiary, instrument, and any other obliqueargument that isn't marked with the direct case.

In clauses using theactor trigger, the direct case would mark theagent of the verb (corresponding to thesubject in the Englishactive voice), the indirect would mark thepatient (direct object), while any other argument would be marked by the oblique case. In theobject trigger, the reverse occurs, wherein the direct would mark the patient and the indirect marking the agent. When other verb triggers are used (i.e,locative, beneficiary, instrumental, causal triggers), both agent and patient would be marked by the indirect case, the focused oblique argument marked with the direct case, and any other argument by the oblique case.

One of the functions of trigger in Tagalog is to codedefiniteness, analogous to the use of definite and indefinite articles (i.e., the & a) in English. That said, an argument marked with the direct case is always definite. Whereas, when a patient argument is marked with theindirect case, it is generally indefinite, but an agent argument marked with the sameindirect case would be understood as definite. To make it indefinite, the numeralisá (one) is used.

Theindirect particle is also used as agenitive marker. It is for this reason that Tagalog lean more towards aVOS word order, as an indirect (ng/ni) argument directly following a direct (ang/si) argument might be misinterpreted as a possessive construction. For instance with the sentence above,kumain ang pusà ng isdâ may be read as "the cat of the fish ate".

Theoblique particle and thelocative derived from it are similar to prepositions in English, marking things such as location and direction.

The case particles fall into twoclasses: one used with names of people (proper) and one for everything else (common).

The common indirect marker is spelledng and pronounced[naŋ].Mgá, pronounced[maˈŋa], marks the common plural.

Tagalog has associative plural^[5] in addition to additive plural.

Note that in Tagalog, even proper nouns require a case marker.

Like nouns, personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive.

Pronoun sequences areko ikáw (kitá),ko kayó,ko siyá, andko silá.

Examples:
Sumulat akó.
"I wrote."

Sinulatan akó ng liham.
"He/She/They wrote me a letter."
Note: If "ng liham" is removed from the sentence, it becomes "I was written on"

Ibíbigay ko ito sa kaniyá.
"I will give this to him/her/them."

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko.
Ang aking bahay.
"My house."

The inclusive dual pronounkata/kitá has largely disappeared from the Manila Dialect. It survives in other Tagalog dialects, particularly those spoken in the rural areas. Howeverkitá is used to replace the pronoun sequence[verb]ko ikaw, (I [verb] you).

The 1st–2nd dual pronoun "kata/kitá" referring to "you and I" is traditionally used as follows:

Mágkaibigan kitá. (Manila Dialect:Mágkaibigan tayo.)
"You and I are friends." (Manila Dialect: “We are friends.")

Examples:

Mágkásintahan kitá.(We are lovers.)

Maayós áng bahay nita. (Our house is fixed.)

Magagandá áng mgá paróroonan sá kanitá. (The destinations are beautiful at ours.)

As previously mentioned, the pronoun sequence[verb]ko ikáw, (I [verb] you) may be replaced bykitá.

Mahál kitá.
"I love you."

Bíbigyan kitá ng pera.
"I will give you money."

Nakità kitá sa tindahan kahapon.
"I saw you at the store yesterday."

Kaibigan kitá.
"You are my friend."

The inclusive pronountayo refers to the first and second persons. It may also refer to a third person(s).

The exclusive pronounkamí refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second.

Walâ tayong bigás.
"We (you and me) have no rice."

Walâ kaming bigás.
"We (someone else and me, but not you) have no rice."

The second person singular has two forms.Ikáw is the non-enclitic form whileka is theenclitic which never begins a sentence. The plural formkayó is also used politely in the singular, similar to Frenchvous.

Native nouns aregenderless, hencesiyá meanshe,she, orthey (singular).

Tagalog, like many languages, marks theT–V distinction: when addressing a single person in polite/formal/respectful settings, pronouns from either the2nd person plural or the3rd person plural group are used instead of thesingular 2nd person pronoun. They can be used with, or in lieu of, thepô/hô iterations without losing any degree of politeness, formality, or respect:

• ikáw orka ("you" sgl.) becomeskayó ("you" pl.) orsilá ("they")
• mo (post-substantive "your") becomesniyó orninyó (more polite), (post-substantive "your" pl.) ornilá (post-substantive "their")
• iyó(ng) ("yours" sgl. or pre-substantive "your" sgl.) becomesinyó(ng) ("yours" pl. or pre-substantive "your" pl.) orkanilá(ng) ("theirs" or pre-substantive "their")

Example:
English: "What's your name?"
Casual:Anó'ng pangalan mo?
Respectful:Anó'ng pangalan ninyo? orAnó'ng pangalan nilá?

Using such pluralized pronouns is quite sufficient for expressing politeness, formality or respect, particularly when an affirmative (or negative)pô/hô iteration isn't necessary.

Additionally, the formal second-person pronounsIkáw (Ka),Kayó,Mo, andNinyó, third-person formsNiyá andSiyá, and their oblique formsInyó,Iyó, andKaniyá are, by custom,reverentially capitalized in religious contexts. Purists who frame this capitalization as nonstandard and inconsistent do not apply it in written form.

Tagalog's demonstrative pronouns are as follows.

Notes:

- Althoughdine anddito both meanhere, its difference is the first one pertains to the speaker only while the second one includes the listener. Lost in Standard Filipino/Tagalog (Manila dialect: dito) but still survive in province dialects like Batangas. The same goes for direct, indirect, oblique, locative, existential, and manner (nearest to speaker).

-Yaón is an old-fashioned word which meansthat.The modern word isiyón.

- The oblique are verbs and locative are pseudo-verbs; for instance, dumito, dumidito, and didito for oblique; and narito, naririto, and nandito for oblique. However, some are archaic and some are old-fashioned.

- Words likepariné, paritó, pariyón, and paroón are combined with pa+(oblique word). These were old-fashioned and/or archaic but still survive in dialects.

- The contractions are: 're, 'to, 'yan, 'yun, n'yan, gan'to, gan'yan, gan're, gano'n (gayon)

*Many Tagalog speakers may useitó in place ofiré/aré.

Examples:

Just like English adjectives, Tagalog adjectives modify a noun or a pronoun.

These consist of only the root word.

Examples: hinóg (ripe), sabog (exploded), ganda (beautiful)

These consist of the root word and one or more affixes.

Examples: tinanóng (questioned), kumakain (eating), nagmámahál (loving)

These are formed by the repetition of the whole or part of the root word.

Examples: puláng-pulá (really red), putíng-putî (really white), araw-araw (every day), gabí-gabí (every night)

These are compound words.

Examples: ngiting-aso (literally: "dog smile", meaning: "big smile"), balát-sibuyas (literally: "onion-skinned", meaning: "crybaby")

This states the size, color, form, smell, sound, texture, taste, and shape.

Examples: muntî (little), biluhabà (oval), matamis (sweet), malubhâ (serious)

This states a specific noun. This consists of a common noun and a proper noun. The proper noun (that starts with a capital letter) is modifying the type of common noun.

Examples: wikang Ingles (English language), kulturang Espanyol (Spanish culture), pagkaing Iloko (Ilokano food)

This states the number, how many, or a position in order. This has multiple types.

• Sequence (Panunurán) – This states the position in an order. Examples: ikatló (third), una (first), pangalawá (second)
• Quantitative (Patakarán) – This states the actual number. Examples: isa (one), apat (four), limang libo (five thousand)
• Fraction (Pamahagì) – This states a part of a whole. Examples: kalahatì (half), limáng-kawaló (five-eights), sangkapat (fourth)
• Monetary (Pahalagá) – This states a price (equivalent to money) of a thing or any bought item. Examples: piso (one peso), limampung sentimo (fifty centavos), sandaang piso (one hundred pesos)
• Collective (Palansák) – This states a group of people or things. This identifies the number that forms that group. Examples: dalawahan (by two), sampú-sampû (by ten), animan (by six)
• Patakdâ – This states the exact and actual number. This cannot be added or subtracted. Examples: iisa (only one), dadalawa (only two), lilima (only five)

Just like English adjectives, Tagalog adjectives have 3 degrees of comparison.

This only compares one noun/pronoun.

Example: maliít (small), kupas (peeled), matabâ (fat)

This is used when 2 nouns/pronouns are being compared. This has multiple types.

• Similar (Magkatulad) – This is the comparison when the traits compared are fair. Usually, the prefixes ga-, sing-/kasíng-, and magsing-/magkasíng- are used.
• Dissimilar (Di-magkatulad) – This is the comparison if it shows the idea of disallowance, rejection or opposition.
  • Palamáng – the thing that is being compared has a positive trait. The words "higít", "lalo", "mas", "di-hamak" and others are used.
  • Pasahol – the thing that is being compared has a negative trait. The words "di-gaano", "di-gasino", "di-masyado" and others are used.

This is the highest degree of comparison. This can be positive or negative. The prefix "pinaká" and the words "sobra", "ubod", "tunay", "talaga", "saksakan", and "hari ng ___" are used, as well as the repetition of the adjective.

These degrees have no comparison.

This is when the simple/plain form of the adjective is being used for description.

Examples: matalino (smart), palatawá (risible)

This is when the adjective is accompanied by the words "medyo", "nang kauntî", "nang bahagyâ" or the repetition of the root word or the first two syllables of the root word.

Examples: medyo matabâ (somewhat fat), malakás nang bahagyâ (slightly strong), malakás-lakás (somewhat strong), matabáng nang kauntî (a little bit insipid)

This is when the adjective is accompanied by the words "napaka", "ubod ng", "saksakan ng", "talagáng", "sobrang", "masyadong" or the repetition of the whole adjective. The description in this degree is intense.

Examples: napakalakas (so strong), ubod ng baít (really kind), talagáng mabangó (truly fragrant), sobrang makinis (oversmooth)

There are rules that are followed when forming adjectives that use the prefix "ma-".

When the adjective is describing only one noun/pronoun, "ma-" and the root word is used.

Examples:masayá (happy),malungkót (sad)

When the adjective is describing two or more noun/pronoun, "ma-" is used and the first syllable or first two letters of the root word is repeated.

Examples:maliliít (small),magagandá (beautiful)

The word "mgá" is not needed if the noun/pronoun is right next to the adjective.

Example: Angmagagandáng damít ay kasya kiná Erica at Bel. (The beautiful clothes can fit to Erica and Bel.)

The ligature (pang-angkóp) connects, or links, modifiers (like adjectives and adverbs) to the words that they are modifying. It has twoallomorphs:

na

This is used if the preceding word ends with a consonant other thann. It is not combined with the preceding word but separated, appearing between the modifier and the word it modifies.

Example:mapágmahálna tao ("loving person")

-ng

This suffixed allomorph is used if the preceding word ends with a vowel orn; in the latter case, the finaln is lost and replaced by the suffix:

Examples:mabuting nilaláng ng Diyos ("good creation of God");huwarang mamámayán (huwaran + mamámayán) ("ideal citizen")

Tagalog uses numerous conjunctions, and may belong to one of these possible functions:

1. separate non-contrasting ideas (e.g.at "and")
2. separate contrasting ideas (e.g.ngunit "but")
3. give explanations (e.g.kung "if")
4. provide circumstances (e.g.kapág "when")
5. indicate similarities (e.g.kung saán "where")
6. provide reasons (e.g.dahil "because")
7. indicate endings (e.g.upang "[in order] to")

Modifiers alter, qualify, clarify, or limit other elements in a sentence structure. They are optional grammatical elements but they change the meaning of the element they are modifying in particular ways. Examples of modifiers are adjectives (modifies nouns), adjectival clauses, adverbs (modifies verbs), and adverbial clauses. Nouns can also modify other nouns. In Tagalog, word categories are fluid: A word can sometimes be an adverb or an adjective depending on the word it modifies. If the word being modified is a noun, then the modifier is an adjective, if the word being modified is a verb, then it is an adverb. For example, the word'mabilís' means 'fast' in English. The Tagalog word'mabilís' can be used to describe nouns like'kuneho' ('rabbit') in'kunehong mabilís' ('quick rabbit'). In that phrase,'mabilís' was used as an adjective. The same word can be used to describe verbs, one can say 'tumakbo nang mabilís' which means 'quickly ran'. In that phrase, 'mabilis' was used as an adverb. The Tagalog word for 'rabbit' is 'kuneho' and 'ran' is 'tumakbo' but they showed up in the phrases as 'kuneho-ng' and 'tumakbó nang'. Tagalog uses something called a "linker" that always surfaces in the context of modification.^[8] Modification only occurs when a linker is present. Tagalog has the linkers-ng andna. In the examples mentioned, the linker -ng was used because the word before the linker ends in a vowel. The second linker,nais used everywhere else (thena used in modification is not the same as the adverbna which means 'now' or 'already'). Seeing the enclitics-ngandna are good indications that there is modification in the clause. These linkers can appear before or after the modifier.

The following table^[9] summarizes the distribution of the linker:

The following tables show a possible word order of a noun phrase containing a modifier.^[10] Since word order is flexible in Tagalog, there are other possible ways in which one could say these phrases. To read more on Tagalog word order, head to the Word Order section.

Tagalog has enclitic particles that have important information conveying different nuances in meaning. Below is a list of Tagalog's enclitic particles.

1. na andpa
   • na: now, already
   • pa: still, else, in addition, yet
2. man,kahit: even, even if, even though
3. bagamán: although
4. ngâ: indeed; used to affirm or to emphasise. Also softens imperatives.
5. din (after a vowel:rin): too, also
6. lamang (contracted aslang): limiting particle; only or just
7. daw (after a vowel:raw): a reporting particle that indicates the preceding information as secondhand; they say, he said, reportedly, supposedly, etc.
8. pô (less respectful form:hô): marker indicating politeness.
9. ba: used to end yes-and-no questions and optionally in other types of questions, similar to Japanese-ka and Chinesema (嗎), but not entirely.
10. muna: for now, for a minute, and yet (when answering in the negative).
11. namán: used in making contrasts; softens requests; emphasis
12. kasí: expresses cause; because
13. kayâ: expresses wonder; I wonder; perhaps (we should do something); also optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other forms of questions
14. palá: expresses that the speaker has realized or suddenly remembered something; realization particle; apparently
15. yatà (contracted as/informal:atà): expresses uncertainty; probably, perhaps, seems
16. tulóy: used in cause and effect; as a result
17. sana: expresses hope, unrealized condition (with the verb in completed aspect), used inconditional sentences.

The order listed above is the order in which the particles follow if they are used in conjunction with each other. A more concise list of the orders of monosyllabic particles from Rubino (2002) is given below.^[11]

1. na /pa
2. ngâ
3. din ~rin
4. daw ~raw
5. pô /hô
6. ba

The particlesna andpa cannot be used in conjunction with each other as well aspô andhô.

• Dumatíng na raw palá ang lola mo.

"Oh yes, your grandmother has apparently arrived."

• Palitán mo na rin.

"Do change it as well."

Note for "daw/raw andrin/din": If the preceding letter is a consonant except y and w, the letter d is used in any word, vice versa for r e.g.,pagdárasal, instead ofpagdádasal

Although in everyday speech, this rule is often ignored.

• Walâ pa yatang asawa ang kapatíd niyá.

"Perhaps his brother still hasn’t a wife."

• Itó lang kayâ ang ibibigáy nilá sa amin?

"I wonder, is the only thing that they'll be giving us?"

• Nag-aral ka na ba ng wikang Kastilà?

"Have you already studied the Spanish language?"

• Batà pa kasí.

"He's still young, is why."

• Pakisulat mo ngâ muna ang iyóng pangalan dito.

"Please, do write your name here first."

The wordsdaw andraw, which mean “he said”/“she said”/“they said”, are sometimes joined to the real translations of “he said”/”she said”, which issabi niyá, and “they said”, which issabi nilá. They are also joined to the Tagalog of “you said”, which issabi mo. But this time, bothdaw andraw mean “supposedly/reportedly”.

• Sabi raw niyá. / Sabi daw niyá.

"He/she supposedly said."

• Sabi raw nilá. / Sabi daw nilá.

"They supposedly said."

• Sabi mo raw. / Sabi mo daw.

"You supposedly said."

Although the wordkasí is a native Tagalog word for “because” and not slang, it is still not used in formal writing. The Tagalog word for this issapagká’t orsapagkát. Thus, the formal form ofBatà pa kasí isSapagká’t batà pa orSapagkát batà pa. This is sometimes shortened topagká’t orpagkát, soSapagká’t batà pa is also written asPagká’t batà pa orPagkát batà pa. In both formal and everyday writing and speech,dahil sa (the oblique form ofkasí; thus, its exact translation is “because of”) is also synonymous tosapagká’t (sapagkát), so the substitute ofSapagká’t batà pa forBatà pa kasí isDahil sa batà pa. Most of the time in speech and writing (mostly every day and sometimes formal),dahil sa as the Tagalog of “because” is reduced todahil, soDahil sa batà pa is spoken simply asDahil batà pa.

Theaccessibility of this section is in question. The specific issue is:Missing image descriptions and in-text equivalents for syntax trees. Relevant discussion may be found on thetalk page.(November 2021)

Tagalog has a flexible word order compared to English. While the verb always remains in the initial position, the order of noun phrase complements that follows is flexible. An example provided by Schacter and Otanes can be seen in (1).

The flexibility of Tagalog word order can be seen in (2). There are six different ways of saying 'The man gave the woman a book.' in Tagalog. The following five sentences, along with the sentence from (1), include the same grammatical components and are all grammatical and identical in meaning but have different orders.

The principles in (3) help to determine the ordering of possible noun phrase complements.[12] In a basic clause where the patient takes the nominative case, principles (i) and (ii) requires the actor to precede the patient. In example (4a), the patient,'liham' (letter) takes the nominative case and satisfies principles (i) and (ii). The example in (4b) shows that the opposite ordering of the agent and patient does not result in an ungrammatical sentence but rather an unnatural one in Tagalog.

In example (5), the verb,'binihag', (captivated) is marked for active voice and results in the actor ('Kuya Louis') to take the nominative case. Example (5) doesn't satisfy principles (i) and (ii). That is, principle (i) requires the Actor ('Kuya Louis') to precede all other arguments. However, since the Actor also takes the nominative case, principle (ii) requires the phrase 'Kuya Louis' to come last. The preferred order of agent and patient in Tagalog active clauses is still being debated. Therefore, we can assume that there are two "unmarked" word orders: VSO or VOS.

A change in word order and trigger generally corresponds to a change in definiteness ("the" vs "a") in English. Example (6) shows a change in word order, triggered by the indirect, "ng." Example (7) shows a change in word order, triggered by the direct,"ang."

Word order may be inverted (referred to in Tagalog grammar asKabalikáng Anyô) by way of the inversion marker 'ay ' ( ’y after vowels in informal speech, not usually used in writing). Contrary to popular belief, this is not thecopula 'to be' as 'ay' does not behave as an existential marker in an SVO structure and an inverted form VSO does not require'ay' since the existentiality is denoted by case marking. A slight, but optional, pause in speech or a comma in writing may replace the inversion marker. This construction is often viewed by native speakers as formal or literary.

In this construction (ay-inversion), the'ay' appears between the fronted constituent and the remainder of the clause. The fronted constituent in the construction includes locations and adverbs. Example (8)- (11) shows the inverted form of the sentences in the previous examples above.

In (8) and (11), the fronted constituent is the subject. On the other hand, in (9), the fronted constituent is the object. Another example of a fronted constituent in Tagalog is,wh-phrases. Wh-phrases include interrogative questions that begin with: who, what, where, when, why, and how. In Tagalog, wh-phrases occur to the left of the clause. For example, in the sentence, 'Who are you?',which translates to, 'Sino ka?' occurs to the left of the clause. The syntactic tree of this sentence is found in (12a). As we can see in (12a), the complementizer position is null. However, in the case where an overt complementizer is present, Sabbagh (2014) proposes that the wh-phrase lowers from Spec, CP, and adjoins to TP when C is overt (12b). The operation in (12b) is known as, WhP lowering.

This operation of lowering can also be applied in sentences to account for the verb-initial word order in Tagalog. The subject-lowering analysis states that "the subject lowers from Spec, TP and adjoins to a projection dominated by TP.".[13] If we use the example from (2),Nagbigáy ang lalaki ng libró sa babae. and applied subject lowering, we would see the syntax tree in (13a).If we lowered the subject,ang lalaki, to an intermediate position within VP, we would be able to achieve a VOS word order and still satisfy subject lowering.^[13] This can be seen in (13b).

Lowering is motivated by a prosodic constraint called, WeakStart.^[14] This constraint is largely based on thephonological hierarchy. This constraint requires the first phonological element within a phonological domain to be lower on the prosodic hierarchy than elements that follow it, within the same domain.^[15]

There are three negation words:hindî,walâ, andhuwág.

Hindî negates verbs and equations. It is sometimes contracted to‘dî.

• Hindî akó magtatrabaho bukas.

"I will not work tomorrow."

• Hindî mayaman ang babae.

"The woman is not rich."

Walâ is the opposite ofmay andmayroón ("there is").

• Walâ akóng pera.
• Akó ay waláng pera.

"I do not have money."

• Waláng libró sa loób ng bahay niyá.

"There are no books in his house."

Huwág is used in expressing negative commands. It can be used for the infinitive and the future aspect. It is contracted as‘wag.

• Huwág kang umiyák.

"Do not cry."

• Huwág kayóng tumakbó rito.

"Do not run here."

There are two (or more) special negative forms for common verbs:

• Gustó/Ibig/Nais ko nang kumain.

"I would like to eat now." (Positive)

• Ayaw ko pang kumain.

"I don't want to eat yet." (Negative)

Tagalog's interrogative words are:alín,anó,bákit,gaáno,gaálin,makáilan,ilán,kailán,kaníno,kumustá,magkáno,nakaníno,nasaán,níno,paáno,pasaán,saán,tagasaán, andsíno. With the exceptions ofbakit,kamustá(maáno), andnasaán, all of the interrogative words have optional plural forms which are formed by reduplication. They are used when the person who is asking the question anticipates a plural answer and can be called wh-phrases. The syntactic position of these types of phrases can be seen in(12a).

Gaano (fromga- +anó) meanshow but is used in inquiring about the quality of an adjective or an adverb. The root word of the modifier is prefixed withga- in this construction (16a).Ilán meanshow many (16b).Kumustá is used to inquire how something is (are).(16c) It is frequently used as a greeting meaningHow are you? It is derived from the Spanish¿cómo está?.Magkano (frommag- +gaano) meanshow much and is usually used in inquiring the price of something (16d).Paano (frompa- +anó) is used in askinghow something is done or happened (16e).

Nino (fromni +anó) meanswho,whose, andwhom (18a). It is the indirect and genitive form ofsino.Sino (fromsi +anó) meanswho andwhom and it is in the direct form (18b).Kanino (fromkay +anó) meanswhom orwhose (18c). It is the oblique form ofsino (who).

• Abakada alphabet
• Commission on the Filipino Language
• Filipino alphabet
• Filipino orthography
• Tagalog phonology
• Old Tagalog

• Kroeger, P. R. (1991). Phrase structure and grammatical relations in Tagalog
• Ramos, T. (1971). Tagalog Structures. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 126.
• Rubino, C. (2002). Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog dictionary / Taláhuluganang Pilipino-Ingglés, Ingglés-Pilipino Taláhuluganang. Conshohocken, PA: Hippocrene Books.
• Sabbagh, J. (2014). Word order and Prosodic‐Structure constraints in Tagalog. Syntax, 17(1), 40–89.doi:10.1111/synt.12012
• Sabbagh, J. (2011). Adjectival passives and the structure of VP in Tagalog.Lingua, 121, 1424–1452.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.006
• Scontras, G. & Nicolae A. (2014). Saturating syntax: Linkers and modification in Tagalog.Lingua, 149, 17–33.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2014.05.005
• Baybayin: Paglalayag sa Wika at Panitikan 8 by Remedios InfantadoISBN 978-971-23-7030-4 pp. 133–134, 169
• Bagong Likha: Wika at Pagbasa 4, by Ester V. RafloresISBN 978-971-655-331-4, pp. 239, 252–253, 267–268, 283, 326–327, 341–342
• Pinagyamang Pluma 9, by Ailene G. Baisa-Julian, Mary Grace G. del Rosario, Nestor S. LontocISBN 978-971-06-3652-5, p. 86, 383
• mga-uri-ng-pang-uri.pdf.samutsamot.files.wordpress.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
• Baybayin: Paglalayag sa Wika at Panitikan 7 by Ramilito CorreaISBN 978-971-23-7028-1 p. 19

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