Group of psychedelic drugs
Examples of major TWEETIO drugs. These are2CD-2-ETO (left),2CE-5-ETO (center), and2CT2-5-ETO (right). TWEETIO is a family ofphenethylamine psychedelic drugs .[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] They areanalogues of the2C drugs (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines) in which one or both of themethoxy groups at positions 2 and 5 of thephenyl ring have been lengthened toethoxy groups .[ 1] [ 2] [ 4] Examples include2CD-2-ETO (a TWEETIO of2C-D ),2CE-5-ETO (a TWEETIO of2C-E ), and2CT2-5-ETO (a TWEETIO of2C-T-2 ), among many others.[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4]
The TWEETIO drugs are said to have been named in a humorous way by pronouncing the simplest structural form of "2-EtO-X".[ 1] [ 5] Limited human data are available on the TWEETIO compounds.[ 1] [ 2] [ 5] [ 4] In any case, some generalizations have been made, including that the 2-ETO compounds tend to have a shorterduration and decreasedpotency , the 5-ETO drugs tend to have enhanced potency and remarkably increased durations, and the 2,5-Di-ETO drugs tend to be inactive.[ 1] [ 2] [ 5]
The TWEETIO compounds were developed byDarrell Lemaire as potential "smart drugs " in the 1970s or 1980s.[ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] The compounds were described in thescientific literature byAlexander Shulgin via personal communication with Lemaire in the 1990s and 2000s.[ 5] [ 1] [ 2] [ 4] It was said by Shulgin in 2003 that thepropoxy analogues had not yet beensynthesized .[ 1] In 2023, the propoxy derivativeASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO) was reported by Nick Cozzi and Paul F. Daley of theAlexander Shulgin Research Institute .[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] It is under development for potential medical use.[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13]
List and properties of TWEETIO drugs [ edit ] TWEETIO analogues of selected 2C drugs[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] R4 Dosage (parent) R2 R5 Code name Trial dose Comments of trial Br- 12–24 mg Et- Me- 2CB-2-ETO 15 mg "30–50 [mg] prolongs action" Et- Et- 2CB-DI-ETO >55 mg "restless sleep, only" Me- 20–60 mg Et- Me- 2CD-2-ETO 60 mg "intimate, no intox, 4 hrs" Me- Et- 2CD-5-ETO 50 mg "12 hour duration" Et- Et- 2CD-DI-ETO >55 mg "mild, 4 hr duration" Et- 10–15 mg Me- Et- 2CE-5-ETO 15 mg "16–24 hr duration" 14–22 mg Et- Me- 2CI-2-ETO 5 mg "50 mg longer duration only" MeS- 60–100 mg Et- Me- 2CT-2-ETO 50 mg "mild, 4 hr duration" Me- Et- 2CT-5-ETO 30 mg "15 hr duration" EtS- 12–25 mg Et- Me- 2CT2-2-ETO 50 mg "9 hr duration" Me- Et- 2CT2-5-ETO 20 mg "16 hr duration" Et- Et- 2CT2-DI-ETO 50 mg "only longer with higher dose" iPrS- 8–20 mg Et- Me- 2CT4-2-ETO 25 mg "dosage affects duration only" PrS- 10–30 mg Et- Me- 2CT7-2-ETO 20 mg "fast, out at 5 hrs"
Alexander Shulgin also described some of these compounds in additional detail in his bookPiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved ).[ 5]
According to Shulgin in 2011,2CB-5-EtO is not in the publishedscientific literature .[ 15] In a 1994literature review however, Shulgin described 2CB-5-EtO as being active but 2-fold lesspotent than2C-B .[ 2]
ASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO), a non-hallucinogenic TWEETIO analogue of2C-B with a 5-propoxy group, is under development by theAlexander Shulgin Research Institute for use as a mildstimulant -likemedication for the treatment ofpsychiatric disorders .[ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14]
Another known TWEETIO-related drug, a2C-E analogue with a 5-isopropoxy group, is2CE-5iPrO .[ 16]
VariousDOx compounds featured extendedmethoxy groups .[ 5] [ 15] These includeFlorence (DOM-2ETO),Iris (DOM-5ETO),DOM-2,5-DiEtO ,MEM ,MME ,MEE ,EMM ,EME ,EEM , andEEE , among others.[ 5] [ 15] They arederivatives ofDOM and/orTMA-2 .[ 5] [ 15]
Variousscalines , ormescaline analogues , featured extendedmethoxy groups .[ 5] [ 15] These includeasymbescaline ,escaline ,metaescaline ,metaproscaline ,proscaline ,symbescaline , andtrisescaline (trescaline), among others.[ 5] [ 15]
EMDA-2 (2-ethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) has been described byAlexander Shulgin as the "TWEETIO" analogue ofMMDA-2 .[ 5] It is active as apsychedelic , producingclosed-eye visuals and other effects, with apotency of about one-third that of MMDA-2 and aduration of 10 to 12 hours.[ 5]
^a b c d e f g h i Shulgin AT (2003)."Basic Pharmacology and Effects" . In Laing RR (ed.).Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook . Forensic Drug Handbook Series. Elsevier Science. pp. 67– 137.ISBN 978-0-12-433951-4 . Retrieved1 February 2025 .I learned of a remarkable study that had been methodically carried out but never published, in which the methoxy groups of a number of the 2C- family replaced with ethoxy groups. As there are two methoxy groups, there are three possible homologues: the 2-methoxy-, the 5-methoxy- or both methoxys an be lengthened. These compounds were called the TWEETIO compounds in a humorous way of pronouncing the simplest of them, a compound with an ethoxy (or EtO-) group at the 2-position, vis., 2-EtO-something. (See Table 3.11.) [...] Table 3.11 The TWEETIO homologues of several 2C- compounds [...] In most of these listings the human studies involved only two subjects, never more than six. For this reason, ranges are not given, only typical dosages, and the short statement of effect is simply a terse abstract of the reports that were written. Some generalities are possible. Homologation at the 2-position appears to lead to a shorter duration and a decrease in potency. Homologation at the 5-position can enhance the potency and increase the duration to a remarkable degree. With 2CE-5-ETO for example, the administration of Valium or Halcion allowed sleep, but did not abort the long duration of action. Longer ether chains such as the propoxy groups have not been synthesized as yet. ^a b c d e f g h Jacob P, Shulgin AT (1994)."Structure-activity relationships of the classic hallucinogens and their analogs" (PDF) .NIDA Res Monogr .146 :74– 91.PMID 8742795 . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on August 5, 2023.Two additional centrally active structural variations of the prototype 2C-D have been observed and explored to a small degree. The p-oxygenated analogs are known as the β-methoxy-β-arylethylamine (BOX) series, and the materials with ethoxy groups in place of either of the methoxy groups are called the tweetios. Neither family is entered in table 3, but both are logical extensions of it. [...] The two tweetio analogs (2-ethoxy and 5-ethoxy) of both 2C-D and 2C-B have been explored and have dramatically reduced activity. The 5-tweetio (5-ethoxy) compounds are of twofold lessened potency, and the 2-tweetio (2-ethoxy) materials are down by another factor of five. The bis-etios (2,5-diethoxy homologs of 2C-D and 2C-B) are not known to be active at all. ^a b c Catalani V, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Napoletano F, Arillotta D, Zangani C, Vento A, Schifano F (August 2021)."Psychonauts' psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise" .Eur Neuropsychopharmacol .49 :69– 92.doi :10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.006 .PMID 33857740 .Table 1 NPSfinder® psychedelic phenethylamines and comparisons with EMCDDA and UNODC databases. [...] ^a b c d e f Trachsel, D.; Lehmann, D.; Enzensperger, C. (2013). "8.5.21. Modifikation der 2,5-Dimethoxysubstituenten".Phenethylamine: von der Struktur zur Funktion [Phenethylamines: From Structure to Function ]. Nachtschatten-Science (in German) (1 ed.). Solothurn: Nachtschatten-Verlag. pp. 820– 826.ISBN 978-3-03788-700-4 .OCLC 858805226 . ^a b c d e f g h i j k l Shulgin, Alexander ;Shulgin, Ann (September 1991).PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story . Berkeley, California: Transform Press.ISBN 0-9630096-0-5 .OCLC 25627628 . "The Tweetio homologue of MMDA-2 has been tasted, however. This is 2-ethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine, or EMDA-2. [...] At 135 milligrams, there have been reported eyes-closed visual phenomena, with intense colors. The overall duration is similar to MMDA-2 (some 10 hours) and there are reported sleep disturbances. At 185 milligrams, the feelings were intensified, there were “marvelous eyes-closed visuals (the colors were incredible), good concentration, but distinct body-tingles and rushes.” The time span was about 12 hours from start to finish, but it proved to be impossible to sleep afterwards. This homologue is thus about a third the potency of MMDA-2."^ "Erowid Darrell Lemaire Vault" .erowid.org . Retrieved14 November 2025 .^ Morris H (7 December 2016)."The Lazy Lizard School of Hedonism" .Hamilton's Pharmacopeia . Season 1. Episode 6.Vice Media .Viceland .^ Hosteen Nez (Darrell Lemaire ) (2010)."Notes About Psychoactive Compounds" (PDF) . In Targ, Russell; Radin, Dean (eds.).Radiant Minds: Scientists Explore the Dimensions of Consciousness . Millay. pp. 201– 207.ISBN 978-0-615-29633-3 . ^ Lazar (Darrell Lemaire ); Hosteen Nez (1990),Certain Exotic Transmitters as Smart Pills or Compounds that Increase the Capacity for Mental Work in Humans: A Story About LAZAR as Told by Hosteen Nez (2 ed.), archived fromthe original (PDF) on 9 July 2001 ^a b c Busby M (2 November 2023)."The Heirs to a Vault of Novel Psychedelics Take a Trip Into the Unknown" .DoubleBlind Mag . Retrieved19 April 2025 . ^a b c Busby M (30 March 2025)."What Happens When You Inherit 500 Psychedelic Compounds?" .DoubleBlind Mag . Retrieved19 April 2025 . ^a b c Kargbo RB (April 2025). "Innovative Approaches in Psychedelics, AI, and Communication: A Multi-Domain Perspective".ACS Med Chem Lett .16 (4):514– 516.doi :10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5c00114 .PMID 40236531 . ^a b c Goldstein L (10 July 2023)."Pioneering Psychedelics Scientist Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin's Legacy Lives On Via New Compounds And Research" .Benzinga . Retrieved19 April 2025 . ^a b WO patent 2024243599A1 , Mark J. Martini; Nicholas V. Cozzi & Paul F. Daley et al., "Asymmetric phenylalkylamines", published 28 November 2024, assigned toAlexander Shulgin Research Institute ^a b c d e f Shulgin A, Manning T, Daley PF (2011).The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds . Vol. 1. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press.ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0 .OCLC 709667010 . ^ Flanagan TW, Billac GB, Landry AN, Sebastian MN, Cormier SA, Nichols CD (April 2021)."Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore" .ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science .4 (2):488– 502.doi :10.1021/acsptsci.0c00063 .PMC 8033619 .PMID 33860179 .
Tryptamines
No ring subs. 4-Hydroxytryptamines 5-Hydroxytryptamines 5-Methoxytryptamines Other ring subs. α-Alkyltryptamines Others Cyclized Ergolines /lysergamides (e.g.,LSD )Ibogalogs (e.g.,ibogainalog ,tabernanthalog )O -MethylnordehydrobufoteninePartial ergolines (e.g.,NDTDI ,RU-28306 ,CT-5252 )Piperidinylethylindoles (e.g.,pip-T )Pyrrolidinylethylindoles (e.g.,pyr-T ,5-MeO-pyr-T )Pyrrolidinylmethylindoles (e.g.,MPMI ,4-HO-MPMI (lucigenol) ,5-MeO-MPMI ,MSP-2020 )Tetrahydropyridinylindoles (e.g.,RU-28253 (5-MeO-THPI) ,NEtPhOH-THPI )Bioisosteres Benzofurans (e.g.,5-MeO-DiBF (1-oxa-5-MeO-DiPT) ,dimemebfe (5-MeO-BFE; 1-oxa-5-MeO-DMT) ,mebfap (5-MeO-3-APB; 1-oxa-5-MeO-AMT) )Benzothiophenes (e.g.,3-APBT (1-thia-AMT) )Indazolethylamines (e.g.,AL-38022A ,O -methyl-AL-34662 )Indenylethylamines (e.g.,C-DMT )Isotryptamines (e.g.,6-MeO-isoDMT ,Ro60-0175 )MYCO-005 Quinolinylethylamines (e.g.,mefloquine )
Phenethylamines
Scalines 2C-x Others: 2C-B-AN 2C-DB 2C-G-x (e.g.,2C-G-3 ,2C-G-5 )β-Keto-2C-B (βk-2C-B) β-Keto-2C-I (βk-2C-I) β-Methyl-2C-B (BMB) BOx (e.g.,BOB ,BOD ,BOHB )HOT-x (e.g.,HOT-2 ,HOT-7 ,HOT-17 )N -Ethyl-2C-BTWEETIOs (e.g.,2CB-2-EtO ,2CD-2-EtO ,2CD-5-EtO ,2CE-5-EtO ,2CE-5iPrO ,2CT2-5-EtO ,ASR-2001 (2CB-5-PrO) )3C-x DOx 4C-x Ψ-PEA MDxx FLY 25x-NB (NBOMes) Others 25B-NAcPip 2-DM-DOM 4-HA 5-DM-DOM Benzofurans (e.g.,5-APB ,5-APDB ,6-APB ,6-APDB ,F ,F-2 ,F-22 )Benzothiophenes (e.g.,5-APBT ,6-APBT )CT-5172 DMAs (e.g.,2,4-DMA ,3,4-DMA )Fenfluramine MMA (3-MeO-4-MA) Norfenfluramine PEA-NDEPAs (e.g.,25D-NM-NDEAOP ,DOB-NDEPA ,DOI-NDEPA ,DOM-NDEPA ,DOTFM-NDEPA ,M-NDEPA ,TMA-2-NDEPA )PMA (4-MA) Thio-2Cs (e.g.,2C-5-TOET )Thio-DOx (e.g.,2-TOM ,5-TOET ,5-TOM ,TOMSO )TMAs (e.g.,TMA-3 ,TMA-4 ,TMA-5 )ZDCM-04 (DOC-fenethylline) Cyclized 1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g.,2CB-Ind ,jimscaline )2-Aminoindanes (e.g.,DOM-AI )3-Benzazepines (e.g.,lorcaserin )3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g.,LPH-5 ,LPH-48 )Benzocyclobutenes (e.g.,2CBCB-NBOMe ,TCB-2 ,tomscaline )Benzoxepins (e.g.,BBOX ,IBOX ,TFMBOX )DMBMPP (juncosamine) Ergolines /lysergamides (e.g.,LSD )Glaucine Partial ergolines (e.g.,NDTDI ,DEIMDHPCA ,DEMPDHPCA ,DEMTMPDHPCA ,DEMNDHPCA )Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g.,DMCPA ,TMT )Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes ) (e.g.,2C-B-aminorex )Pyridopyrroloquinoxalines (e.g.,IHCH-7113 )Z3517967757 ZC-B
Lysergamides Others Arylpiperazines (e.g.,2C-B-PP ,2-NP ,mCPP ,MK-212 ,ORG-12962 ,pCPP ,pFPP ,quipazine ,TFMPP )Dihydrobenzoxazines (e.g.,efavirenz )Phenoxyethylamines (e.g.,CT-4719 ,ORG-37684 )Pyridopyrroloquinoxalines (e.g.,IHCH-7113 )Quinazolinylethylamines (e.g.,RH-34 )Natural sources Tryptamines: Acacia spp. (e.g.,Acacia acuminata ,Acacia confusa )Ayahuasca andvinho de Jurema (e.g.,Psychotria viridis (chacruna) ,Dipolopterys cabrerana (chaliponga, chacruna) ,Mimosa tenuiflora (Mimosa hostilis ; jurema) )Brosimum (e.g.,Brosimum acutifolium (takini) )Hallucinogenic snuffs (e.g.,Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica, ebene) ,Anadenanthera colubrina (vilca, cebil) )Incilius alvarius (Bufo alvarius ; Colorado River toad, Sonoran Desert toad; bufo)Psilocybin-containing mushrooms (magic mushrooms, shrooms) (e.g.,Psilocybe cubensis ,Psilocybe mexicana (teonanacatl) )Lysergamides: Achnatherum robustum (sleepy grass)Epichloë spp.Ergot (Claviceps ) (e.g.,Claviceps purpurea ,Claviceps paspali )Morning glory (Convolvulaceae) seeds (e.g.,Ipomoea tricolor (tlitliltzin, badoh negro;Ipomoea violacea ) ,Ipomoea corymbosa (coaxihuitl, ololiúqui;Rivea Corymbosa ,Turbina Corymbosa ) ,Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose; HBWR) )Periglandula spp. (e.g.,Periglandula ipomoeae ,Periglandula clandestina )
Phenethylamines Amphetamines Phentermines Cathinones Phenylisobutylamines (and further-extended) Catecholamines (and close relatives) Cyclized phenethylamines
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines 2-Benzylpiperidines (phenidates ) Phenylmorpholines (phenmetrazines) Phenyloxazolamines (aminorexes) Isoquinolines andtetrahydroisoquinolines 2-Aminoindanes 2-Aminotetralins Others / unsorted 1-Aminomethylindanes (e.g.,2CB-Ind ,AMMI ,bromojimscaline ,jimscaline )2-ADN 2-Benzhydrylpyrrolidine 2C-B-5-hemiFLY-α6 (BNAP) 2C-B-PYR 2CBecca 2CB7 2CJP 2CLisaB 2CLisaH 3-Benzazepines (e.g.,fenoldopam ,lorcaserin ,7-chlorolorcaserin ,SCHEMBL5334361 )3-Benzhydrylmorpholine 3-Phenylpiperidines (e.g.,3-phenylpiperidine ,3-PPP ,OSU-6162 (PNU-96391) ,LPH-5 ,LPH-48 ,2C-B-3PIP ,2C-B-3PIP-NBOMe ,2C-B-3PIP-POMe ,Z3517967757 (Z7757) )6-AB AL-1095 Aminochromes (e.g.,adrenochrome ,adrenolutin )Benzocyclobutenes (e.g.,2CBCB-NBOMe ,bromotomscaline ,S33005 ,TCB-2 ,tomscaline )Benzoxepins (e.g.,BBOX ,IBOX ,TFMBOX )Butyltolylquinuclidine Camfetamine Cypenamine (trans -2-phenylcyclopentylamine) Diphenidine Diphenylprolinol Ergolines (e.g.,LSD )Fencamfamin GYKI-52895 HDMP-29 Ivabradine Methoxphenidine Methylmorphenate Milnacipran MT-45 2-Naphthylamine Org 6582 Partial ergolines (e.g.,NDTDI ,RU-27849 ,DEIMDHPCA ,DEMPDHPCA ,DEMPDHPCA-2C-D ,RU-27251 )PF-592,379 Phenylcyclopropylamines (e.g.,DMCPA ,TMT ,tranylcypromine )Phenylpiracetams (e.g.,phenylpiracetam ,MRZ-9547 ,RGPU-95 )Pyridopyrroloquinoxalines (e.g.,lumateperone ,deulumateperone ,IHCH-7079 ,IHCH-7086 ,IHCH-7113 ,ITI-1549 )Tetrahydrobenzopyranylamines (e.g.,CT-5126 )Tolazoline Tricyclics (e.g.,AMDA ,AMDH ,benzoctamine ,dizocilpine ,SpAMDA )ZC-B
Related compounds 2-Furylethylamine 2-Pyrrolylethylamine 3-Pyrrolylethylamine 3-Pyrrolylpropylamine 2-Tetrahydrofurylethylamine 4-Benzylpiperidine 7-AB Alkylamines (e.g.,1,3-DMBA Tooltip 1,3-dimethylbutylamine ,1,4-DMAA Tooltip 1,4-dimethylamylamine ,heptaminol ,iproheptine ,isometheptene ,methylhexanamine/ 1,3-DMAA ,octodrine ,oenethyl ,tuaminoheptane )Benzylamines (e.g.,benzylamine ,α-methylbenzylamine ,MDM1EA ,ALPHA ,M-ALPHA ,pargyline )Benzylpiperazines (e.g.,benzylpiperazine ,MDBZP ,fipexide )Cyclohexylaminopropanes (e.g.,propylhexedrine ,norpropylhexedrine )Cyclopentylaminopropanes (e.g.,isocyclamine ,cyclopentamine )Phenoxyethylamines (e.g.,3,4,5-trimethoxyphenoxyethylamine ,CT-4719 ,ORG-37684 )Phenylalkenylamines (e.g.,phenylbutenamine )Phenylalkynylamines (e.g.,phenylbutynamine )Phenylpiperazines (e.g.,1-phenylpiperazine ,mCPP Tooltip meta-chlorophenylpiperazine ,TFMPP Tooltip trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine ,oMPP Tooltip ortho-methylphenylpiperazine ,pFPP Tooltip para-fluorophenylpiperazine ,pMeOPP Tooltip para-methoxyphenylpiperazine )Phenylpropylamines (e.g.,phenylpropylamine ,homo-MDA ,homo-MDMA )Thienylaminopropanes (thiopropamines) (e.g.,thiopropamine ,methiopropamine ,thiothinone )Phenylbutylamines (e.g.,4-Phenylbutylamine ,4-Phenylpentan-1-amine )