| Tày | |
|---|---|
| Tiểng Tày,Thổ | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Tày |
Native speakers | 1.63 million (2009)[1] |
| Latin (modifiedVietnamese alphabet) chữ Nôm Tày (archaic) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tyz |
| Glottolog | tayy1238 |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Tày is the majorTai language ofVietnam, spoken by more than a millionTày people in Northeastern Vietnam. It was formerly known asThổ, a name now shared with theCuối language.
Tày is also spoken by emigrants in the Central highlands region of Vietnam (such as inLam Dong Province).
There are also some Tày speakers in western countries. The region of Vietnam where Tày is spoken is bordered byChina.
Tày linguistic varieties include the following:[2][3]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | c | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɓʲ | ɗ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| lateral | ɬ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | ||
| Mid | ə əː | |||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | |||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ie | ɯə | uo | |
Six tones are present in Cao Bẳng Tày:
| a̋ | ˥ |
| a᷄ | ˦˥ |
| á | ˦ |
| ā | ˧ |
| à | ˨ |
| a᷆ | ˨˩ |
The Tày people used to write their ritual texts andthen songs with the logographic script, known aschữ Nôm Tày. The script is similar tosawndip[5] and was created during the reign ofMạc dynasty,[6] based onChinese characters. Some of the characters, like VietnameseNôm, are borrowed directly from Han characters, while others are created locally from Chinese components.
The current Tày-Nùng orthography was created in 1961 on the basis ofchữ Quốc ngữ, and then was approved by the government of Vietnam following the Decree 206-CP.[7][8] Its alphabet contains 31 letters as follows:
Their pronunciation along with the multigraphs are listed in the tables below:
| Phoneme | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| B b | /ɓ/ | bươn ("month") |
| Bj bj | /ɓʲ/ | bjoóc ("flower") |
| C c/K k/Q q | /k/ | cần ("human") |
| Ch ch | /t͡ɕ/ | châư ("breath") |
| D d | /z ~j/ | dú ("in, at") |
| Đ đ | /ɗ/ | đeng ("red") |
| F f | /f/ | fạ ("sky") |
| G g[a] | /ɣ/ | gương ("mirror") |
| H h | /h/ | hả ("five") |
| Kh kh | /kʰ ~x/ | khao ("white") |
| L l | /l/ | lình ("monkey") |
| M m | /m/ | mường ("place") |
| Mj mj | /mʲ/ | mjề ("wife") |
| N n | /n/ | nặm ("water") |
| Ng ng | /ŋ/ | ngườm ("cave") |
| Nh nh | /ɲ/ | nhả ("grass") |
| P p | /p/ | pi ("year") |
| Pj pj | /pʲ/ | pja ("fish") |
| Ph ph | /pʰ/ | phân ("rain") |
| Phj phj | /pʰʲ/ | phja ("mountain") |
| R r | /r/ | rườn ("house") |
| Sl sl | /ɬ/ | slao ("girl") |
| T t | /t/ | ta̱ ("river") |
| Th th | /tʰ/ | tha ("eye") |
| V v | /v/ | vằn ("day") |
| X x | /s/ | xao ("spider") |
The letterstʼ,w,z are only used in some dialects.
| Phoneme | IPA | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| A a | /a/ | xam ("to ask") |
| Ă ă | /ă/ | ăn ("the") |
| Â â | /ə̆/ | bân ("sky") |
| E e | /ɛ/ | te ("he/she/it") |
| Ê ê | /e/ | bên ("to fly") |
| I i | /i/ | mi ("bear") |
| O o | /ɔ/ | co ("tree") |
| Ô ô | /o/ | tối ("to change") |
| Ơ ơ | /ə/ | nớ ("okay?") |
| U u | /u/ | tu ("door") |
| Ư ư | /ɯ/ | mừ ("hand") |
| Tone name | Chao tone contour | Description | Diacritic | Example with "ma" |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| khoang | ˧ (33) | mid level | ◌ | ma ("dog") |
| pàn | ˧˨ (32) | falling | ◌̀ | mà ("to come") |
| thỏi | ˨˩˧ (213) | low rising | ◌̉ | mả ("tomb") |
| pắc | ˧˥ (35) | high rising | ◌́ | má ("to soak") |
| lộm/chặm | ˧˨ˀ (32ʔ) | falling, glottalized | ◌̣ | mạ ("horse") |
| lươ̱ng | ˩ (11) | low level | ◌̱ | ma̱ ("blur") |
| English | Tày | Zhuang | Thai | Vietnamese | Middle Chinese | Proto Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | nâng, đeo, êt | it | nuengหนึ่ง,-et-เอ็ด | nừng (obsolete word meaning few)[10] | ʔiɪt̚ | *nɯːŋᴮ |
| two | sloong, nhỉ | ngeih | songสอง | ȵiɪH | *soːŋᴬ, from Middle Chinese雙 (MCʃˠʌŋ, "two") | |
| three | slam | sam | samสาม | sɑm | *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese三 (MCsɑm, "three") | |
| four | slí | seiq | siสี่ | siɪH | *siːᴮ (“four”), from Middle Chinese四 (MCsiɪH, "four") | |
| five | hả | haj | haห้า | ŋuoX | *haːꟲ (“five”), from Old Chinese五 (OC*ŋaːʔ, "five") | |
| six | hốc, hôc, xốc | loek | hokหก | lɨuk̚ | *krokᴰ (“six”), from Old Chinese六 (OC*ruɡ, "six") | |
| seven | chêt | caet | chetเจ็ด | t͡sʰiɪt̚ | *cetᴰ (“seven”), from Middle Chinese七 (MCt͡sʰiɪt̚, "seven") | |
| eight | pet | bed | paetแปด | pˠɛt̚ | *peːtᴰ (“eight”), from Middle Chinese八 (MCpˠat̚, "eight") | |
| nine | cẩu | giuj | kaoเก้า | kɨuX | *kɤwꟲ (“nine”), from Middle Chinese九 (MCkɨuX, "nine") | |
| ten | slip | cib | sipสิบ | d͡ʑiɪp̚ | From Middle Chinese十 (MCd͡ʑiɪp̚, "ten") | |
| hundred | pac | bak | roiร้อย | pˠæk̚ | *roːjꟲ | |
| hundred and one | pac lình êt | bak lingz it | nueng roi etหนึ่งร้อยเอ็ด | |||
| thousand | xiên | cien | phanพัน | t͡sʰen | ||
| ten thousand | fản | fanh | muenหมื่น | mʉɐnH | From Middle Chinese萬 (MCmʉɐnH) | |
| language | tiểng | siangเสียง (sound) | tiếng | ɕiᴇŋ |
竹椿軒永工欺意能某山僧𬈋伴吟
