TheSwiss Army knife (SAK;German:Schweizer Taschenmesser, Sackmesser, Hegel, etc.) is apocketknife, generallymulti-tooled, now manufactured byVictorinox.[1] The term "Swiss Army knife" was coined by American soldiers afterWorld War II because they had trouble pronouncing theGerman word "Offiziersmesser", meaning "officer’s knife".[2]
The Swiss Army knife generally has adrop-point main blade plus other types of blades and tools, such as ascrewdriver, acan opener, asaw blade, a pair ofscissors, and many others. These are folded into the handle of the knife through a pivot point mechanism. The handle is traditionally a red colour, with either a Victorinox or Wenger "cross" logo or, for Swiss military issue knives, thecoat of arms of Switzerland. Other colours, textures, and shapes have appeared over the years.
Originating inIbach, Switzerland, the Swiss Army knife was first produced in 1891 when theKarl Elsener company, which later became Victorinox, won the contract to produce theSwiss Army'sModell 1890 knife from the previous German manufacturer. In 1893, the Swiss cutlery companyPaul Boéchat & Cie, which later becameWenger SA, received its first contract from the Swiss military to produce model 1890 knives; the two companies split the initial contract for provision of the knives and operated as separate enterprises from 1908. In 2005 Victorinox acquired Wenger. As an icon of theculture of Switzerland, both the design and the versatility of the knife have worldwide recognition.[3]
The Swiss Army Knife was not the first multi-use pocket knife. In 1851, inMoby-Dick (chapter 107),Herman Melville mentions the "Sheffield contrivances, assuming the exterior – though a little swelled – of a common pocket knife; but containing, not only blades of various sizes, but alsoscrewdrivers,cork-screws,tweezers,bradawls,pens,rulers,nail files andcountersinkers."
During the late 1880s, theSwiss Army decided to purchase a new folding pocket knife for their soldiers. This knife was to be suitable for use by the army in opening canned food and for maintenance of the Swissservice rifle, theSchmidt–Rubin, which required ascrewdriver for assembly and disassembly.[citation needed]
In January 1891, the knife received the official designationModell 1890. The knife had ablade,reamer,can opener, screwdriver, and grips made out of darkoak wood that some say was later partly replaced withebony wood. At that time no Swiss company had the necessary production capacity, so the initial order for 15,000 knives was placed with the German knife manufacturer Wester & Co. fromSolingen,Germany. These knives were delivered in October 1891.[citation needed]
In 1891,Karl Elsener, then owner of a company that madesurgical equipment, set out to manufacture the knives in Switzerland itself. At the end of 1891 Elsener began production of theModell 1890 knives, in direct competition with the Solingen company. He incurred financial losses doing so, as Wester & Co was able to produce the knives at a lower cost.
Elsener was on the verge of bankruptcy when, in 1896, he developed an improved knife, intended for the use by officers, with tools attached on both sides of the handle using a specialspring mechanism, allowing him to use the same spring to hold them in place.[4]
This new knife was patented on 12 June 1897, with a second, smaller cutting blade, acorkscrew, and wood fibre grips, under the name ofSchweizer Offiziers- und Sportmesser ("Swiss officer's and sports knife"). While the Swiss military did not commission the knife, it was successfully marketed internationally, restoring Elsener's company to prosperity.[5]
Elsener used a variation on theSwiss coat of arms to identify his knives beginning in 1909. With slight modifications, this is still the company logo. Also in 1909, on the death of his mother, Elsener used his mother's nameVictoria, as a brand name, in her honour. In 1921 following the invention ofstainless steel (acier inoxydable in French), Karl Elsener's son renamed the company to beVictorinox combiningVictoria andinoxydable.[6]
In 1893 the second industrial cutler of Switzerland,Paul Boéchat & Cie, headquartered inDelémont in the French-speaking region ofJura, started selling a similar product. Its general manager, Théodore Wenger, acquired the company and renamed it theWenger Company.[citation needed]
In 1908 the Swiss government split the contract between Victorinox and Wenger, placing half the orders with each.[7][dubious –discuss]By mutual agreement,[year needed] Wenger advertised "the Genuine Swiss Army Knife" and Victorinox used the slogan, "the Original Swiss Army Knife".
On 26 April 2005, Victorinox acquired Wenger, once again becoming the sole supplier of knives to themilitary of Switzerland. Victorinox at first kept the Wenger brand intact, but on 30 January 2013, the company announced that the Wenger brand of knives would be abandoned in favour of Victorinox.
The press release stated that Wenger's factory in Delémont would continue to produce knives and all employees at this site will retain their jobs. They further elaborated that an assortment of items from the Wenger line-up will remain in production under the Victorinox brand name. Wenger's US headquarters will be merged with Victorinox's location inMonroe, Connecticut. Wenger's watch and licensing business will continue as a separate brand:SwissGear.[8]
Up until 2008 Victorinox AG and Wenger SA supplied about 50,000 knives to the military of Switzerland each year, and manufactured many more for export, mostly to the United States. Commercial knives can be distinguished by their cross logos; the Victorinox cross logo is surrounded by a shield while the Wenger cross logo is surrounded by a slightly rounded square.
Victorinox registered the words "Swiss Army" and "Swiss Military" as a trademark in the US[year needed][9] and was sued atBerncantonal commercial court by the Swiss Confederacy (represented byArmasuisse, the authority representing the actual Swiss military), in October 2018.[10]
After an initial hearing Victorinox agreed to cede the registration in the United States of the term "Swiss military" to Armasuisse in return for an exclusive licence to market perfumes under the same name.[11]
There are various models of the Swiss Army knife with different tool combinations.
Though Victorinox does not provide custom knives, they have produced many different variations to suit individual users,[12] with the Wenger company producing even more model variations.[13]
Three Victorinox SAK models had a butane lighter: the SwissFlame, the CampFlame and the SwissChamp XXLT, first introduced in 2002 and discontinued in 2005. The models were never sold in the United States due to lack of safety features. They used a standardpiezoelectric ignition system for easy ignition, with adjustable flame; they and were designed for operation at altitudes up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level and continuous operation of 10 minutes.[14]
In January 2010, Victorinox announced the Presentation Master models, released in April 2010. The technological tools included a laser pointer, and detachable flash drive with fingerprint reader. Victorinox now sells an updated version called the Slim Jetsetter, with "a premium software package that provides ultra secure data encryption, automatic backup functionality, secure web surfing capabilities, file and email synchronization between the drive and multiple computers,Bluetooth pairing and much more. On the hardware side of things, biometric fingerprint technology, laser pointers, LED lights, Bluetooth remote control and of course, the original Swiss Army Knife implements – blade, scissors, nail file, screwdriver, key ring and ballpoint pen are standard. **Not every feature is available on every model within the collection."[15]
In 2006, Wenger produced a knife called "The Giant" that included every implement the company ever made, with 87 tools and 141 different functions. It was recognized byGuinness World Records as the world's most multifunctional penknife.[16] It retails for about €798 or $US1000, though some vendors charge much higher prices.
In the same year, Victorinox released the SwissChamp XAVT, consisting of 118 parts and 80 functions with a retail price of $425.[17] TheGuinness Book of Records recognizes a unique 314-blade Swiss Army-style knife made in 1991 by Master Cutler Hans Meister as the world's largest penknife, weighing 11 pounds (5.0 kg).[3]
Rivets andflanged bushings made frombrass hold together all machined steel parts and other tools, separators and the scales. The rivets are made by cutting and pointing appropriately sized bars of solid brass.
The separators between the tools have been made fromaluminium alloy since 1951. This makes the knives lighter. Previously these separating layers were made ofnickel-silver.[18]
Themartensitic stainless steel alloy used for the cutting blades is optimized for high toughness and corrosion resistance and has a composition of 15%chromium, 0.60%silicon, 0.52%carbon, 0.50%molybdenum, and 0.45%manganese and is designated X55CrMo14 or DIN 1.4110 according to Victorinox.[19] After ahardening process at 1040 °C andannealing at 160 °C the blades achieve an average hardness of 56HRC. This steel hardness is suitable for practical use and easyresharpening, but less than achieved instainless steel alloys used for blades optimized for high wear resistance. According to Victorinox the martensitic stainless steel alloy used for the other parts is X39Cr13 (aka DIN 1.4031, AISI/ASTM 420) and for the springs X20Cr13 (aka DIN 1.4021, but still within AISI/ASTM 420).[20][21]
The steel used for the wood saws, scissors and nail files has a steel hardness of HRC 53, the screwdrivers, tin openers and awls have a hardness of HRC 52, and the corkscrew and springs have a hardness of HRC 49.[20][citation needed]
The metal saws and files, in addition to the specialcase hardening, are also subjected to ahard chromium plating process so that iron and steel can also be filed and cut.[18][22]
Although red Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) (generally known trade names are Cellidor,Tenite and Tenex) scaled Swiss Army knives are most common, there are many colors and alternative materials like more resilientnylon and aluminum for the scales available.[23][24] Many textures, colors and shapes now appear in the Swiss Army Knife. Since 2006 the scales on some knife models can have texturedrubber non-slip inlays incorporated, intended for sufficient grip with moist or wet hands. The rubber also provides some impact protection for such edged scales. Modifications have been made, including professionally produced custom models combining novel materials, colors, finishes[25] and occasionally new tools such as firesteels[26] or tool 'blades' mounting replaceable surgical scalpel blades[27] to replacement of standard scales (handles) with new versions in natural materials such as buffalo horn.[28] In addition to 'limited edition' productions runs, numerous examples from basic to professional-level customizations of standard knives—such as retrofitting pocket clips, one-off scales created using3D printing techniques, decoration using anodization and new scale materials—can be found by searching for "SAK mods".[citation needed]
Some Swiss Army knives have locking blades to prevent accidental closure.
Wenger was the first to offer a "PackLock" for the main blade on several of their standard 85mm models.
Several large Wenger and Victorinox models have a locking blade secured by a slide lock that is operated with an unlocking-button integrated in the scales.
Some Victorinox 111 mm series knives have a doubleliner lock that secures the cutting blade and large slotted screwdriver/cap opener/wire stripper combination tool designed towards prying.[29]
During assembly, all components are placed on several brassrivets.
The first components are generally an aluminium separator and a flat steel spring. Once a layer of tools is installed, another separator and spring are placed for the next layer of tools.
This process is repeated until all the desired tool layers and the finishing separator are installed. Once the knife is built, the metal parts arefastened by adding brassflanged bushings to the rivets. The excess length of the rivets is then cut off to make them flush with the bushings. Finally, the remaining length of the rivets is flattened into the flanged bushings.
After the assembly of the metal parts, the blades on smaller knives are sharpened to a 15° angle, resulting in a 30° V-shaped steel cutting edge. From 91 mm (3.6 in) sized knives the blades are sharpened to a 20° angle, resulting in a 40° V-shaped steel cutting edge.Chisel ground blades are sharpened to a 24° angle, resulting in a 24° asymmetric-shaped steel cutting edge where only one side is ground and the other isdeburred and remains flat. The blades are then checked with alaser reflecting goniometer to verify the angle of the cutting edges.
Finally, scales are applied. Slightly undersized holes incorporated into the inner surface enclose the bushings, which have truncated cone cross-section and are slightly undercut, forming a one-way interference fit when pressed into the generally softer and more elastic scale material. The result is a tight adhesive-free connection that nonetheless permits new identical-pattern scales to be quickly and easily applied.[30]
Victorinox models are available in 58 mm (2.3 in), 74 mm (2.9 in), 84 mm (3.3 in), 91 mm (3.6 in), 93 mm (3.7 in), 100 mm (3.9 in), 108 mm (4.3 in) and 111 mm (4.4 in) lengths when closed.
The thickness of the knives varies depending on the number of tool layers included. The 91 mm (3.6 in) models offer the most variety in tool configurations in the Victorinox model line with as many as 15 layers.[31]
Wenger models are available in 65 mm (2.6 in), 75 mm (3.0 in), 85 mm (3.3 in) 93 mm (3.7 in), 100 mm (3.9 in), 120 mm (4.7 in) and 130 mm (5.1 in) lengths when closed.
Thickness varies depending on the number of tool layers included. The 85 mm (3.3 in) models offer the most variety in tool configurations in the Wenger model line, with as many as 10 layers.[32]
Since the first issue as personal equipment in 1891 theSoldatenmesser (Soldier Knives) issued by the Swiss Armed Forces have been revised several times.
There have been five different mainModelle (models).
Their model numbers refer to the year of introduction in the military supply chain. Several main models have been revised over time and therefore exist in differentAusführungen (executions), also denoted by the year of introduction.
The issued models of the Swiss Armed Forces are:[33]
Soldier Knives are issued to every recruit or member of the Swiss Armed Forces and the knives issued toofficers have never differed from those issued tonon-commissioned officers andprivates.[34] A model incorporating a corkscrew and scissors was produced as an officer's tool, but was deemed not "essential for survival". Officers were free to purchase it individually on their own account.[3]
The Soldier Knife model 1890 had aspear pointblade,reamer,can-opener, screwdriver and grips made out of oak wood scales (handles) that were treated withrapeseed oil for greater toughness and water-repellency, which made them black in color.
The wooden grips of the Modell 1890 tended to crack and chip so in 1901 these were changed to a hard reddish-brown fiber similar in appearance to wood.
The knife was 100 mm (3.9 in) long, 20.5 mm (0.81 in) thick and weighed 144 g (5.1 oz).[35]
The Soldier Knife model 1908 had aclip point blade rather than the 1890s spear point blade, still with the fiber scales, carbon steel tools, nickel-silver bolster, liners, and divider.
The knife was 100 mm (3.9 in) long, 16.5 mm (0.65 in) thick and weighed 125 g (4.4 oz). The contract with the Swiss Army split production equally between the Victorinox and Wenger companies.[35]
The soldier Knife model 1951 had fiber scales, nickel-silver bolsters, liners, and divider, and a spear point blade.
This was the first Swiss Armed Forces issue model where the tools were made of stainless steel. The screwdriver now had a scraper arc on one edge. The knife was 93 mm (3.7 in) long, 13.5 mm (0.53 in) thick and weighed 90 g (3.2 oz).[36]
The Soldier Knife model 1961 has a 93 mm (3.7 in) longknurledalox handle with the Swiss crest, adrop point blade, a reamer, a blade combiningbottle opener,screwdriver, andwire stripper, and a combined can-opener and small screwdriver. The knife was 12 mm (0.47 in) thick and weighed 72 g (2.5 oz)
The 1961 model also contains a brass spacer, which allows the knife, with the screwdriver and the reamer extended simultaneously, to be used to assemble theSIG 550 andSIG 510 assault rifles: the knife serves as a restraint to thefiring pin during assembly of thelock.
The Soldier Knife model 1961 was manufactured only by Victorinox and Wenger and was the first issued knife bearing theSwiss Coat of Arms on the handle.[citation needed]
In 2007 the Swiss Government made a request for new updated soldier knives for the Swiss military for distribution in late 2008. The evaluation phase of the new soldier knife began in February 2008, whenArmasuisse issued an invitation to tender. A total of seven suppliers from Switzerland and other countries were invited to participate in the evaluation process. Functional models submitted by suppliers underwent practical testing by military personnel in July 2008, while laboratory tests were used to assess compliance with technical requirements. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted and the model with the best price/performance ratio was awarded the contract. The order for 75,000 soldier knives plus cases was worth SFr 1.38 million. This equates to a purchase price of SFr 18.40,€12.12,£11.13 in October 2009 per knife plus case.
Victorinox won the contest with a knife based on the One-Hand German Army Knife as issued by the GermanBundeswehr and released in the civilian model lineup with the addition of a toothpick and tweezers stored in the nylon grip scales (side cover plates) as the One-Hand Trekker/Trailmaster model. Mass production of the newSoldatenmesser 08 (Soldier Knife 08) for the Swiss Armed Forces was started in December 2008,[37] and first issued to theSwiss Armed Forces beginning with the first basic training sessions of 2009.[38]
The Soldier Knife 08 has an 111 mm (4.4 in) long ergonomic dual density handle withTPU rubberythermoplastic elastomer non-slip inlays incorporated in the greenPolyamide 6 grip shells and a doubleliner locking system, one-hand 86 mm (3.4 in) long locking partly wavy serratedchisel ground (optimized for right-handed use) drop point blade sharpened to a 24° angle, woodsaw, can opener with small 3 mm (0.12 in) slotted screwdriver, locking bottle opener with large 7 mm (0.28 in) slotted screwdriver and wire stripper/bender, reamer sharpened to a 48° angle, Phillips (PH2) screwdriver and 12 mm (0.47 in) diameter splitkeyring. The Soldier Knife 08 width is 34.5 mm (1.36 in), thickness is 18 mm (0.71 in), overall length opened is 197 mm (7.8 in) and it weighs 131 g (4.6 oz). The Soldier Knife 08 was not manufactured by Wenger.
The armed forces of more than 20 different nations have issued or approved the use of various versions of Swiss army knives made by Victorinox, among them the forces of Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia and the United States (NSN 1095-01-653-1166 Knife, Combat).[39][40]
The Swiss Army knife has been present in space missions carried out byNASA since the late 1970s.
In 1978, NASA sent a letter of confirmation to Victorinox regarding a purchase of 50 knives known as the Master Craftsman model.
In 1985, Edward M. Payton, brother of astronautGary E. Payton, sent a letter to Victorinox, asking about getting a Master Craftsman knife after seeing the one his brother used in space.
There are other stories of repairs conducted in space using a Swiss Army knife.[41]
The term "Swiss Army" currently is aregistered trademark owned by Victorinox AG and its subsidiary, Wenger SA.[9]
The term "Swiss Army knife" has enteredpopular culture as a metaphor for usefulness and adaptability.[42]
The multi-purpose nature of the tool has also inspired a number of othergadgets.[43]
The Swiss Army knife has been added to the collection of theMuseum of Modern Art inNew York andMunich's State Museum of Applied Art for its design.
In both the original television seriesMacGyver as well as its2016 reboot, characterAngus MacGyver frequently uses different Swiss Army knives in various episodes tosolve problems and construct simple objects.[44]
A particularly large Wenger knife model, Wenger 16999, has inspired a large number of humorous reviews onAmazon.[45][46] This model was recognized by Guinness World Records as 'The World's Most Multifunctional Penknife'.[47]
The term "Swiss Army knife" has acquired usage as afigure of speech indicating a multifaceted skillset.
In sports, the term is used to describeutility players who can play multiple positions. For example,Taysom Hill has been nicknamed such because he has playedquarterback,tight end, andspecial teams in theNational Football League.[48][49] In baseball,Michael Lorenzen was called a Swiss Army knife for his ability to be both apitcher andoutfielder.[50]
WhenU.S. District Court for the Southern District of CaliforniaRoger Benitez overturnedCalifornia's30-year-old ban onassault weapons inMiller v. Bonta, he compared the Swiss Army knife to theAR-15 rifle in the first sentence of his opinion,[51]
"Like the Swiss Army Knife, the popular AR-15 rifle is a perfect combination of home defense weapon and homeland defense equipment."
In response,California GovernorGavin Newsom stated that the comparison "completely undermines the credibility of this decision".[52]
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