| Synalpheus | |
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| Synalpheus fritzmuelleri | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Alpheidae |
| Genus: | Synalpheus Bate, 1888 |
| Type species | |
| Synalpheus falcatus Bate, 1888 [1] | |
| Species | |
Seespecies list | |
| Synonyms | |
List
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Synalpheus is agenus of snapping shrimp of thefamilyAlpheidae, presently containing more than 160species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.
Although the genusZuzalpheus was proposed forS. gambarelloides,S. brooksi, and their closest relatives, this has not been adopted and is not considered a monophyletic clade within the genusSynalpheus.[2][3][4]
Over 160 species are recognised in the genusSynalpheus. For a complete listing, seeList ofSynalpheus species.
In the narrower sense,Synalpheus occur in the eastern Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean; the species placed inZuzalpheus occur mainly in the western Atlantic where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, and the eastern Pacific. It may thus be that the closure of theIsthmus of Panama in thePiacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred toSynalpheus sensu stricto are most plentiful in the western Pacific.[4]
The snapping behaviour ofSynalpheus is rather well studied. InSynalpheus parneomeris,peak to peak source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.[5]
The only knowneusocial aquatic species occur within the genusSynalpheus. The species known to be eusocial areS. brooksi,S. chacei,S. elizabethae,S. filidigitus,S. rathbunae,S. regalis,[2]S. microneptunus,[6] andS. duffyi as well as potentiallyS. riosi.[7] Eusociality has evolved at least three times withinSynalpheus.[3][8] It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared.[8] Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that hostSynalpheus, empty sponges are rarely found.[9] It also appears thatkin selection was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals.[10] Until recently, eusocial species ofSynalpheus have appeared in far greater abundance than, and appear to outcompete, less social species for space in sponges.[9][11]
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