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T9 is apredictive text technology formobile phones (specifically those that contain a3×4 numeric keypad), originally developed byTegic Communications, now part ofNuance Communications. T9 stands forText on 9 keys.[1]
T9 was used on phones fromVerizon,NEC,Nokia,Samsung Electronics,Siemens,Sony Mobile,Sanyo,SAGEM and others, as well asPDAs such asAvigo during the late 1990s. The main competing technologies includeiTap created byMotorola,SureType created byRIM, Eatoni'sLetterWise andWordWise, and Intelab'sTauto. It still is used on niche products as Punkt mp-02.
T9 is available on certain phones without a touchscreen, and is available onAndroid andAppleiPhone (as ofiOS 18)[2] phones as a custom keyboard.
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T9's objective is to make it easier to entertext messages. It allows words to be formed by a single keypress for each letter, which is an improvement over themulti-tap approach used in conventional mobile-phone text entry at the time, in which several letters are associated with each key, and selecting one letter often requires multiple keypresses.
T9 combines the groups of letters on each phone key with a fast-accessdictionary of words. It will then look up in the dictionary all words corresponding to the sequence of keypresses and order them by frequency of use. As T9 "gains familiarity" with the words and phrases the user commonly uses, it speeds up the process by offering the most frequently used words first and then letting the user access other choices with one or more presses of a predefined "Next" key.
The dictionary is expandable. After introducing a new word, the next time the user tries to produce that word, T9 adds it to the predictive dictionary. The user database (UDB) can be expanded viamulti-tap. The implementation of the user database is dependent on the version of T9 and how T9 is actually integrated on the device. Some phone manufacturers supply a permanent user database, while others do so for the duration of the session.
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Some T9 implementations featuresmart punctuation. This feature allows the user to insert sentence and word punctuation using the '1'-key. Depending on the context, smart punctuation inserts sentence punctuation (period or 'full stop') or embedded punctuation (period or hyphen) or word punctuation (apostrophe in can't, won't, isn't, and the possessive's). Depending on the language, T9 also supports word breaking after punctuation to supportclitics such asl' andn'in French and's in English.
For words entered by the user,word completion can be enabled. When the user enters matching keypresses, in addition to words and stems, the system also provides completions.
In later versions of T9, the user can select a primary and secondary language and access matches from both languages. This enables users to write messages in their native language, as well as a foreign one.
Some implementations learn commonly used word pairs and provide word prediction (e.g. if one often writes "eat food", after entering "eat" the phone will suggest "food", which can be confirmed by pressing Next).
T9 can automatically recognize and correct typing/texting errors, by looking at neighboring keys on the keypad to determine an incorrect keypress. For example, the word "testing" is entered with the key combination "8378464". Entering the same number but with two incorrect keypresses of neighboring keys, e.g. "8278494", results in T9 suggesting the words "tasting" (8278464), "testing" (8378464), and "tapping" (8277464).
In order to achieve compression ratios of close to 1 byte per word, T9 uses an optimizedalgorithm that maintains word order and partial words (also known as stems); however, because of this compression, it over-generates words that are sometimes visible as "junk words". This is a side effect of the requirements for small database sizes on the lower end embedded devices.[citation needed]
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On a phone with a numeric keypad, each time a key (1–9) is pressed (when in a text field), the algorithm returns a guess for what letters are most likely for the keys pressed to that point. For example, to enter the word 'the', the user would press 8 then 4 then 3, and the display would display 't' then 'th' then 'the'. If the less-common word 'fore' is intended (3673) the predictive algorithm may select 'Ford'. Pressing the 'next' key (typically the '*' key) might bring up 'dose', and finally 'fore'. If 'fore' is selected, then the next time the user presses the sequence 3673, fore will be more likely to be the first word displayed. If the word "Felix" is intended, however, when entering 33549, the display shows 'E', then 'De', 'Del', 'Deli', and 'Felix.' This is an example of a letter changing while entering words.
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Many smart keyboards now exist, such asGboard orSwiftkey, that have taken the idea of T9 and combined it with the advanced touchscreen technology found inAndroid phones andiPhones. These advances have made T9 obsolete in newer mobile phones for many users, since it is predicated on the use of a keypad with nothing besides numbers, the asterisk and the hash sign (known by various differentnames depending on the country, e.g. thehash sign in the UK, Australia, and various otherCommonwealth nations; thepound sign in the US (not to be confused with thecurrency symbol); and thenumber sign in Canada). Many features, such as predictive text, have been adopted by and improved by future generations of keyboard software. However, T9 remains viable. For example, those with larger fingertips still use the T9-based keyboard on smartphones for text entry, because key press accuracy increases with the larger screen area per key on a numeric-style 4×3 keyboard. Such T9 formats for text entry therefore remain available in all latest [as of August 2020] iterations of LG keyboards, certain Samsung keyboards, and third-party T9 keyboards such as Go keyboard for Androids and Type Nine for iPhones, as shown on this LG V60.