| Symphony in C minor | |
|---|---|
| No. 5 | |
| byLudwig van Beethoven | |
 Cover of the symphony, with the dedication to PrinceJ. F. M. Lobkowitz andCount Rasumovsky | |
| Key | C minor |
| Opus | 67 |
| Form | Symphony |
| Composed | 1804 (1804)–1808 |
| Dedication |
|
| Duration | About 30–40 minutes |
| Movements | Four |
| Scoring | Symphony orchestra |
| Premiere | |
| Date | 22 December 1808 |
| Location | Theater an der Wien, Vienna |
| Conductor | Ludwig van Beethoven |
TheSymphony No. 5 inC minor,Op. 67 (occasionally known as theFate Symphony, German:Schicksalssinfonie), is asymphony composed byLudwig van Beethoven between 1804 and 1808. It is one of the best-known compositions inclassical music and one of the most frequently played symphonies,[1] and it is widely considered one ofthe cornerstones ofWestern music. First performed in Vienna'sTheater an der Wien in 1808, the work achieved its prodigious reputation soon afterward.E. T. A. Hoffmann described the symphony as "one of the most important works of the time". As is typical of symphonies during theClassical period, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony has fourmovements.
It begins with a distinctive four-note "short-short-short-long"motif, often characterized as "fate knocking at the door", theSchicksals-Motiv (fate motif):
The symphony, and the four-note opening motif in particular, are known worldwide, with the motif appearing frequently in popular culture, fromdisco versions torock and roll covers, to uses in film and television.
Like Beethoven'sEroica (heroic) andPastorale (rural), Symphony No. 5 was given an explicit name besides the numbering, though not by Beethoven himself.
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony had a long development process; the first "sketches" (rough drafts of melodies and other musical ideas) date from 1804, following the completion of theThird Symphony.[2] Beethoven repeatedly interrupted his work on the Fifth to prepare other compositions, including the original version ofFidelio, theAppassionata piano sonata, the threeRazumovsky string quartets, theViolin Concerto, theFourth Piano Concerto, theFourth Symphony, and theMass in C. The Fifth and Sixth Symphonies were completed simultaneously during 1807–1808, and both premiered at the same concert.
Beethoven was in his mid-thirties during this time; his personal life was troubled by increasing deafness.[3] In the world at large, the period was marked by theNapoleonic Wars, political turmoil in Austria, and the occupation of Vienna byNapoleon's troops in 1805. The symphony was written at his lodgings at thePasqualati House in Vienna.
The Fifth Symphony premiered on 22 December 1808 at a mammoth concert at theTheater an der Wien in Vienna consisting entirely of Beethoven premieres, and directed by Beethoven himself on the conductor's podium.[4] The concert lasted for more than four hours. The two symphonies appeared on the programme in reverse order: the Sixth was played first, and the Fifth appeared in the second half.[5] The programme was as follows:
Beethoven dedicated the Fifth Symphony to two of his patrons, PrinceJoseph Franz von Lobkowitz andCount Razumovsky. The dedication appeared in the first printed edition of April 1809.
There was little critical response to the premiere performance, which took place under adverse conditions. The orchestra did not play well—with only one rehearsal before the concert—and at one point, following a mistake by one of the performers in the Choral Fantasy, Beethoven had to stop the music and start again.[6] The auditorium was extremely cold and the audience was exhausted by the length of the programme. However, a year and a half later, publication of the score resulted in a rapturous unsigned review (actually by music criticE. T. A. Hoffmann) in theAllgemeine musikalische Zeitung. He described the music with dramatic imagery:
Radiant beams shoot through this region's deep night, and we become aware of gigantic shadows which, rocking back and forth, close in on us and destroy everything within us except the pain of endless longing—a longing in which every pleasure that rose up in jubilant tones sinks and succumbs, and only through this pain, which, while consuming but not destroying love, hope, and joy, tries to burst our breasts with full-voiced harmonies of all the passions, we live on and are captivated beholders of the spirits.[7]
Apart from the extravagant praise, Hoffmann devoted by far the largest part of his review to a detailed analysis of the symphony, in order to show his readers the devices Beethoven used to arouse particularaffects in the listener. In an essay titled "Beethoven's Instrumental Music", compiled from this 1810 review and another one from 1813 on the op. 70 string trios, published in three installments in December 1813, E.T.A. Hoffmann further praised the "indescribably profound, magnificent symphony in C minor":
How this wonderful composition, in a climax that climbs on and on, leads the listener imperiously forward into the spirit world of the infinite!... No doubt the whole rushes like an ingenious rhapsody past many a man, but the soul of each thoughtful listener is assuredly stirred, deeply and intimately, by a feeling that is none other than that unutterable portentous longing, and until the final chord—indeed, even in the moments that follow it—he will be powerless to step out of that wondrous spirit realm where grief and joy embrace him in the form of sound....[8]
The symphony soon acquired its status as a central item in the orchestral repertoire. It was played in the inaugural concerts of theNew York Philharmonic on 7 December 1842, and the [US]National Symphony Orchestra on 2 November 1931. It was first recorded by the Odeon Orchestra underFriedrich Kark in 1910. The First Movement (as performed by thePhilharmonia Orchestra) was featured on theVoyager Golden Record, aphonograph record containing a broad sample of the images, common sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into outer space aboard theVoyager probes in 1977.[9] Groundbreaking in terms of both its technical and its emotional impact, the Fifth has had a large influence on composers and music critics,[10] and inspired work by such composers asBrahms,Tchaikovsky (his4th Symphony in particular),[11]Bruckner,Mahler, andBerlioz.[12]
Since the Second World War, it has sometimes been referred to as the "Victory Symphony".[13] "V" is coincidentally also theRoman numeral character for the number five and the phrase "V for Victory" became a campaign of theAllies of World War II afterWinston Churchill starting using it as a catchphrase in 1940. Beethoven's Victory Symphony happened to be his Fifth (or vice versa) although this is coincidental. Some thirty years after this piece was written, the rhythm of the opening phrase – "dit-dit-dit-dah" – was used for the letter "V" inMorse code,though this is also coincidental[citation needed]. During the Second World War, theBBC prefaced its broadcasts toSpecial Operations Executives (SOE) across the world with those four notes, played on drums.[14][15][16] This was at the suggestion of intelligence agentCourtenay Edward Stevens.[17]
The symphony isscored for the following orchestra:
A typical performance usually lasts around 30–40 minutes. The work is in four movements:
The first movement opens with the four-notemotif discussed above, one of the most famous motifs in Western music. There is considerable debate among conductors as to the manner of playing the four opening bars. Some conductors take it in strict allegro tempo; others take the liberty of a weighty treatment, playing the motif in a much slower and more stately tempo; yet others take the motifmolto ritardando.[18]
The first movement is in the traditionalsonata form that Beethoven inherited from hisClassical predecessors, such asHaydn andMozart (in which the main ideas that are introduced in the first few pages undergo elaboratedevelopmentthrough many keys, with a dramatic return to the opening section—therecapitulation—about three-quarters of the way through). It starts out with two dramaticfortissimo phrases, the famous motif, commanding the listener's attention. Following the first four bars, Beethoven uses imitations and sequences to expand the theme, these pithy imitations tumbling over each other with such rhythmic regularity that they appear to form a single, flowing melody. Shortly after, a very shortfortissimo bridge, played by the horns, takes place before a second theme is introduced. This second theme is inE♭ major, therelative major, and it is more lyrical, writtenpiano and featuring the four-note motif in the string accompaniment. Thecodetta is again based on the four-note motif. The development section follows, including the bridge. During the recapitulation, there is a brief solo passage for oboe in quasi-improvisatory style. The bridge passage from the exposition is played, this time in C major. However, the passage is played by the bassoons instead of the horns. This is because during Beethoven's time, the horns were natural horns, so they don't have the notes to play it. Nowadays, with the valve horns, some conductors replace the passage with horns.[19] Others still preferred to preserve the way Beethoven wrote it. The movement ends with a massivecoda.
A typical performance of this movement lasts approximately 7 to 8 minutes.
The second movement, in A♭ major, thesubdominant key of C minor's relative key (E♭ major), is a lyrical work indouble variation form, which means that two themes are presented and varied in alternation. Following the variations there is a long coda.
The movement opens with an announcement of its theme, a melody in unison by violas and cellos, with accompaniment by the double basses. A second theme soon follows, with a harmony provided by clarinets, bassoons, and violins, with a tripletarpeggio in the violas and bass. A variation of the first theme reasserts itself. This is followed up by a third theme,thirty-second notes in the violas and cellos with a counterphrase running in the flute, oboe, and bassoon. Following an interlude, the whole orchestra participates in a fortissimo, leading to a series ofcrescendos and a coda to close the movement.[20]There is a hint in the middle of the movement that is similar to the coda of the 3rd.[citation needed]
A typical performance of this movement lasts approximately 8 to 11 minutes.
The third movement is internary form, consisting of ascherzo and trio. Beethoven started using a scherzo as a 3rd movement in the 2nd symphony (breaking with the tradition of using a minuet as a 3rd movement). He adopts the scherzo for good, with the exception of hisEighth Symphony.
The movement returns to the opening key of C minor and begins with the following theme, played by the cellos and double basses:
The opening theme is answered by a contrasting theme played by thewinds, and this sequence is repeated. Then the horns loudly announce the main theme of the movement, and the music proceeds from there. The trio section is in C major and is written in a contrapuntal texture. When the scherzo returns for the final time, it is performed by the stringspizzicato and very quietly. "The scherzo offers contrasts that are somewhat similar to those of the slow movement [Andante con moto] in that they derive from extreme difference in character between scherzo and trio ... The Scherzo then contrasts this figure with the famous 'motto' (3 + 1) from the first movement, which gradually takes command of the whole movement."[21]: 223 The third movement is also notable for its transition to the fourth movement, widely considered one of the greatest musical transitions of all time.[22]
A typical performance of this movement lasts approximately 4 to 8 minutes.
The fourth movement begins without pause from the transition. The music resounds in C major, an unusual choice by the composer as a symphony that begins in C minor is expected to finish in that key.[21]: 224 In Beethoven's words:
Many assert that every minor piece must end in the minor. Nego! ...Joy follows sorrow, sunshine—rain.[23]
The triumphant and exhilarating finale is written in an unusual variant of sonata form: at the end of the development section, the music halts on adominantcadence, played fortissimo, and the music continues after a pause with a quiet reprise of the "horn theme" of the scherzo movement. The recapitulation is then introduced by a crescendo coming out of the last bars of the interpolated scherzo section, just as the same music was introduced at the opening of the movement. The interruption of the finale with material from the third "dance" movement was pioneered byHaydn, who had done the same in hisSymphony No. 46 in B, from 1772. It is unknown whether Beethoven was familiar with this work or not.[24]
The Fifth Symphony finale includes a very long coda, in which the main themes of the movement are played in temporally compressed form. Towards the end the tempo is increased topresto. The symphony ends with 29 bars of C major chords, played fortissimo. InThe Classical Style,Charles Rosen suggests that this ending reflects Beethoven's sense of proportions: the "unbelievably long" pure C major cadence is needed "to ground the extreme tension of [this] immense work."[25]
A typical performance of this movement lasts approximately 8 to 11 minutes.
The 19th century musicologistGustav Nottebohm first pointed out that the third movement's theme has the same sequence of intervals as the opening theme of the final movement ofMozart's famousSymphony No. 40 in G minor,K. 550. Here are the first eight notes of Mozart's theme:
While such resemblances sometimes occur by accident, this is unlikely to be so in the present case. Nottebohm discovered the resemblance when he examined a sketchbook used by Beethoven in composing the Fifth Symphony: here, 29 bars of Mozart's finale appear, copied out by Beethoven.[26]
Much has been written about the Fifth Symphony in books, scholarly articles, and program notes for live and recorded performances. This section summarizes some themes that commonly appear in this material.
The initial motif of the symphony has sometimes been credited with symbolic significance as a representation ofFate knocking at the door. This idea comes from Beethoven's secretary and factotumAnton Schindler, who wrote, many years after Beethoven's death:
The composer himself provided the key to these depths when one day, in this author's presence, he pointed to the beginning of the first movement and expressed in these words the fundamental idea of his work: "Thus Fate knocks at the door!"[27]
Schindler's testimony concerning any point of Beethoven's life is disparaged by many experts (Schindler is believed to have forged entries in Beethoven's so-called "conversation books", the books in which the deaf Beethoven got others to write their side of conversations with him).[28] Moreover, it is often commented that Schindler offered a highly romanticized view of the composer.
There is another tale concerning the same motif; the version given here is fromAntony Hopkins's description of the symphony.[2]Carl Czerny (Beethoven's pupil, who premiered the"Emperor" Concerto in Vienna) claimed that "the little pattern of notes had come to [Beethoven] from ayellow-hammer's song, heard as he walked in thePrater-park in Vienna." Hopkins further remarks that "given the choice between a yellow-hammer and Fate-at-the-door, the public has preferred the more dramatic myth, though Czerny's account is too unlikely to have been invented."
In hisOmnibus television lecture series in 1954,Leonard Bernstein likened the Fate Motif to the four note coda common to symphonies. These notes would terminate the symphony as a musical coda, but for Beethoven they become a motif repeating throughout the work for a very different and dramatic effect, he says.[29]
Evaluations of these interpretations tend to be skeptical. "The popular legend that Beethoven intended this grand exordium of the symphony to suggest 'Fate Knocking at the gate' is apocryphal; Beethoven's pupil,Ferdinand Ries, was really author of this would-be poetic exegesis, which Beethoven received very sarcastically when Ries imparted it to him."[18] Elizabeth Schwarm Glesner remarks that "Beethoven had been known to say nearly anything to relieve himself of questioning pests"; this might be taken to impugn both tales.[30]
The key of the Fifth Symphony,C minor, is commonly regarded as aspecial key for Beethoven, specifically a "stormy, heroic tonality".[31] Beethoven wrote a number of works in C minor whose character is broadly similar to that of the Fifth Symphony. Pianist and writerCharles Rosen says,
Beethoven in C minor has come to symbolize his artistic character. In every case, it reveals Beethoven as Hero. C minor does not show Beethoven at his most subtle, but it does give him to us in his most extroverted form, where he seems to be most impatient of any compromise.[32]
It is commonly asserted that the opening four-note rhythmic motif (short-short-short-long; see above) is repeated throughout the symphony, unifying it. "It is a rhythmic pattern (dit-dit-dit-dot) that makes its appearance in each of the other three movements and thus contributes to the overall unity of the symphony" (Doug Briscoe[33]); "a single motif that unifies the entire work" (Peter Gutmann[34]); "the key motif of the entire symphony";[35] "the rhythm of the famous opening figure ... recurs at crucial points in later movements" (Richard Bratby[36]). TheNew Grove encyclopedia cautiously endorses this view, reporting that "[t]he famous opening motif is to be heard in almost every bar of the first movement—and, allowing for modifications, in the other movements."[37]
There are several passages in the symphony that have led to this view. For instance, in the third movement the horns play the following solo in which the short-short-short-long pattern occurs repeatedly:
In the second movement, an accompanying line plays a similar rhythm:
In the finale, Doug Briscoe[33] suggests that the motif may be heard in the piccolo part, presumably meaning the following passage:
Later, in the coda of the finale, the bass instruments repeatedly play the following:
On the other hand, some commentators are unimpressed with these resemblances and consider them to be accidental. Antony Hopkins,[2] discussing the theme in the scherzo, says "no musician with an ounce of feeling could confuse [the two rhythms]", explaining that the scherzo rhythm begins on a strong musical beat whereas the first-movement theme begins on a weak one.Donald Tovey[38] pours scorn on the idea that a rhythmic motif unifies the symphony: "This profound discovery was supposed to reveal an unsuspected unity in the work, but it does not seem to have been carried far enough." Applied consistently, he continues, the same approach would lead to the conclusion that many other works by Beethoven are also "unified" with this symphony, as the motif appears in the"Appassionata" piano sonata, theFourth Piano Concerto(listenⓘ), and in theString Quartet, Op. 74. Tovey concludes, "the simple truth is that Beethoven could not do without just such purely rhythmic figures at this stage of his art."
To Tovey's objection can be added the prominence of the short-short-short-long rhythmic figure in earlier works by Beethoven's older Classical contemporaries such as Haydn and Mozart. To give just two examples, it is found in Haydn's"Miracle" Symphony, No. 96 (listenⓘ) and in Mozart'sPiano Concerto No. 25, K. 503 (listenⓘ). Such examples show that "short-short-short-long" rhythms were a regular part of the musical language of the composers of Beethoven's day.
It seems likely that whether or not Beethoven deliberately, or unconsciously, wove a single rhythmic motif through the Fifth Symphony will (in Hopkins's words) "remain eternally open to debate".[2]
Folia is a dance form with a distinctive rhythm and harmony, which was used by many composers from theRenaissance well into the 19th and even 20th centuries, often in the context of atheme and variations.[39] It was used by Beethoven in his Fifth Symphony in the harmony midway through the slow movement (bars 166–177).[40] Although some recent sources mention that the fragment of the Folia theme in Beethoven's symphony was detected only in the 1990s, Reed J. Hoyt analyzed some Folia-aspects in the oeuvre of Beethoven already in 1982 in his "Letter to the Editor", in the journalCollege Music Symposium 21, where he draws attention to the existence of complex archetypal patterns and their relationship.[41]
The last movement of Beethoven's Fifth is the first time the piccolo and contrabassoon were used in a symphony.[42] While this was Beethoven's first use of the trombone in a symphony, in 1807 the Swedish composerJoachim Nicolas Eggert had specified trombones for his Symphony No. 3 in E♭ major.[43]
In the autograph score (that is, the original version from Beethoven's hand), the third movement contains a repeat mark: when the scherzo and trio sections have both been played through, the performers are directed to return to the very beginning and play these two sections again. Then comes a third rendering of the scherzo, this timenotated differently forpizzicato strings and transitioning directly to the finale (see description above). Most modern printed editions of the score do not render this repeat mark; and indeed most performances of the symphony render the movement as ABA' (where A = scherzo, B = trio, and A' = modified scherzo), in contrast to the ABABA' of the autograph score. The repeat mark in the autograph is unlikely to be simply an error on the composer's part. The ABABA' scheme for scherzi appears elsewhere in Beethoven, in theBagatelle for solo piano, Op. 33, No. 7 (1802), and in theFourth,Sixth, andSeventh Symphonies. However, it is possible that for the Fifth Symphony, Beethoven originally preferred ABABA', but changed his mind in the course of publication in favor of ABA'.
Since Beethoven's day, published editions of the symphony have always printed ABA'. However, in 1978 an edition specifying ABABA' was prepared byPeter Gülke and published byPeters. In 1999, yet another edition, byJonathan Del Mar, was published byBärenreiter[44][45] which advocates a return to ABA'. In the accompanying book of commentary,[46] Del Mar defends in depth the view that ABA' represents Beethoven's final intention; in other words, that conventional wisdom was right all along.
In concert performances, ABA' prevailed until the 2000s. However, since the appearance of the Gülke edition, conductors have felt more free to exercise their own choice. Performances with ABABA' seem to be particularly favored by conductors who specialize inauthentic performance or historically informed performance (that is, using instruments of the kind employed in Beethoven's day and playing techniques of the period). These include Caroline Brown,Christopher Hogwood,John Eliot Gardiner, andNikolaus Harnoncourt. ABABA' performances on modern instruments have also been recorded by theNew Philharmonia Orchestra underPierre Boulez, theTonhalle-Orchester Zürich underDavid Zinman, and theBerlin Philharmonic underClaudio Abbado.
In the first movement, the passage that introduces the second subject of theexposition is assigned by Beethoven as a solo to the pair of horns.
At this location, the theme is played in the key ofE♭ major. When the same theme is repeated later on in therecapitulation section, it is given in the key ofC major.Antony Hopkins writes:
This ... presented a problem to Beethoven, for the horns [of his day], severely limited in the notes they could actually play before the invention ofvalves, were unable to play the phrase in the 'new' key of C major—at least not withoutstopping the bell with the hand and thus muffling the tone. Beethoven therefore had to give the theme to a pair of bassoons, who, high in their compass, were bound to seem a less than adequate substitute. In modern performances the heroic implications of the original thought are regarded as more worthy of preservation than the secondary matter of scoring; the phrase is invariably played by horns, to whose mechanical abilities it can now safely be trusted.[2]
In fact, even before Hopkins wrote this passage (1981), some conductors had experimented with preserving Beethoven's original scoring for bassoons. This can be heard on many performances including those conducted by Caroline Brown mentioned in the preceding section as well as in a 2003 recording bySimon Rattle with theVienna Philharmonic.[47] Although horns capable of playing the passage in C major were developed not long after the premiere of the Fifth Symphony (they were developed in 1814[48]), it is not known whether Beethoven would have wanted to substitute modern horns, or keep the bassoons, in the crucial passage.
Franz Liszt arranged the Fifth Symphony for piano solo in hisSymphonies de Beethoven, S. 464.
Auf der dritten Seite desselben stehen 20 Takte aus dem letzen Satz der G-moll Symphonie von Mozart.
| Conductors |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orchestras |
| ||||
| Segments |
| ||||
| Characters | |||||
| Video games |
| ||||
| Amusement parks | |||||
| Parodies | |||||
| Related |
| ||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
![{\clef treble \key c \minor \tempo "Allegro con brio" 2=108 \time 2/4 {r8 g'\ff[ g' g'] | ees'2\fermata | r8 f'[ f' f'] | d'2~ | d'\fermata | } }](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2fi%2fg%2figgx8auzcnzix62m6b89e2aw9861r0w%2figgx8auz.png&f=jpg&w=240)
![\relative c'' {
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
\tempo 4 = 192
\key c \minor
\time 3/4
\set Score.currentBarNumber = #19
\bar ""
\[ g4\ff^"a 2" g g | g2. | \]
g4 g g | g2. |
g4 g g | <es g>2. |
<g bes>4(<f as>) <es g>^^ | <bes f'>2. |
}](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2fn%2fx%2fnx8ofi8194m7wme60hh6ge76y0lfnbw%2fnx8ofi81.png&f=jpg&w=240)
![\new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff \relative c'' {
\time 3/8
\key aes \major
\set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible
\set Score.currentBarNumber = #75
\bar ""
\override TextScript #'X-offset = #-3
\partial 8 es16.(\pp^"Violin I" f32) |
\repeat unfold 2 { ges4 es16.(f32) | }
}
\new Staff \relative c'' {
\key aes \major
\override TextScript #'X-offset = #-3
r8^"Violin II, Viola" |
r32 \[ a[\pp a a] a16[ \] a] a r |
r32 a[ a a] a16[ a] a r |
}
>>](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2fh%2fh%2fhh4e0qxxf3ldn95s76jx2mph7x0v5ik%2fhh4e0qxx.png&f=jpg&w=240)
![\new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff \relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\key c \major
\set Score.currentBarNumber = #244
\bar ""
r8^"Piccolo" \[ fis g g g2~ \] |
\repeat unfold 2 {
g8 fis g g g2~ |
}
g8 fis g g g2 |
}
\new Staff \relative c {
\clef "bass"
b2.^"Viola, Cello, Bass" g4(|
b4 g d' c8. b16) |
c2. g4(|
c4 g e' d8. c16) |
}
>>](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2fm%2fe%2fmeovyuwja1d5omfvjmgheutspcn7du1%2fmeovyuwj.png&f=jpg&w=240)
![\new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff \relative c' {
\time 2/2
\key c \major
\set Score.currentBarNumber = #362
\bar ""
\tempo "Presto"
\override TextScript #'X-offset = #-5
c2.\fp^"Violins" b4 | a(g) g-. g-. |
c2. b4 | a(g) g-. g-. |
\repeat unfold 2 {
<c e>2. <b d>4 | <a c>(<g b>) q-. q-. |
}
}
\new Staff \relative c {
\time 2/2
\key c \major
\clef "bass"
\override TextScript #'X-offset = #-5
c4\fp^"Bass instruments" r r2 | r4 \[ g g g |
c4\fp \] r r2 | r4 g g g |
\repeat unfold 2 {
c4\fp r r2 | r4 g g g |
}
}
>>](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2f5%2fh%2f5hptn69qj70v408t6s5h2za06ncaedh%2f5hptn69q.png&f=jpg&w=240)
![\relative c'' {
\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn"
\key c \minor
\time 2/4
r8 bes[\ff^"a 2" bes bes] | es,2\sf | f\sf | bes,\sf |
}](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fscore%2f3%2f5%2f35zj85hfekv8cov1f5htjuz2dpe058e%2f35zj85hf.png&f=jpg&w=240)
