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Swabian Circle

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Imperial circle of the Holy Roman Empire
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Swabian Circle
Schwäbischer Reichskreis
1500–1808
Coat of arms of Schwäbischer Reichskreis
Coat of arms

The Swabian Circle as at the beginning of the 16th century within theHoly Roman Empire
CapitalUlm
Area 
• 1801
34,314 km2 (13,249 sq mi)
Government
Circle Colonel 
• 1531-1537
Wolfgang von Montfort
• 1556-1562
Wilhelm von Eberstein
• 1563, 1564-1568
Christoph
• 1569-1591
Louis III
• 1622-1628
John Frederick
LegislatureCircle Diet
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Established
1500
• Peace of Westphalia
1648
1806
• Disestablished
1808
Today part ofAustria
Germany
Liechtenstein
Switzerland

TheCircle of Swabia orSwabian Circle (German:Schwäbischer Reichskreis orSchwäbischer Kreis) was animperial circle of theHoly Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former Germanstem-duchy ofSwabia.[1] However, it did not include theHabsburg home territories ofSwabian Austria, the member states of theSwiss Confederacy nor the lands of theAlsace region west of theRhine, which belonged to theUpper Rhenish Circle. TheSwabian League of 1488, a predecessor organization, disbanded in the course of theProtestant Reformation and theThirty Years War in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Administration

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The directors of the Swabian Circle were theBishop of Constance (replaced by themargrave ofBaden after the 1803Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) and the Duke ofWürttemberg; meetings of the circle's diet were usually held at theimperial city ofUlm. Though it was shattered into a multitude of mainly very small states, the circle had an effective government, which, in view of the eastward expansion ofFrance, from 1694 on even maintained its own army based at theKehl fortress.

As of 1792 the Swabian Circle consisted of 88 territories, of which only the Duchy (later Kingdom) of Württemberg, the Margraviate ( later Grand Duchy ) of Baden and theBishopric of Augsburg were of any significance. TheReichsdeputationshauptschluss reduced the number to 41 and the 1806Rheinbundakte to seven (including the territories that had fallen toBavaria).

Composition

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The circle was made up of the following states:

NameType of entityComments
AalenImperial City35th Swabian City,Reichsfreiheit granted by EmperorCharles IV of Luxembourg in 1360.
AugsburgPrince-BishopricEstablished in the 11th century, from the 15th century residence atDillingen with the 25th seat to theReichstag.
AugsburgImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted byRudolph of Habsburg in 1276, 2nd Swabian City.
BadenMargraviateEstablished in 1112, partitioned into Baden-Durlach and Baden-Baden from 1535 to 1771.
Baden-BadenMargraviateSubdivision of Baden from 1535, residence atRastatt from 1705, to Baden-Durlach in 1771. 58th seat to theReichstag.
Baden-DurlachMargraviateSubdivision of Baden from 1535, residence atKarlsruhe from 1715. 60th seat to theReichstag.
Baden-HachbergMargraviateMarkgräflerland territory, inherited by Baden in 1503. 62nd seat to theReichstag.
BaindtImperial Abbey21st Swabian Prelature, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1376.
Biberach an der RißImperial City17th Swabian City,Reichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1281.
BonndorfLordshipAcquired bySt. Blaise's Abbey in 1609 to gainReichsfreiheit.
BopfingenImperial CitySince 1241.
BuchauImperial AbbeyEstablished in 819 byLouis the Pious; 11th Prelatess of the Rhine and 2nd Swabian Countess.
BuchauImperial CitySince the 13th century; 36th Swabian City.
BuchhornImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1275.
ConstancePrince-BishopricEstablished about 585,Reichsfreiheit confirmed byFrederick I Barbarossa in 1155, residence atMeersburg from 1526, 23th seat to theReichstag.
DinkelsbühlImperial CitySince 1351.
EbersteinCountyLine extinct in 1660, inherited byBaden, 10th vote in the Swabian bench.
EglingenLordshipHeld byThurn und Taxis from 1726.
EglofsLordshipHeld by the Counts ofAbensberg from 1661.
ElchingenImperial AbbeyEstablished about 1120, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1485.
EllwangenPrince-ProvostryEstablished in 1460 as successor ofEllwangen Imperial Abbey, 57th seat to theReichstag
EßlingenImperial CitySince 1229.
FuggerFreiherrenAcquired the former County ofKirchberg andWeißenhorn in 1507, ennobled byMaximilian I in 1511, hereditary Imperial counts from 1530.
FürstenbergPrincelycountyVarious territories, established from the bequest ofBerthold V of Zähringen in 1218,Fürstenberg-Baar since 1441;Principality in 1664 with the 90th seat to theReichstag
Fürstenberg-BlumbergCountySubdivision from 1559, again partitioned in 1614.
Fürstenberg-MesskirchCountySubdivision of Fürstenberg-Blumberg from 1614, became main in 1716, inherited byFürstenberg-Fürstenberg in 1744.
Fürstenberg-StühlingenCountySubdivision of Fürstenberg-Blumberg from 1614, became main in 1744.
Fürstenberg-HeiligenbergCountySubdivision from 1559, raised to Principality and main in 1664, extinct in 1716.
GengenbachImperial AbbeyEstablished about 730 bySaint Pirmin, granted toPrince-Bishopric of Bamberg byHenry II in 1007.
GengenbachImperial CitySince 1360.
Giengen an der BrenzImperial CitySince 1391.
GundelfingenLordshipAcquired byBaden in 1507.
GutenzellAbbacy19th Swabian Prelature established in 1237,Reichsfreiheit granted byEmperor Sigismund in 1437.
HausenLordshipTerritory around Hausen Castle, nearBeuron. Acquired byFugger in 1682 following extinction of the line of Lords; toCastell in 1735.
HeggbachImperial Abbey18th Swabian Prelature established in 1231, gainedReichsfreiheit about 1428.
HeilbronnImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted byCharles IV in 1371.
HeiligenbergCounty1st Swabian County, held by theCounts of Fürstenberg from 1535.
HelfensteinCounty6th Swabian County, later purchased by Bavaria after the financial collapse of 1627.
HohenemsCountyReichsfreiheit granted byFerdinand I in 1560, acquired byHabsburg in 1765.
HohengeroldseckCounty948AD to 1634AD then to the House of Kronberg, then held by theHouse of Leyen from 1697, Imperial Counts from 1711,Principality of Leyen in 1806.
HohenhöwenLordshipEstablished in 1415, withStühlingen acquired byPappenheim in 1582, toFürstenberg-Stühlingen in 1639.
HohenzollernCountyCounty of Zollern established in the 11th century, partitioned in 1576.
Hohenzollern-HechingenPrincipalitySubdivision of Hohenzollern from 1576, raised from county in 1623, 82th seat to theReichstag
Hohenzollern-HaigerlochCountyFormer Lordship ofHaigerloch, subdivision of Hohenzollern from 1576, inherited by Hohenzollen-Sigmaringen in 1767.
Hohenzollern-SigmaringenCountySubdivision of Hohenzollern from 1576, raised to principality in 1623, 24th Swabian County
IrseeImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1186, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1694.
IsnyImperial City25th Swabian City from 1365.
JustingenLordshipTerritory around Justingen Castle nearSchelklingen, acquired byWürttemberg in 1751.
KaisheimImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1133, Imperial abbey since 1346.
KaufbeurenImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1286.
KemptenPrince-AbbeyEstablished in 752,Reichsfreiheit granted byHenry IV in 1062, 55th seat to theReichstag.
KemptenImperial City20th Swabian City,Reichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1289.
KinzigtalLordshipTerritory aroundWolfach, held byFürstenberg since 1291.
KlettgauLandgraviateHeld by the Counts ofSulz since 1410, acquired by theHouse of Schwarzenberg in 1698.
KönigseggCountyTerritory aroundGuggenhausen, acquired the Imperial county ofRothenfels in 1565,Freiherren from 1621 as 8th Swabian County, partitioned in 1622.
Königsegg-AulendorfLordshipSubdivision of Königsegg from 1622, Imperial county from 1629, main Königsegg from 1666.
Königsegg-RothenfelsLordshipSubdivision of Königsegg from 1622, Imperial county from 1629.
LeutkirchImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted byAdolf of Nassau in 1293.
LindauImperial AbbeyEstablished about 822, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1466 then ceded to the city.
LindauImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1275, 15th Swabian city.
MainauCommanderyAn administrative grouping of lands held by theTeutonic Order since 1272.
MarchtalImperial AbbeyEstablished about 776, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1500.
MemmingenImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1286.
MeßkirchLordshipHeld by theCounts of Zimmern since 1354, fell to theHouse of Helfenstein in 1594,Fürstenberg-Messkirch from 1627.
MindelheimLordshipHeld by theHouse of Frundsberg since 1467, fell to theDuchy of Bavaria in 1586, held byJohn Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough as Prince of Mindelheim from 1705 to 1714.
MontbéliardPrincely CountyTo the dukes ofWürttemberg with the 80th seat to the Reichstag
NeresheimImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1095,Reichsfreiheit contested by theHouse of Oettingen-Wallerstein, confirmed by theReichskammergericht in 1764.
NördlingenImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted byFrederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1215.
OchsenhausenImperial AbbeyEstablished about 1090, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1495.
OettingenCountyPartitioned in 1522.
Oettingen-OettingenCountySubdivision of Oettingen from 1522, raised to principality in 1674, extinct in 1731.
Oettingen-WallersteinCountySubdivision of Oettingen from 1522, raised to principality in 1774.
Oettingen-SpielbergCountySubdivision of Oettingen-Wallerberg from 1623, raised to principality in 1734.
OffenburgImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1240.
PetershausenImperial AbbeyEstablished in 983 by SaintGebhard of Constance,Reichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
PfullendorfImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1220.
RavensburgImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1278.
ReutlingenImperial CityFrom about 1240.
RoggenburgImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1126, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1482.
Rot an der RotImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1126, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1376.
RothenfelsCountyTerritory aroundImmenstadt held by theCounts of Montfort since 1332, acquired byKönigsegg in 1565.
RottenmünsterImperial Abbey20th Swabian Prelature established in 1224,Reichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1237.
RottweilImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted bySigismund of Luxembourg in 1434, associate of theSwiss Confederacy 1519–1689.
SalemImperial abbeyEstablished about 1134,Reichsfreiheit granted byConrad III of Hohenstaufen in 1142.
SchussenriedImperial AbbeyEstablished byRot an der Rot Abbey in 1183, gainedReichsfreiheit about 1440.
Schwäbisch GmündImperial CitySince about 1250.
Schwäbisch HallImperial CitySince 1280.
SickingenLordshipTerritory in theKraichgau, held by the successors ofImperial KnightFranz von Sickingen,Freiherren from 1606, Imperial counts from 1790.
SöflingenImperial Abbey22nd Swabian Prelature established about 1258 by the Counts of Dillingen, gainedReichsfreiheit againstUlm in 1773.
St George in IsnyImperial Abbey23rd Swabian Prelature established in 1096, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1781.
St Ulrich in AugsburgImperial Abbey6th Rhenish Prelate
StadionCountyReachedReichfreiheit in 1705 by purchasing the Lordship ofThannhausen (not to be confused withTannhausen), split intoStadion-Thannhausen andStadion-Warthausen in 1741.
StaufenLordshipHeld by theFreiherren von Staufen (not related to theHouse of Hohenstaufen), extinct in 1602, then part ofFurther Austria, acquired bySt Blaise's Abbey in 1738.
StühlingenLandgraviateHeld by the Counts ofLupfen since 1251, extinct in 1582, acquired byPappenheim, toFürstenberg-Stühlingen in 1639.
TeckDuchyFormer branch of theHouse of Zähringen, extinct in 1439, ducal title granted toEberhard I of Württemberg byMaximilian I in 1495.
TettnangLordshipHeld by theCounts of Monfort, fell toFurther Austria in 1780.
ThannhausenLordshipReichsfrei territory aroundTannhausen (not to be confused withThannhausen).
ÜberlingenImperial CityReichsfreiheit confirmed about 1400.
UlmImperial City4th Swabian City, gainedReichsfreiheit in the 12th century.
UrsbergImperial AbbeyEstablished about 1128, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1143.
Waldburg-SonnenburgArchstewardshipTerritory aroundNüziders, lordship held by theTruchsess ofWaldburg since 1455,Reichsfreiheit granted byFrederick III of Habsburg in 1463, line extinct in 1511.
Waldburg-TrauchburgArchstewardshipTerritory around Trauchburg castle nearIsny, held by Waldburg since 1306, Imperial county from 1628, extinct in 1772.
Waldburg-ScheerArchstewardshipFormer County of Friedberg aroundScheer castle, held by Waldburg-Sonnenburg since 1454, inherited by Waldburg-Trauchburg in 1511, toThurn und Taxis in 1785.
Waldburg-Wolfegg-ZeilArchstewardshipTerritory around Zeil castle nearLeutkirch, held by Waldburg since 1337, acquiredWolfegg andWaldsee from Waldburg-Trauchburg in 1508, partitioned in 1589.
Waldburg-WolfeggArchstewardshipSubdivision of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Zeil from 1589, Imperial county from 1628, again partitioned in 1667, extinct in 1798.
Waldburg-WaldseeArchstewardshipSubdivision of Waldburg-Wolfegg from 1667, inherited Waldburg-Wolfegg in 1798, raised to principality in 1803.
Waldburg-ZeilArchstewardshipSubdivision of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Zeil from 1589, Imperial county from 1628, again partitoned in 1674, inherited Waldburg-Trauchburg in 1772, raised to principality in 1803.
Waldburg-WurzachArchstewardshipSubdivision of Waldburg-Zeil from 1674, raised to principality in 1803.
WangenImperial CityReichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg in 1286.
WeilImperial CitySince about 1275.
WeingartenImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1056 by DukeWelf I of Bavaria, gainedReichsfreiheit in 1274.
WeißenauImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1145, gainedReichsfreiheit about 1257.
WettenhausenPrince-ProvostryEstablished in 1130.
WiesensteigLordshipHeld by theHouse of Helfenstein, partitioned betweenFürstenberg and theDuchy of Bavaria in 1627.
WimpfenImperial CitySince about 1300.
WürttembergDuchyCounty ofWirtemberg established in the 12th century, raised to duchy in 1495 by Maximilian I, 52th seat to theReichstag.
Zell am HarmersbachImperial CitySince the 14th century.
ZwiefaltenImperial AbbeyEstablished in 1089, gainedReichsfreiheit from Württemberg in 1750.

References

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  1. ^Miller, Douglas (2019-12-19).The Army of the Swabian League 1525. Helion and Company.ISBN 978-1-80451-703-1. Retrieved2025-06-18.

External links

[edit]
Holy Roman EmpireSwabian Circle (1500–1806) of theHoly Roman Empire
Ecclesiastical
Map indicating the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire
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Prelates
Counts /Lords
Cities
Created in 1500
The ten Reichskreise
Created in 1512
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