T-box transcription factor TBX5, (T-box protein 5) is aprotein that in humans is encoded by theTBX5gene.[5][6][7] Abnormalities in the TBX5 gene can result in altered limb development,Holt-Oram syndrome,Tetra-amelia syndrome, and cardiac and skeletal problems.
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, theT-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. This gene is closely linked[clarification needed] to related family member T-box 3 (ulnar mammary syndrome) on human chromosome 12.
TBX5 is a transcription factor that codes for the protein called T-box 5. The transcription factors it encodes are necessary for development, especially in the pattern formation of upper limbs and cardiac growth.[12]TBX5 is involved with the development of the fourheart chambers, the electrical conducting system, and the septum separating the right and left sides of the heart.[13] Along with playing roles in the development of the heart, septum, and electrical system of the heart, it also activates genes that are involved in the development of the upper limbs, the arms and hands.
This gene is also involved in the muscle connective tissue for muscle and tendon patterning. A study showed that deletion ofTBX5 in forelimbs causes disruption in the muscle and tendon patterning without affecting the skeleton's development.[14] T-box protein 5 expression is in the cells of the lateral plate mesoderm which form the forelimb bud and the cascade of limb initiation. In its absence, no forelimb bud forms.
The encoded protein plays a major role inlimb development, specifically duringlimb bud initiation.[15] For instance, in chickens Tbx5 specifies forelimb status.[16] The activation of Tbx5 and otherT-box proteins byHox genes activates signaling cascades that involve theWnt signaling pathway andFGF signals in limb buds.[15] Ultimately, Tbx5 leads to the development ofapical ectodermal ridge (AER) andzone of polarizing activity (ZPA) signaling centers in the developing limb bud, which specify the orientation growth of the developing limb.[15] Together withTbx4, Tbx5 plays a role in patterning the soft tissues (muscles and tendons) of the musculoskeletal system.[17]
As a protein-coding gene, TBX5 encodes for the protein T-box Transcription Factor 5, which is a part of the T-box family of transcription factors. It also interacts with other genes, such as GATA4 and NKX2-5, and the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex to drive and repress gene expression during development.[18]
Mice that were genetically modified to not have the TBX5 gene did not survive gestation, due to the heart not developing past embryonic dayE10.5. Mice that only had one working copy of TBX5 were born with morphological problems such as enlarged hearts, atrial and ventral septum defects, and limb malformations similar to those found in the Holt-Oram Syndrome.[19]
Pigeons with feathered feet haveTbx5 active in the hind feet, which cause them to develop feathered hindlimbs with thicker bones, more similar to their frontlimb wings.[20][21]
A gene "knockout" model for TBX5 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been created.[22] This homozygous TBX5 knockout human embryonic stem cell line, called TBX5-KO maintained stem cell-like morphology, pluripotency markers, normal karyotype, and could differentiate into all three germ layers in vivo. This cell line can provide an in vitro platform for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and biological function of TBX5 in the heart development.[22] By understanding what happens in development without this gene, further treatment options for fetuses with a TBX5 mutation might be possible to prevent the severe cardiac defects associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome.
Mutations in this gene can result in Holt–Oram syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting the heart and upper limbs.[23][10] Holt-Oram syndrome can cause a hole in the septum,[9] bone abnormalities in the fingers, wrists, or arms,[24] and a conduction disease leading to abnormal heart rates and arrhythmias.[8] The most common cardiac issue associated with this condition is the malformation of the septum, which separates the left and right sides of the heart.[25]
Tetra-amelia syndrome is a condition where forelimb malformation occurs because FGF-10 is not triggered due to Tbx5 mutations.[26] This condition can lead to the absence of one or both forelimbs.
Skeletally, there may be abnormally bent fingers, sloping shoulders, andphocomelia. Cardiac defects include ventral and atrial septation and problems with the conduction system.[27] Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.[7]
^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Basson CT, Bachinsky DR, Lin RC, Levi T, Elkins JA, Soults J, et al. (January 1997). "Mutations in human TBX5 [corrected] cause limb and cardiac malformation in Holt-Oram syndrome".Nature Genetics.15 (1):30–35.doi:10.1038/ng0197-30.PMID8988165.S2CID30763654.
^Terrett JA, Newbury-Ecob R, Cross GS, Fenton I, Raeburn JA, Young ID, Brook JD (April 1994). "Holt-Oram syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disease with one locus mapping to human chromosome 12q".Nature Genetics.6 (4):401–404.doi:10.1038/ng0494-401.PMID8054982.S2CID30213.
^abJhang WK, Lee BH, Kim GH, Lee JO, Yoo HW (August 2015). "Clinical and molecular characterisation of Holt-Oram syndrome focusing on cardiac manifestations".Cardiology in the Young.25 (6):1093–1098.doi:10.1017/s1047951114001656.PMID25216260.S2CID43846874.
^Takeuchi JK, Ohgi M, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Shiratori H, Sakaki I, Ogura K, et al. (December 2003). "Tbx5 specifies the left/right ventricles and ventricular septum position during cardiogenesis".Development.130 (24):5953–5964.doi:10.1242/dev.00797.PMID14573514.S2CID209238.
^"Holt-Oram Syndrome".Medlineplus Genetics. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 18 August 2020.
^Niemann S (1993), "Tetra-Amelia Syndrome – RETIRED CHAPTER, FOR HISTORICAL REFERENCE ONLY",Tetra-Amelia Syndrome, GeneReviews, University of Washington, Seattle,PMID20301453
^Hiroi Y, Kudoh S, Monzen K, Ikeda Y, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Komuro I (July 2001). "Tbx5 associates with Nkx2-5 and synergistically promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation".Nature Genetics.28 (3):276–280.doi:10.1038/90123.PMID11431700.S2CID13250085.
Simon H (April 1999). "T-box genes and the formation of vertebrate forelimb- and hindlimb specific pattern".Cell and Tissue Research.296 (1):57–66.doi:10.1007/s004410051266.PMID10199965.S2CID44834807.
Li QY, Newbury-Ecob RA, Terrett JA, Wilson DI, Curtis AR, Yi CH, et al. (January 1997). "Holt-Oram syndrome is caused by mutations in TBX5, a member of the Brachyury (T) gene family".Nature Genetics.15 (1):21–29.doi:10.1038/ng0197-21.PMID8988164.S2CID22619598.
Hiroi Y, Kudoh S, Monzen K, Ikeda Y, Yazaki Y, Nagai R, Komuro I (July 2001). "Tbx5 associates with Nkx2-5 and synergistically promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation".Nature Genetics.28 (3):276–280.doi:10.1038/90123.PMID11431700.S2CID13250085.
He ML, Chen Y, Peng Y, Jin D, Du D, Wu J, et al. (September 2002). "Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell growth by developmental regulator hTBX5".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.297 (2):185–192.Bibcode:2002BBRC..297..185H.doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02142-3.PMID12237100.
Huang T, Lock JE, Marshall AC, Basson C, Seidman JG, Seidman CE (2003). "Causes of clinical diversity in human TBX5 mutations".Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology.67:115–120.doi:10.1101/sqb.2002.67.115.PMID12858531.
Collavoli A, Hatcher CJ, He J, Okin D, Deo R, Basson CT (October 2003). "TBX5 nuclear localization is mediated by dual cooperative intramolecular signals".Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology.35 (10):1191–1195.doi:10.1016/S0022-2828(03)00231-1.PMID14519429.
