| Tadukhipa | |
|---|---|
| Consort of thePharaoh ofEgypt | |
 One of the "Amarna Letters" EA 19 negotiating a marriage between Amenhotep III and Tushratta's daughter Tadukhipa | |
| Spouse | Amenhotep III Akhenaten |
| Dynasty | 18th of Egypt (marriage) |
| Father | Tushratta |
| Mother | Juni |
Tadukhipa (in theHurrian languageTadu-Hepa), was a princess of theMitanni kingdom. She was the daughter of KingTushratta of Mitanni and his queen Juni, and the niece ofArtashumara. Tadukhipa's auntGilukhipa (sister of Tushratta) had marriedPharaohAmenhotep III in his 10th regnal year. Tadukhipa was to marry Amenhotep III more than two decades later.[1]
Tadukhipa was the daughter of KingTushratta ofMitanni, who is believed to have reigned c. 1382 BC–1342 BC. She is believed to have been born around Year 21 of the reign ofEgyptianPharaohAmenhotep III (c. 1366 BC). Almost nothing is known of her early years. In approximately Year 36 of Amenhotep's reign (c. 1352), Tushratta sent her to Egypt to marry the pharaoh, who was a close ally.
Relatively little is known about this princess of Mitanni. She is believed to have been born around Year 21 of the reign ofEgyptianPharaohAmenhotep III, (c. 1366 BC). Fifteen years later, Tushratta married his daughter to his ally Amenhotep III to cement their two states alliances in Year 36 of Amenhotep III's reign (1352 BC). Tadukhipa is referenced in seven of Tushratta's thirteenAmarna letters, of about 1350-1340 BC.[2] Tushratta requested that his daughter would become a queen consort, even though that position was held by QueenTiye.[3] Amenhotep III never sent the golden statues he offered in return, and, after his death, Tushratta sent some missives complaining about the lack of reciprocity.[4]
King Tushratta sent his daughter to Egypt with many gifts for Pharaoh Amenhotep. These gifts included: a gold-plated chariot inlaid with precious stones, a pair of horses, a litter adorned with gold and precious stones, clothes and garments, a horse saddle adorned with gold eagles, jewelry such as bracelets, armlets, and other ornaments, and a large chest to hold those items.[5] Amenhotep had offered to send golden statues to Tushratta as part of the marriage agreement. However, no evidence exists that the gifts were sent to Mitanni.
Tushratta had requested that his daughter becomeGreat Royal Wife to Amenhotep. However, the position was already held by QueenTiye. Amenhotep III died soon after Tadukhipa's arrival in Egypt and his son,Amenhotep IV, became pharaoh. Tadukhipa's existence in Egypt is attested to through Amarna letters that mention her, including missives Tushratta sent asking after the golden statues he was promised by Amenhotep III. It is speculated that Tadukhipa eventually remarried Amenhotep IV.[3] During the reign of Amenhotep IV, Tushratta wrote to him multiple times and frequently mentioned his daughter, who had become Amenhotep IV’s wife, for example:[6]
Say to Naphurreya, the king of Egypt, my brother, my son-in-law, whom I love and who loves me: Thus Tušratta, Great King, the king of Mittani, your father-in-law, who loves you, your brother. For me all goes well. For you may all go well. ForTeye, your mother, for your household, may all go well. For Tadu-Ḫeba, my daughter, your wife, for the rest of your wives, for your sons, for your magnates, for your chariots, for your horses, for your troops, for your country, and for whatever else belongs to you, may all go very, very well. (EA 27)[6]
Some scholars tentatively identify Tadukhipa withKiya, a known wife of Akhenaten.[1] It has been suggested that the story of Kiya may be the source for the New Kingdom story called the "Tale of Two Brothers." This fable tells the story of how the pharaoh fell in love with a beautiful foreign woman after smelling her hair. If Tadukhipa was later known as Kiya, then she would have lived at Amarna where she had her own sunshade and was depicted with the pharaoh and at least one daughter.[7]
Others such as Petrie, Drioton and Vandier have suggested that Tadukhipa was given a new name after becoming the consort ofAkhenaten and is to be identified the famous queenNefertiti.[7] This theory suggests that Nefertiti's name "the beautiful one has come" refers to foreign origin, such as Tadukhipa's Mitanni origin. Seele, Meyer and others have pointed out that Tey, wife ofAy, held the title of nurse to Nefertiti, and that this argues against this identification. A mature princess arriving in Egypt would not need a nurse.[8] Moreover, Nefertiti is a quintessentially Egyptian name, whose meaning should instead be associated with Hathor and the myth of the return of the "Distant Goddess".[9]
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