The city's recorded history began in the 8th century as aLechiticPomeranian stronghold, built at the site of theDucal Castle. In the 10th century, Szczecin first became part of the emergingPolish state. In the following centuries it was the capital of theDuchy of Pomerania ruled by the localHouse of Griffin, which at various times was under the suzerainty of Poland, theDuchy of Saxony, theHoly Roman Empire andDenmark. In1630, the city came under the control of theSwedish Empire and became in 1648 the capital ofSwedish Pomerania until1720, when it was acquired byPrussia. FollowingWorld War II the city became part of Poland again in accordance with thePotsdam Agreement, resulting in a nearly complete population exchange. Szczecin was the site of large Polish protests in1970 and 1980. In 1980, the first agreement between the protesters and the communist regime was signed in Szczecin, which paved the way for the creation ofSolidarity, which contributed to thefall of communism.
Szczecin andStettin are the Polish and German equivalents of the same name, which is ofProto-Slavic origin, though the exact etymology is the subject of ongoing research.[8][a] In herEtymological Dictionary of Geographical Names of Poland, Maria Malec lists 11 theories regarding the origin of the name, including derivations from either: an Old Slavic word for 'hill peak' (Polish:szczyt), the plantfuller's teasel (Polish:szczeć), or thepersonal nameSzczota.[12]
Other medieval names for the town areBurstaborg (in theKnytlinga saga)[9][13] andBurstenburgh (in the Annals of Waldemar).[9][13] These names, which literally mean 'brush burgh', are likely derived from the translation of the city's Slavic name (assuming the second derivation mentioned above).[13]
TheLatin name of the city isSedinum orStetinum.[14]
After the decline of the neighbouring regional centreWolin in the 12th century, the city became an important and powerful seaport of the Baltic Sea.[20][21]
In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,[22]Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke ofPoland, gained control of the region, including the city of Szczecin and its stronghold.[8][23][24][25][26][27][28][excessive citations] The Polish ruler initiatedChristianization, entrusting this task toOtto of Bamberg,[29] and the inhabitants were Christianised[8] by two missions of Otto in 1124 and 1128.[30] At this time, the first Christian church of Saints Peter and Paul was erected. The Poles' minted coins were commonly used in trade in this period.[8] The population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000–9,000 people.[31]
After theBattle of Verchen in 1164, Stettin dukeBogusław I, Duke of Pomerania became a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony'sHenry the Lion.[42] In 1173, StettincastellanWartislaw II, could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal ofDenmark.[42] In 1181, Bogusław became a vassal of theHoly Roman Empire.[43] In 1185, Bogusław again became a Danish vassal.[43] Despite falling under foreign suzerainty, local dukes maintained close ties with the fragmented Polish realm, and future Polish monarchWładysław III Spindleshanks stayed at the local court of Duke Bogusław I in 1186, on behalf of his fatherMieszko III the Old, Duke ofGreater Poland, who also periodically was theHigh Duke of Poland.[44] Following a conflict between his heirs andCanute VI of Denmark, the settlement was destroyed in 1189,[45] but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190.[46] While the empire restored its superiority over the Duchy of Pomerania in theBattle of Bornhöved in 1227,[43] Stettin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control (until 1235;Wolgast until 1241/43 or 1250).[45]
In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"[47] from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St.Jacob's Church, which was donated in 1180[47] by Beringer, a trader fromBamberg, and consecrated in 1187.[47][48]Hohenkrug (now Zdunowo) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania that was clearly recorded as German (villa teutonicorum) in 1173.[49]Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.[50] DukeBarnim I of Pomerania granted Stettin alocal government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around theSt. Nicholas church in the neighbourhood of Kessin (Polish:Chyzin). In the charter, the Slavs were put under Germanic jurisdiction.[51]
When Barnim granted StettinMagdeburg rights in 1243, a part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed.[52] The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.[53] Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbs north and south of the town.[54]
In 1249, Barnim I also granted equivalent Magdeburg town privileges to the town ofDamm (also known as Altdamm, now the Dąbie neighbourhood) on the eastern bank of the Oder.[55][56] Damm merged with neighbouring Stettin on 15October 1939.[57] This town had been built on the site of a formerPomeranian burg, "Vadam" or "Dambe", which Boleslaw had destroyed during his 1121 campaign.[56]
On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Stettin in accordance with the Magdeburg law, in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.[58] The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave – this order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.[58]
Stettin was part of the federation ofWendish towns, a predecessor of theHanseatic League, in 1283.[60] The city prospered due to its participation in theBaltic Sea trade, primarily withherring, grain, and timber; craftsmanship also prospered, and more than forty guilds were established in the city.[61] The far-reaching autonomy granted by the House of Griffins was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.[61] The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in measures such as bans on people of Slavic descent joiningcraft guilds, a doubling of customs tax for Slavic merchants, and bans against public usage of their native language.[8] The more prosperous Slavic citizens were forcibly stripped of their possessions, which were then handed over to Germans.[8] In 1514, the guild of tailors added aWendenparagraph to its statutes, banning Slavs.[62]
View of the city with fortifications, 1581
While not as heavily affected by medievalwitchhunts as other regions of the Holy Roman Empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted ofwitchcraft in 1538.[63]
In 1570, during the reign ofJohn Frederick, Duke of Pomerania,a congress was held at Stettin ending theNorthern Seven Years' War. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with Denmark, whileStralsund tended towardSweden – as a whole, however, the Duchy of Pomerania tried to maintain neutrality.[64] Nevertheless, aLandtag that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise in real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defence.[64] Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed tocoin money in theUpper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places beingLeipzig andBerlin.[65]Bogislaw XIV, who resided in Stettin beginning in 1620, became the sole ruler and Griffin duke whenPhilipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania died in 1625. Before theThirty Years' War reached Pomerania, the city, as well as the entire duchy, declined economically due to the decrease in importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin andFrankfurt an der Oder.[66]
Following theTreaty of Stettin of 1630, the town (along with most of Pomerania) was allied to and occupied by theSwedish Empire, which managed to keep the western parts of Pomerania after the death of BogislawXIV in 1637. From thePeace of Westphalia in 1648, Stettin became the capital ofSwedish Pomerania.[67] Stettin was turned into a major Swedish fortress, which was repeatedly besieged in subsequent wars.[68] The nextTreaty of Stettin (1653) did not change this, but due to the downfall of the Swedish Empire afterCharles XII, the city went toPrussia in 1720.[67] Instead Stralsund became capital of the last remaining parts of Swedish Pomerania 1720–1815.[69]
The city was on the path of Polish forces led byHetmanStefan Czarniecki moving from Denmark during theSecond Northern War. Czarniecki, who led his forces to the city,[70] is today mentioned in thePolish anthem, and numerous locations in the city honour his name.
Wars inhibited the city's economic prosperity, which had undergone a deep crisis during the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and was further impeded by the new Swedish-Brandenburg-Prussian frontier, cutting Stettin off from its traditionalFarther Pomeranian hinterland.[61] Due to aPlague during theGreat Northern War, the city's population dropped from 6,000 people in 1709 to 4,000 in 1711.[71] In 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden was forced to cede the city to KingFrederick William I of Prussia. Stettin was made the capital city ofthe Prussian Pomeranian province, since 1815 reorganised as theProvince of Pomerania. In 1816, the city had 26,000 inhabitants.[72]
The Prussian administration deprived the city of its right to administrative autonomy, abolishedguild privileges as well as its status as a staple town, and subsidised manufacturers.[68] Also, colonists were settled in the city, primarily FrenchHuguenots.[68] The French settlers, who numbered more than 600,[73] established a prosperous community, greatly contributed to the city's economic revival, and were treated with reluctance by the German burghers and city authorities.[74]
In October 1806, during theWar of the Fourth Coalition, believing that he was facing a much larger force, and after receiving a threat of harsh treatment of the city, the Prussian commanderLieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg agreed tosurrender the city to the French led byGeneral Lasalle.[75] In fact, Lasalle had only 800 men against Romberg's 5,300 men. In March 1809 Romberg was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for giving up Stettin without a fight. In 1809, also Polish troops were stationed in the city, while the French remained until 1813.
Late 19th-century view of the city's riverfront
From 1683 to 1812, one Jew was permitted to reside in Stettin, and an additional Jew was allowed to spend a night in the city in case of "urgent business".[58] These permissions were repeatedly withdrawn between 1691 and 1716, also between 1726 and 1730 although else the Swedish regulation was continued by the Prussian administration.[58] Only after thePrussian Edict of Emancipation of 11March 1812, which granted Prussian citizenship to all Jews living in the kingdom, did a Jewish community emerge in Stettin, with the first Jews settling in the town in 1814.[58] Construction of a synagogue started in 1834; the community also owned a religious and a secular school, an orphanage since 1855, and a retirement home since 1893.[76] The Jewish community had between 1,000 and 1,200 members by 1873 and between 2,800 and 3,000 members by 1927–28.[76] These numbers dropped to 2,701 in 1930 and to 2,322 in late 1934.[76]
After theFranco Prussian war of 1870–1871, 1,700 FrenchPOWs were imprisoned there in deplorable conditions, resulting in the deaths of 600;[77] After the war, Stettin remained a fortress until 1873.[68] When part of the defensive structures were levelled, a new neighbourhood,Neustadt ("New Town") as well as water pipes,sewerage and drainage, and gas works were built to meet the demands of the growing population.[68]
Stettin developed into a major Prussian port and following theunification of Germany in 1871 became part of theGerman Empire. While most of the province retained its agrarian character, Stettin wasindustrialised, and its population rose from 27,000 in 1813 to 210,000 in 1900 and 255,500 in 1925.[78] Major industries that flourished in Stettin from 1840 were shipbuilding, chemical and food industries, and machinery construction.[68] Starting in 1843, Stettin became connected to the major German and Pomeranian cities by railways, and the water connection to theBay of Pomerania was enhanced by the construction of theKaiserfahrt (now Piast) canal.[68] The city was also a scientific centre; for example, it was home to theEntomological Society of Stettin.
Sedina Monument from 1898 sculptured byLudwig Manzel (postcard from c.1899-1913) — Sedina was a personification of the city, symbolizing maritime trade and commerce.
On 20 October 1890, some of the city's Poles created the "Society of Polish-Catholic Workers" in the city, one of the first Polish organisations.[79] In 1897, the city's ship works began the construction of thepre-dreadnought battleshipKaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. In 1914, before World WarI, the Polish community in the city numbered over 3,000 people,[8] contributing about 2% of the population.[78] These were primarily industrial workers and their families who came from thePoznań (Posen) area[80] and a few local wealthy industrialists and merchants. Among them was Kazimierz Pruszak, director of the Gollnow industrial works and a Polish patriot, who predicted the eventual "return" of Szczecin to Poland.[8]
Stettin played a major role as an entrepôt in the development of the Scottish herring trade with the Continent, peaking at an annual export of more than 400,000 barrels in 1885, 1894 and 1898. Trade flourished until the outbreak of the First World War and resumed on a reduced scale during the years between the wars.[82]
In theMarch 1933 German elections to the Reichstag, the Nazis and German nationalists from theGerman National People's Party (or DNVP) won most of the votes in the city, together winning 98,626 of 165,331 votes (59.3%), with the NSDAP getting 79,729 (47.9%) and the DNVP 18,897 (11.4%).[83]
In 1935, theWehrmacht made Stettin the headquarters for WehrkreisII, which controlled themilitary units in all ofMecklenburg and Pomerania. It was also the area headquarters for units stationed at StettinI and II,Swinemünde (Świnoujście),Greifswald, andStralsund.
In the interwar period, the Polish minority numbered 2,000 people,[8][84] less than 1% of the city's population at that time.[78] A number of Poles were members of theUnion of Poles in Germany (ZPN), which was active in the city from 1924.[85] A Polish consulate was located in the city between 1925 and 1939.[86] On the initiative of the consulate[86] and ZPN activist Maksymilian Golisz,[87] a number of Polish institutions were established, e.g., a Polish Scout team and a Polish school.[8][86] German historian Musekamp writes, "however, only very few Poles were active in these institutions, which for the most part were headed by employees of the [Polish] consulate."[87] The withdrawal of the consulate from these institutions led to a general decline of these activities, which were in part upheld by Golisz and Aleksander Omieczyński.[88] Intensified repressions by the Nazis,[8][84] who exaggerated the Polish activities to propagate an infiltration,[87] led to the closing of the school.[8] In 1938, the head of Szczecin's Union of Poles unit, Stanisław Borkowski, was imprisoned inSachsenhausen concentration camp inOranienburg.[8] In 1939, all Polish organisations in Stettin were disbanded by the German authorities.[8] Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered during the war.[8] After the defeat of Nazi Germany, a street was named after Golisz.[87] According to German historian Jan Musekamp, the activities of the Polish pre-war organizations were exaggerated after World War II for propaganda purposes.[89]
Emblem of the pre-war Polish Consulate, removed by the Germans in September 1939 and thrown into the Oder River; now an exhibit of theNational Museum in Szczecin
On 15 October 1939, neighbouring municipalities were joined to Stettin, creating Groß-Stettin, with about 380,000 inhabitants, in 1940.[68] The city had become the third-largest German city by area, after Berlin and Hamburg.[91]
As the war started, the number of non-Germans in the city increased asslave workers were brought in. The first transports came in 1939 fromBydgoszcz,Toruń andŁódź. They were mainly used in a synthetic silk factory near Stettin.[8] The next wave of slave workers was brought in 1940, in addition to PoWs who were used for work in the agricultural industry.[8] According to German police reports from 1940, 15,000 Polish slave workers lived within the city.[8][92]
During the war, 135 forced labour camps for slave workers were established in the city. Most of the 25,000 slave workers were Poles, but Czechs, Italians, Frenchmen and Belgians, as well as Dutch citizens, were also enslaved in the camps.[8] A Nazi prison was also operated in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region.[93]
The city centre in 1945
In February 1940,the Jews of Stettin were deported to theLublin reservation. International press reports emerged, describing how the Nazis forced Jews, regardless of age, condition and gender, to sign away all property and loaded them onto trains headed to the camp, escorted by members of theSA andSS. Due to publicity given to the event, German institutions ordered such future actions to be made in a way unlikely to attract public notice.[94] The action was the first deportation of Jews from prewar territory in Nazi Germany.[95]
Alliedair raids in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German andSoviet armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport, and local industries. PolishHome Army intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.[96] The city itself was covered by the Home Army's "Bałtyk" structure, andPolish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards.[97][98] Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people, including Polish and British POWs who escaped from German captivity, to Sweden,[99][100] and distribution ofPolish underground press.[101]
The SovietRed Army captured the city on 26April 1945. While the majority of the almost 400,000 inhabitants had left the city, between 6,000 and 20,000 inhabitants remained in late April.[102]
View of theOld Town from theOder River. Most of the medieval buildings in the city centre were completely destroyed duringWorld War II. TheDucal Castle can be seen in the background.
On 28 April 1945 Polish authorities tried to gain control,[8][102] but in the following month, the Polish administration was twice forced to leave. The reason for this was, according to Polish sources, that the Western Allies raised protest against the Soviet and Polish policy of creating a fait-accomplit inEastern Germany.[80] Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5July 1945.[103] In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of theSoviet occupation zone of Germany.[104] The Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel andErich Wiesner as mayors.[105] Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder River, which was expected to become Poland's new western border, placing Stettin in East Germany. This would have been in accordance with thePotsdam Agreement between the victorious Allied powers, which envisaged thenew border to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000.[104] Themortality rate was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.[106] However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River became Polish on 5July 1945, as had been decided in a treaty signed on 26July 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlledPolish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles", as contrasted with theLondon-basedPolish government-in-exile).[8] On 4October 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,[8][107] and the city was renamed to its historic Polish name Szczecin, but the area excluded thePolice area, the Oder River itself and the port of Szczecin, which remained under Soviet administration.[107] The Oder River was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, followed by the port between February 1946 and May 1954.[107]
While the number of pre-war inhabitants dropped to 57,215 on 31 October 1945, thesystematic expulsion of Germans started on 22 February 1946 and continued until late 1947, in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.[citation needed] In December 1946 about 17,000 German inhabitants remained, while the number of Poles living in the city reached 100,000.[102] To ease the tensions between settlers from different regions, and help overcome fear caused by the continued presence of the Soviet troops, a special event was organised in April 1946 with 50,000 visitors in the partly destroyed city centre.[108] Settlers from Central Poland made up about 70% of Szczecin's new population.[109] In addition to Poles, Ukrainians fromPolish areas annexed by the Soviet Union settled there.[109] Also Poles repatriated fromHarbin, China and Greeks,refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Szczecin in the following years.[110][111] In 1945 and 1946, the city was the starting point of the northern route used by the Jewish underground organisationBrichah to channel Jewishdisplaced persons from Central and Eastern Europe to theAmerican occupation zone.[112] By 1950, the entire German population of the city had been expelled.
Szczecin was rebuilt, and the city's industry was expanded. At the same time, Szczecin became a major Polish industrial centre and an important seaport (particularly forSilesian coal) for Poland,Czechoslovakia andEast Germany. Cultural expansion was accompanied by a campaign resulting in the "removal of all German traces".[113] In 1946,Winston Churchill prominently mentioned the city in hisIron Curtain speech: "From Stettin in the Baltic toTrieste in theAdriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent".[114][115]
Szczecin has anoceanic climate (Köppen:Cfb), typical ofWestern Pomerania. The winters are colder than on the immediate coast and the summers are warm, but still with some moderation, especially due to theBaltic Sea.[121]
The average air temperature in Szczecin ranges from 8 to 8.4 °C. The hottest month is July with a temperature of 15.8 °C to 20.3 °C, the coldest January from -1.1 °C to 2.6 °C. Air temperature below 0 °C occurs on average over 86 days a year, most frequently in January and February. The average annual rainfall is 537 mm, the average rainfall in the cool half-year is 225 mm, and in the warmer half-year is 350 mm. On average, 167 days with precipitation occurs.[122]
Climate data for Szczecin (Szczecin Dąbie), elevation: 1 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Szczecin'sarchitectural style reflects trends popular in the last half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century:Academic art (historicistGründerzeit) andArt Nouveau. In many areas built after 1945, especially in the city centre, which had been partly destroyed due to Allied bombing,social realism is prevalent.
The city has an abundance of green areas:parks and avenues – wide streets with trees planted in the island separating opposing traffic (where oftentram tracks are laid); androundabouts corresponding to theOrion constellation. Szczecin's city plan resembles that ofParis, mostly because Szczecin was remodelled in the 1880s according to a design byGeorges-Eugène Haussmann, who hadredesigned Paris underNapoléon III.[136] This pattern of street design is still used in Szczecin, as many recently built (or modified) city areas include roundabouts and avenues.[136]
During the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, the communist authorities of Poland wanted the city's architecture to reflect an old PolishPiast era. Since no buildings from that time existed, insteadGothic as well asRenaissance buildings were picked as worthy of conservation.[137] The motivation behind this decision was that Renaissance architecture was used by theGriffin dynasty, which hadLechitic andWest Slavic roots and was seen to be of Piast extraction by some historians.[138] This view was manifested, for example, by erecting respective memorials, and the naming of streets and enterprises,[139] while German traces were replaced by symbols of three main categories: Piasts, the martyrdom of Poles, and gratitude to the Soviet and Polish armies which had ended theNazi atrocities against Polish citizens.[140]
The ruins of theformer Griffin residence, initially renamed "Piast Palace", also played a central role in this concept[138] and were reconstructed in Renaissance style, with all traces of later eras removed.[141] In general, post-Renaissance buildings, especially those from the 19th and early 20th centuries, were deemed unworthy of conservation until the 1970s,[137] and were in part used in the "Bricks for Warsaw" campaign (an effort to rebuildWarsaw after it had beensystematically razed following theWarsaw Uprising): with 38 million bricks, Szczecin became Poland's largest brick supplier.[142] The Old Town was rebuilt in the late 1990s, with new buildings, some of which were reconstructions of buildings destroyed in World WarII.
A portion of theSzczecin Landscape Park in the forest of Puszcza Bukowa lies within Szczecin's boundaries.
Szczecin contains 28 extant historic water pumps, known asSzczecin pumps or Berliners, which are a popular tourist attraction due to their colorful and intricate design.[143] Fresh water for the city is supplied from nearby LakeMiedwie.[144]
The city is administratively divided into districts (Polish:dzielnica), which are further divided into smaller neighbourhoods. The governing bodies of the latter serve the role of auxiliary local government bodies calledNeighbourhood Councils (Polish:Rady Osiedla).Elections for neighbourhood councils are held up to six months after each City Council election. Voter turnout is rather low (on 20May 2007 it ranged from 1.03% to 27.75% and was 3.78% on average).Councillors are responsible mostly for small infrastructure like trees, park benches,playgrounds, etc. Other functions are mostly advisory.
Since the 12th-century Christianization of the city, the majority of the population wereCatholics, then since the Renaissance era, up to the end of World War II, the majority of the population wereProtestants (93% in 1890[148]), and since 1945, the majority are again Catholics. Historically, the number of inhabitants doubled from 6,081 in 1720,[149] to 12,360 in 1740,[149] and reached 21,255 in 1812, with only 476 Catholics and 5 Jews.[149] By 1852 the population was 48,028,[149] and 58,487 ten years later (1861), including 1,065 Catholics and 1,438 Jews.[149] In 1885, it was 99,543,[83] and by 1905 it ballooned to 224,119 settlers (incl. the military), among them 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews.[150] In 1939, the number of inhabitants reached 268,421 persons according to German sources including 233,424 Protestants, 10,845 Catholics, and 1,102 Jews.[83][151] The current population of Szczecin by comparison was 406,427 in 2009. Following theRevolution of Dignity, Szczecin, much like most other major urban centers in Poland, saw an unprecedented influx of foreign nationals, an overwhelming majority of them Ukrainians; in July 2017 26 thousand of them were officially registered as living and working in Szczecin, with unofficial estimates going as high as 50 thousand, thus making up more than 10% of the city's inhabitants.[152]
Planned investments: Dialogue Center Breakthroughs (PolishCentrum Dialogu Przełomy)[156] and Maritime Science Centre (PolishMuzeum Morskie – Centrum Nauki).
Pasztecik szczeciński with clear borscht, a local fast food
The local cuisine in Szczecin was mostly shaped in the mid-20th century by people who settled in the city from other parts and regions of Poland, including the formerEastern Borderlands.[161] The most renowned dishes of the area arepasztecik szczeciński andpaprykarz szczeciński.[162] Other localtraditional foods and drinks include Szczecin gingerbread and beer.
Pasztecik szczeciński is a deep-fried yeast dough traditionally stuffed with minced meat (pork and beef) or vegetarian filling - cheese and mushrooms or cabbage and mushrooms, served in specialised bars as a fast food. The first bar servingpasztecik szczeciński, Bar "Pasztecik", founded in 1969, is located on Wojska Polskiego Avenue 46 in the centre of Szczecin.Pasztecik szczeciński is usually served with clear redborscht.[162]
Szczecin gingerbread (pierniki szczecińskie) is a traditional localgingerbread glazed withchocolate orsugar with decorations mostly referring either to the city's architecture or to maritime motifs.[163]
Szczecin beer (piwo szczecińskie) includes various types of traditional localPolish beer:light, amber, andwheat beer.[164] The city's brewing traditions go back over a thousand years.[164]
The word "szczeciński" or "szczecińskie" in the names of the products is an adjective from the name of the city of Szczecin, the place of its origin.
Stadium of Pogoń SzczecinNetto ArenaAthletics stadium
There are many popularprofessional sports teams in Szczecin area. The most popular sport today is probablyfootball thanks toPogoń Szczecin.Amateur sports are played by thousands of Szczecin citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).
Arkonia Szczecin – football team, which competes in the lower divisions, but played in the top division in the past, and one of the most successful Polishwater polo clubs
KS Stal Szczecin – 15 youth and junior teams, 1senior, being in 4th regional league in the 2008/2009 season
KS Piast Szczecin – women's volleyball team, (SeriaA in the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons)
Wicher Warszewo – futsal team playing in Środowiskowa Liga Futsalu (Futsal League) – two regional Futsal League: 2nd place in 2006/2007 season – promotion in the first regional Futsal League
Husaria Szczecin – A karate kyoukishin and diving sports club
Szczecin is a center of the maritime economy; it employs 13279 people. Theseaport of Szczecin serves shipowners from all over the world and is the home port of two shipping companies:Polsteam and Euroafrica. In addition, other maritime-related companies are headquartered here.
In 2013, a subzone of the Szczecin-Kostrzyn-Slubice Special Economic Zone was established.[170]
As of September 2016, the number of registered unemployed in Szczecin included about 8,400 residents, representing an unemployment rate of 5.0% to the economically active population.[171]
The average employee salary in October 2012 was PLN 3807.73, with the number of employed workers in Szczecin - 90,754 people. According to data from the District Labor Office in Szczecin, effective 1 January 2023, the minimum wage is PLN 3490, while the average salary of residents of the capital of West Pomerania is at PLN 6733.49.[172]
In 2009, the average gross monthly salary in the enterprise sector in Szczecin was PLN 3439.94.
Szczecin'sGDP is PLN 20.255 billion, which is 1/3 of the GDP of the entire province. There are 49497 zlotys per capita, about 40% more than the result for the province.
Szczecin has a tram network comprising 12 tram lines serving 95 tram stops and measuring 110.77 km (69 mi) in length. Tram transport is operated by theTramwaje Szczecińskie (TS).
Szczecin's first horse tram opened in 1879, running from Gałczyńskiego Square to Staszica Street. In 1896, the first line using electric traction was opened. By 1900, the horse trams had been entirely replaced by electric trams.
Szczecin has a bus network of 70 bus routes. Bus transport is operated by 4companies: SPA Dąbie, SPA Klonowica, SPPK andPKS Szczecin.
Of all bus routes, 50 lines are designated as normal. At nighttime, Szczecin is served by a night bus network of 16 routes. There are also 7express bus lines, which do not serve all stops on their route.
The recently upgradedA6 motorway serves as the southern bypass of the city, and connects to the GermanA11 autobahn (portions of which are currently undergoing upgrade), from where one can reach Berlin in about 90 minutes (about 150 km (93 mi)). Other important highways are theS3 Expressway, linking Szczecin with the more southern cities ofGorzów Wielkopolski,Zielona Góra andLegnica, and theS6 Expressway, connecting Szczecin withKoszalin (and eventuallyGdańsk once the easternmost section is completed). Through intersections with other highways, Szczecin has convenient highway connections with a number of other major Polish cities, such asPoznań,Łódź,Wrocław,Katowice,Warsaw andKraków. Also planned is the construction of theS10 highway to connect the city withBydgoszcz,Toruń,Płock and Warsaw.
ThePort of Szczecin is the third largest port in Poland and handles over 32million tons of cargo annually.[173] This is a harbour of theBaltic Sea and theOder river.
^"Główny Urząd Statystyczny" [Central Statistical Office] (in Polish). To search: Select "Miejscowości (SIMC)" tab, select "fragment (min. 3 znaki)" (minimum 3 characters), enter town name in the field below, click "WYSZUKAJ" (Search).
^abcdefghijklmnopGerard Labuda, Władysław Filipowiak, Helena Chłopocka, Maciej Czarnecki, Tadeusz Białecki, Zygmunt Silski,Dzieje Szczecina 1–4, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1994, p.14,ISBN83-01-04342-3
^abcWojciech Lizak, "Jak wywodzono nazwę Szczecina?",[1], last accessed 4/2/2011
^Merians anmüthige Städte-Chronik, das ist historische und wahrhaffte Beschreibung und zugleich Künstliche Abcontrafeyung zwantzig vornehmbster und bekantester in unserm geliebten Vatterland gelegenen Stätte, 1642
^Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski Profesor Maria Malec PWN 2003
^Johann Georg Theodor Grässe:Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld’s Buchhandlung (C. A.Werner), 1861, p. 179, 186, 278. [access-date: 2010-01-10].
^The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998, p.473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement, later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie). During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland byMieszko I
^The Origins of Polish state. Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry. Professor Henry Lang, Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo.info-poland.buffalo.eduArchived 6 February 2012 at theWayback Machine
^Charles Higounet.Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 141.
^Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp. 31,36,43ISBN83-906184-8-6OCLC43087092: pg. 31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD): "[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." pg. 36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" pg. 43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."
^Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, pp. 11ff;ISBN3-931185-07-9
^Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pp.15ff;ISBN978-3-356-01044-2: pp. 14–15: "Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor", pg. 17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an KönigWaldemar I. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."
^Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330books.google.com
^An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973, pg. 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin."
^Medley, D. J. (2004).The church and the empire. Kessinger Publishing. p. 152.
^Archeologia Polska, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, pg. 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993.
^Kyra Inachim,Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pg. 17;ISBN978-3-356-01044-2: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."
^abcBernhard Schimmelpfennig,Könige und Fürsten, Kaiser und Papst nach dem Wormser Konkordat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996, pg. 16;ISBN3-486-55034-9
^abcHorst Fuhrmann, Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter: Von der Mitte des 11. Bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, pg. 147;ISBN3-525-33589-X
^Jan M. Piskorski,Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pg. 43;ISBN83-906184-8-6OCLC43087092: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder
^Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995).Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 163.ISBN3-7338-0195-4.
^Krasuski, Marcin (2018). "Walka o władzę w Wielkopolsce w I połowie XIII wieku".Officina Historiae (in Polish). No. 1. p. 64.ISSN2545-0905.
^abRiis, Thomas (2003).Studien Zur Geschichte Des Ostseeraumes IV. Das Mittelalterliche Dänische Ostseeimperium. Ludwig. p. 48.ISBN87-7838-615-2.
^Université de Caen. Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales,Château-Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale, XVIII : actes du colloque international tenu à Gilleleje, Danemark, 24–30 août 1996, CRAHM, 1998, p.218,ISBN978-2-902685-05-9
^abcHeitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995).Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 168.ISBN3-7338-0195-4.
^Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.85,ISBN3-05-004155-2
^Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.86,ISBN3-05-004155-2
^North, Michael (2008).Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns (in German). Beck. p. 21.ISBN978-3-406-57767-3.
^abcdeHeitmann, Margret (1995), "Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin", in Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius (eds.),"Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern (in German), Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, pp. 225–238, p. 225,ISBN3-487-10074-6
^Kronika wielkopolska,PWN, Warszawa, 1965, p. 297 (in Polish)
^Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.).Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142.ISBN978-3-631-56149-2.
^abcPeter Oliver Loew,Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała,Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p.344,ISBN3-486-57641-0
^Ślaski, Kazimierz (1987). "Volkstumswandel in Pommern vom 12. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert". In Kirchhoff, Hans Georg (ed.).Beiträge zur Geschichte Pommerns und Pommerellens. Mit einem Geleitwort von Klaus Zernack (in German). Dortmund: Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa. pp. 94–109, p. 97.ISBN3-923293-19-4.
^Hubertus Fischer,Klosterfrauen, Klosterhexen: Theodor Fontanes Sidonie von Borcke im kulturellen Kontext : Klosterseminar des Fontane-Kreises Hannover der Theodor-Fontane-Gesellschaft e.V. mit dem Konvent des Klosters St. Marienberg vom 14. bis 15. November 2003 in Helmstedt, Rübenberger Verlag Tania Weiss, 2005, p.22,ISBN3-936788-07-3
^abKyra Inachim,Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.62,ISBN978-3-356-01044-2
^Joachim Krüger,Zwischen dem Reich und Schweden: die landesherrliche Münzprägung im Herzogtum Pommern und in Schwedisch-Pommern in der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1580 bis 1715), LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, pp.53–55,ISBN3-8258-9768-0
^Kyra Inachim,Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.65,ISBN978-3-356-01044-2
^abcdefghiPeter Oliver Loew,Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała,Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p.345,ISBN3-486-57641-0
^Swedish encyclopedia "Bonniers lexikon" (1960's), vol 13:15, column s 709-710
^Historia Szczecina: zarys dziejów miasta od czasów najdawniejszych, Tadeusz Białecki, 1992: "Nowa wojna polsko-szwedzka w połowie XVII w. nie ominęła i Szczecina. Oprócz zwiększonych podatków i zahamowania handlu w 1657 r. pod Szczecinem pojawiły się oddziały polskie Stefana Czarnieckiego"
^Hackmann, Jörg (30 July 2021)."Stettin/Szczecin".Online-Lexikon zur Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa. Oldenburg: Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (BKGE). Retrieved22 June 2025.
^Skrycki, Radosław (2011). "Z okresu wojny i pokoju – "francuskie" miejsca w Szczecinie z XVIII i XIX wieku". In Rembacka, Katarzyna (ed.).Szczecin i jego miejsca. Trzecia Konferencja Edukacyjna, 10 XII 2010 r. (in Polish). Szczecin. p. 96.ISBN978-83-61233-45-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^abcHeitmann, Margret (1995), "Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin", in Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius (eds.),"Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern (in German), Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, pp. 225–238, p. 226,ISBN3-487-10074-6
^Kultura i sztuka Szczecina w latach 1800–1945:materiały Seminarium Oddziału Szczecińskiego Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, 16–17 październik 1998 Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki. Oddział Szczeciński. Seminarium, Maria Glińska
^abcSchmidt, Roderich (2009).Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern (in German). Vol. 41 (2 ed.). Köln-Weimar: Böhlau. pp. 19–20.ISBN978-3-412-20436-5.
^abMusekamp, Jan (2009).Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 72.ISBN978-3-447-06273-2.. Quote1: "[...] Polen, die sich bereits vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der Stadt befunden hatten. Es handelte sich bei ihnen zum einen um Industriearbeiter und ihre Angehörigen, die bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg meist aus der Gegend um Posen in das damals zum selben Staat gehörende Stettin gezogen waren [...]"
^Schmidt, Roderich (2009).Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse. Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Pommern (in German). Vol. 41 (2 ed.). Köln-Weimar: Böhlau. p. 20.ISBN978-3-412-20436-5.
^abPolonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961
^Historyczna droga do polskiego Szczecina:wybór dokumentów i opracowań. Kazimierz Kozłowski, Stanisław Krzywicki. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, p.79, 1988
^abcMusekamp, Jan (2009).Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 73.ISBN978-3-447-06273-2.
^abcdMusekamp, Jan (2009).Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 27. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 74.ISBN978-3-447-06273-2.
^Skóra, Wojciech (2001).Konsulat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Szczecinie w latach 1925–1939. Powstanie i działalność (in Polish). Pomorska Akademia Pedagogiczna w Słupsku. p. 139.ISBN83-88731-15-7.
^Musekamp, Jan: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin, p. 74, with reference to: Edward Wlodarczyk: "Próba krytycznego spojrzenia na dzieje Polonii Szczecińskiej do 1939 roku" in Pomerania Ethnica, Szczecin 1998 Quote:"..und so musste die Bedeutung der erwähnten Organisationen im Sinne der Propaganda übertrieben werden."
^Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P52
^Stolzenburg, Katrin (2002). "Hans Bernhard Reichow (1899–1974)". In Lichtnau, Bernfried (ed.).Architektur und Städtebau im südlichen Ostseeraum zwischen 1936 und 1980 (in German). Lukas Verlag. pp. 137–152, p. 140.ISBN3-931836-74-6.
^Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019
^Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej—Armii Krajowej, 1939–1945 Piotr Matusak 2002 page 166
^Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342
^Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939–1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49
^Chrzanowski, Bogdan. "Organizacja sieci przerzutów drogą morską z Polski do Szwecji w latach okupacji hitlerowskiej (1939–1945)".Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish).5: 30.ISSN0137-5377.
^Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022).Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Gdańsk:IPN. p. 57.ISBN978-83-8229-411-8.
^abcHackmann, Jörg; Bialecki, Tadeusz (1995).Stettin Szczecin 1945-1946 Dokument – Erinnerungen, Dokumenty - Wspomnienia (in German). Hinstorff. pp. 97, 283, 287.ISBN3-356-00528-6.
^McNamara, Paul (2012). "Competing National and Regional Identities in Poland's Baltic".History of Communism in Europe. Vol. 3. Bogdan C. Iacob. Zeta Books. pp. 30–31, p. 31.ISBN9786068266275.
^abMusekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 20.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Kubasiewicz, Izabela (2013). "Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości". In Dworaczek, Kamil; Kamiński, Łukasz (eds.).Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty (in Polish). Warszawa:IPN. pp. 117–118.
^Königseder, Angelika (1997). "Durchgangsstation Berlin. Jüdische Displaced Persons 1945–1948". In Giere, Jacqueline; et al. (eds.).Überlebt und unterwegs. Jüdische Displaced Persons im Nachkriegsdeutschland (in German). Campus Verlag. pp. 189–206, pp. 191–192.ISBN3-593-35843-3.
^Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, pp. 22–23.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^"Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Miesięczna suma opadu".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^"Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)".Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved20 January 2022.
^ab"NCDC". Archived fromthe original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved30 October 2016.
^abMusekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 23.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^abMusekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 31.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 33.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Wawrzyniak, Joanna (2006). "Die Westgebiete in der Ideologie des polnischen Kommunismus". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 298–319, p. 306.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 30.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Musekamp, Jan (2006). "Der Königsplatz in Stettin als Beispiel kultureller Aneignung nach 1945". In Loew, Peter Oliver; Pletzing, Christian; Serrier, Thomas (eds.).Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German). Vol. 22. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–35, p. 28.ISBN3-447-05297-X.
^Bhattacharya, Prosun; Rosborg, Ingegerd; Sandhi, Arifin; Hayes, Colin; Benoliel, Maria Joao (25 November 2011).Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water. London: IWA Publishing. p. 92.ISBN978-1-78040-035-8.
^Belzyt, Leszek (1998).Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar (in German). Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut. p. 159.
(in German) Jan Musekamp:Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin – Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2001 (Between Stettin and Szczecin – a town's metamorphoses from 1945 to 2005). Wiesbaden, 2010 (restricted online preview), there is also a Polish editionMiędzy Stettinem a Szczecinem. Metamorfoza miasta od 1945 do 2005.
(in German) Martin Wehrmann:Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. Stettin, 1911 (reprinted in 1993 by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg.ISBN3-89350-119-3).
(in German) W. H. Meyer:Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin in ancient and modern times). Stettin, 1887.
(in German) Gustav Kratz:Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of Pomerania – Sketch of their history, mostly according to historical records). Berlin, 1865 (reprinted in 2010 byKessinger Publishing, U.S.A.,ISBN1-161-12969-3), pp.376–412 (online).
(in German) Fr. Thiede:Chronik der Stadt Stettin – Bearbeitet nach Urkunden und bewährtesten historischen Nachrichten (Chronicle of the town of Stettin – Worked out according to documents and reliable historical records). Stettin, 1849 (online).
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by acity mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) ·Cities with powiat rights are initalics · Voivodeship cities are inbold
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