During theZhou dynasty, a settlement known as Gusu after nearby Mount Gusu (Chinese:姑苏山;pinyin:Gūsūshān) became the capital of thestate ofWu.[19] From this role, it also came to be called Wu as well. In 514BC,King Helü of Wu established a new capital nearby at Helü City and this grew into the modern city. During theWarring States period, Helü City continued to serve as the local seat of government. From the areas it administered, it became known as Wuxian (lit. "Wu County") and Wujun ("Wu Commandery").[20] Under theQin, it was known as Kuaiji after its greatly enlarged commandery, which was named for thereputed resting place ofYu the Great near modernShaoxing inZhejiang.
The name "Suzhou" was first officially used for the city in AD 589 during theSui dynasty.Su (蘇 or苏) in its name is a contraction of the old name Gusu. It refers to "Satisfied place" in the Old Yue language. Thezhou州 originally meantsomething like a province or county (cf.Guizhou), but often came to be usedmetonymously for the capital of such a region (cf.Guangzhou,Hangzhou, etc.).[21] Suzhou is theHanyu Pinyin spelling of the Putonghua pronunciation of the name. Prior to the adoption of pinyin, it was variouslyromanized as Soo-chow, Suchow, or Su-chow.[22][23]
Suzhou, the cradle ofWu culture,[24][25] is one of the oldest towns in theYangtze Basin. By theSpring and Autumn period of the Zhou, local Baiyue tribes named theGou Wu are recorded living in the area which would become the modern city of Suzhou. These tribes formed villages on the edges of the hills above the wetlands surroundingLake Tai.
Sima Qian'sRecords of the Grand Historian records traditional accounts that theZhou lordTaibo established thestate of Wu at nearby Wuxi during the 11th centuryBC, civilizing the local people and improving their agriculture and mastery of irrigation.[26] The Wu court later moved to Gusu within the area of modern Suzhou. In 514BC,[27] King Helü of Wu relocated his court nearby and called the settlement Helü City after himself. His ministerWu Zixu was closely involved with its planning and it was this site that grew into present-day Suzhou. The height of his tower on Gusu Hill (Gusutai) passed into Chinese legend. In 496BC, King Helü was buried atTiger Hill. In 473BC, Wu was defeated and annexed byYue, a kingdom to its southeast; Yue was annexed in turn byChu in 306BC. Remnants of the ancient kingdom include pieces of its 2,500-year-old city wall and the gate through it atPan Gate.
During theWarring States period, Suzhou was the seat of WuCounty (吳縣, Wú xiàn) andCommandery[29](吳郡,Wú jùn). Following theQin Empire's conquest of the area in 222BC, it was made the capital ofKuaiji Commandery, including lands stretching from the south bank of theYangtze to the unconquered interior ofMinyue in southern Zhejiang. Amid thecollapse of the Qin, Kuaiji's governor Yin Tong attempted to organize his own rebellion only to be betrayed and executed byXiang Liang and his nephewXiang Yu, who launched their own rebellion from the city.
Aerial panorama of Suzhou in 2023 and the Grand Canal that runs through it
When theGrand Canal was completed, Suzhou found itself strategically located on a major trade route,[22] serving as the regional metropolis of industry and foreign commerce on the southeastern coast of China. During theTang dynasty, the great poetBai Juyi constructed the Shantang Canal (better known as "Shantang Street") to connect the city with Tiger Hill for tourists.[30] In AD1035, theSuzhou Confucian Temple was founded by famed poet and writerFan Zhongyan. It became a venue for theimperial civil examinations and then developed into the modernSuzhou High School in the 1910s.
After February 1130, riots and unrest disrupted Suzhou.[31]
After 1229, Suzhou became a commercial center.[32]: 85 In 1356, Suzhou became the capital ofZhang Shicheng, King ofWu. In 1367, Zhang's rivalZhu Yuanzhang took the city after a 10-month siege. Zhu – who was soon to proclaim himself the first emperor of theMing dynasty – demolished the old city walls at the center of Suzhou's walled city and imposed crushing taxes on the city and prefecture's powerful families.[33] Despite the heavy taxation and the forced exile of some prominent citizens' south, Suzhou was soon prosperous again. During the early Ming, Suzhou Prefecture supervised the Yangtzeshoals which later becameShanghai'sChongming Island.[34] For centuries the city, with its surroundings as an economic base, represented an extraordinary source of tax revenue.[35]
After theQing occupied the area in 1644 and 1645, it was reorganized asJiangnan Province, whose "Right" Governor controlled its easternprefectures from Suzhou until the division of Jiangnan into the separate provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui at some point during the reign of theQianlong Emperor. TheTaipings captured the city in 1860. Many of its former buildings and gardens were "almost... a heap of ruins"[22] by the time of their recovery byCharles Gordon'sEver-Victorious Army in November 1863.[23] Nonetheless, by 1880, its population was estimated to have recovered to about 500,000,[22] which remained stable for the next few decades.[23] In the late 19th century, the town was particularly known for its wide range ofsilks and its Chinese-language publishing industry.[22] The town was first opened to direct foreign trades by theTreaty of Shimonoseki ending theFirst Sino-Japanese War[23] and by themost favored nation clauses of earlierunequal treaties with theGreat Powers. The new expatriates opened a European-and-Chinese school in 1900 and theSuzhou railway station, connecting it withShanghai, opened[23] on 16 July 1906. Just prior toWorld War I, there were 7000 silk looms in operation, as well as a cotton mill and a large trade in rice.[23]
Excerpt fromProsperous Suzhou byXu Yang, small section of a 1225 cm (482 in) panoramic painting of the city in 1759
As late as the early 20th century, much of the city consisted of islands connected by rivers, creeks, and canals to the surrounding countryside.[23] Prior to their demolition, the city walls ran in a circuit of about 10 miles (16 km) with four large suburbs lying outside.[23] TheJapanese invaded in 1937, and many gardens were again devastated by the end of the war. In the early 1950s, restoration was done on theHumble Administrator's Garden and theLingering Garden.
Suzhou is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, administratively divided into six urban districts and four county-level cities. The city's urban core, Gusu District, is historically known as the "Old Town" and preserves Suzhou's iconic canals, classical gardens, and cultural heritage. Established in 2016 through the merger of three former districts (Canglang, Pingjiang, and Jinchang), Gusu remains the political and cultural heart of the city.
To the east of Gusu lies Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), a nationally designated economic zone established in 1994 through a landmark China-Singapore partnership.[37] To the west, the Suzhou High-Tech District serves as a hub for technology and innovation, founded in 1992.
The city's administrative structure expanded significantly in the 21st century: In 2000, the former Wu County was abolished and split into Xiangcheng District (north) and Wuzhong District (south). In 2012, Wujiang City, a former county-level city, was incorporated as Wujiang District, strengthening Suzhou's governance over Taihu Lake's eastern shores.[38]
Suzhou's economic prosperity is bolstered by its integrated network of county-level cities, which operate with significant autonomy under the prefecture-level administration. These include: Kunshan: A global manufacturing powerhouse and home to China's first county-level economy to exceed RMB 500 billion GDP (2022).[39] Taicang: A major port and hub for over 500 German-invested industries.[40] Changshu: Known for textiles, machinery, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Mount Yushan).[41] Zhangjiagang: A leading ecological city and river port on the Yangtze.
Together, Suzhou's districts and county-level cities form one of China's most economically dynamic regions, hosting over 16,000 high-tech enterprises (as of 2023) and contributing to around 20% of Jiangsu Province's GDP.[42]
Suzhou (coordinates: 31°18′6.1″N 120°34′51.9″E)[44] is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Jiangsu Province, China, situated within the Yangtze River Delta—one of the world's most economically dynamic regions. The city lies on the Lake Tai Plain, a fertile alluvial basin bordered by Lake Tai (Taihu) to tflrhe southwest, China's third-largest freshwater lake (2,578 km2),[45] and the Yangtze Riverto the north. Suzhou covers a total area of 8,657.32 square kilometers.[46] The terrain is predominantly low-lying and flat, crossed by numerous rivers and lakes. The majority of Lake Tai (Taihu)’s surface area lies within Suzhou's boundaries. Rivers, lakes, and mudflats collectively account for 36.6% of the city's total land area,[47] solidifying its reputation as a Jiangnan water town (a region south of the Yangtze River renowned for its aquatic landscapes).
Suzhou features low-lying and flat terrain, with plains accounting for 53.7% of its total area.[48] The city is part of two first-level natural geographic regions—the Yangtze River Delta Plain and the Taihu Lake Plain—which are further divided into four second-level zones: the Yangtze River Coastal Plain and Sandbar Area, the Suxi (Suzhou-Wuxi) Plain Area, the Taihu Lake and Lakeside Hilly Area, and the Yangcheng—Dianmao Lowland Area.
The landform is characterized by gentle plains. Suzhou's terrain is uniformly low-lying, sloping gradually from west to east. The elevation of its plains ranges between 3–4 meters, while areas around Yangcheng Lake and Wujiang drop to approximately 2 meters.
Low mountains and hills are scattered sporadically, typically reaching heights of 100–350 meters, concentrated in the western mountainous regions and Taihu Lake islands. Notable peaks include: Qionglong Mountain (342 meters, the highest), Nanyang Mountain (338 meters), Misty Peak of West Dongting Mountain (336 meters), Moli Peak of East Dongting Mountain (293 meters), Qizi Mountain (294 meters), Tianping Mountain (201 meters), Lingyan Mountain (182 meters), Yuyang Mountain (171 meters), Yushan Mountain (262 meters), Tan Mountain (252 meters).[49]
The ancient city of Suzhou is renowned for its intricate network of rivers, canals, and densely clustered lakes. Notable water bodies include Taihu Lake (太湖) and Caohu Lake (漕湖) in the west; Dianshan Lake (淀山湖) and Chenghu Lake (澄湖) in the east; Kuncheng Lake (昆承湖) in the north; and Yangcheng Lake (阳澄湖), Jinji Lake (金鸡湖), and Dushu Lake (独墅湖) in the central region. The Yangtze River and the Grand Canal traverse the city's northern area. Water from Taihu Lake flows northward into the Yangtze River and eastward through the Dianmao wetlands (淀泖地区) into the Huangpu River, while the Grand Canal enters from the west at Wangting (望亭) and exits southward at Shengze (盛泽). Historically, the "Three Rivers" (三江) drained directly to the sea, but today their waters merge into the Huangpu River, forming Suzhou's three major hydrological systems. Crisscrossed by countless waterways, Suzhou is celebrated as the “Water Capital”, “Aquatic City”, and “Jiangnan Water Town”, famously dubbed the “Venice of the East” in the 13th-century The Travels of Marco Polo.[48][32]: 85
Suzhou has a four-seasonhumid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and cool, cloudy, damp winters with occasional snowfall (Köppen climate classificationCfa). Northwesterly winds blowing fromSiberia during winter can cause temperatures to fall below freezing at night, while southerly or southwesterly winds during the summer can push temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F). The average annual temperature is 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The hottest temperature recorded since 1951 atWuzhong District was at 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 7 August 2013,[50][51][52][53] and the lowest at −9.8 °C (14.4 °F) on 16 January 1958.[54][55]
Climate data for Suzhou (Wuzhong District), elevation 8 m (26 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
The Suzhou section of the Jiangnan Canal,Grand Canal (China), includes ten city gates and over 20 stone bridges of traditional design and historic areas that have been well preserved, as well as temples and pavilions.Xinshi Bridge is a bridge that has been built over this canal.[62][63][64] There are a full 24 waterways in Suzhou near the Grand Canal.[65]
In 2015, both 800-year-old Pingjiang Road Historical Block (平江路) and 1,200-year-old Shantang Street Scenic Area (山塘街) were added to the list of China's "National Historic and Cultural Streets".[66][67]
Pingjiang Road runs parallel to the Pingjiang River for 1.5 kilometers and is lined with homes and some teahouses. Shantang Street, over twice as long at 3.8 km, is described by theBBC as retaining "the alluring qualities of an old canal-side street: whitewashed buildings are completed by red-tasseled lanterns that swing softly in the breeze, adding to the charm of the river bank".[65]
Boat tours are offered on the waterways of this city that was dubbed the "Venice of the East" byMarco Polo because of its criss-crossing canals and stone bridges.[68][69] The Grand Canal (from Beijing to Zhejiang province) is a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.
Gate to the East is a 301.8-meter, 74-story skyscraper in Suzhou's central business district, built in 2015 at a cost of US$700 million and is currently the tallest building in Suzhou.[72]
Suzhou IFS is a 450-meter-tall (1,480 ft) building home to 95 floors near Gate to the East. You can see the tower from Huqiu, which is a special tourist attraction in Suzhou.
Pan Gate is on the southwest corner of the Main Canal or encircling canal of Suzhou. Originally built during theWarring States period in the state of Wu, historians estimate it to be around 2,500 years old. It is now part of thePan Gate Scenic Area. It is known for the "three landmarks of Pan Gate". They are theRuiguang Pagoda, the earliest pagoda in Suzhou built in 247BC, theWu Gate Bridge, the entrance to the gate at that time over the water passage and the highest bridge in Suzhou at the time, and thePan Gate. The Ruigang Pagoda is constructed of brick with wooden platforms and has Buddhist carvings at its base.
Baodai Bridge stretches across the Tantai Lake in the suburbs of Suzhou. To raise money to finance the bridge, the magistrate donated his expensive belt, hence the name. The bridge was first built in 806 A.D. in theTang dynasty and has 53 arches with a length of 317 meters. It was made out of stone fromJinshan Mountain and is the longest standing bridge of its kind in China. The bridge was included on the list of national monuments (resolution 5–285) in 2001.
Tiger Hill is known for its natural environment and historical sites. The hill is so named because it is said to look like a crouching tiger. Another legend states that a white tiger appeared on the hill to guard it following the burial The hill has been a tourist destination for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, as is evident from the poetry and calligraphy carved into rocks on the hill. The Song dynasty poet,Su Shi said, "It is a lifelong pity if having visited Suzhou you did not visit Tiger Hill."
Yunyan Pagoda (or Huqiu Tower), built in 961, is aChinese pagoda built on Tiger Hill in Suzhou. It has several other names, including the "Leaning Tower of China" (as referred to by historian O.G. Ingles)[73] and the Yunyan Temple Tower. The tower rises to a height of 47 m (154 ft). It is a seven-story octagonal building built with blue bricks. In more than a thousand years the tower has gradually slanted due to forces of nature. Now the top and bottom of the tower vary by 2.32 meters. The entire structure weighs some 7,000,000 kilograms (15,000,000 lb), supported by internal brick columns.[74] However, the tower leans roughly 3 degrees due to the cracking of two supporting columns.[74]
Beisi Pagoda or North Temple Pagoda is a Chinese pagoda at Bao'en Temple in Suzhou. It rises nine stories in a height of 76 m (249 ft). It is the tallest Chinese pagoda south of the Yangtze river.
Twin Pagodas (simplified Chinese:苏州双塔;traditional Chinese:蘇州雙塔) lie in the Dinghui Temple Lane in the southeastern corner of the city proper of Suzhou. They are artistic and natural as they are close at hand. One of them is called "Clarity-Dispensing Pagoda," and the other, the "Beneficence Pagoda"; they are in the same form of architecture. There are many legends about this one-thousand-year-old pagodas. It is charming that the exquisite and straight Twin Pagoda look like two inserted writing brushes. There was originally a single-story house with three rooms just like a writing brush holder with the shadows of the two pagodas reclining on its roof at sunset. To the east of the pagoda is a square five-story bell building built in the Ming dynasty which appears exactly like a thick ink stick. So there is a saying that "the Twin Pagodas are as writing brushes while the bell building as ink stick".
As a result of its recent rapid population increase, healthcare demand in Suzhou is increasing rapidly. In July 2019,Washington University School of Medicine announced a collaboration with Huici Health Management Co., and theXiangcheng District, to open the new Huici Medical Center, which will include a 1,000-bed hospital for adult and pediatric patients. Once the hospital is unveiled,Washington University doctors inSt. Louis will be able to provide long-distance health-care services to patients in China through atelemedicine program.[75][76]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(August 2025)
Suzhou's economy is based primarily on its large manufacturing sector—China's first largest(from 2020)—including iron and steel, IT and electronic equipment, and textile products. The city's service sector is notably well-developed, primarily owing to tourism, which brought in a total of RMB 152 billion of revenue in 2013. Suzhou's overall GDP exceeded RMB 1.3 trillion in 2013 (up 9.6 percent from the year previous).[79]
The city is also one of China's foremost destinations for foreign investment, based on its relative proximity to Shanghai and comparatively low operating costs. The municipal government has enacted various measures to encourageFDI in a number of manufacturing (e.g. pharmaceutical, electronic goods, automobile) and service (e.g. banking, logistics, research services) sectors. Included among these measures is a preferential tax policy for limited partnership venture capital enterprises in the Suzhou Industrial Park.[79]
Suzhou is a highly developed economic region in China and is the economic centre, industrial, commercial and logistical hub city of Jiangsu province, as well as an important financial, cultural, artistic, educational and transportation centre.
In 2013, total grain production reached 1,311,200 tonnes, a decrease of 2.9%. Grain supply was effectively guaranteed through the vigorous construction of commodity grain production bases, wholesale grain markets and reserve systems.[80]
Suzhou has a long history of reelingsilkworms and has always been an important base for silk production in China. Since the Song and Yuan dynasties, Suzhou has been one of the centres of silk weaving and dyeing in the country, and in theMing dynasty, Suzhou silk was praised as the "clothing of the world".[81]
The Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) is the largest cooperative project between the Chinese and Singaporean governments. It is besideJinji Lake, which lies to the east of the Suzhou Old City. On 26 February 1994, Vice PremierLi Lanqing and Senior MinisterLee Kuan Yew, representing China and Singapore respectively, signed an agreement to jointly develop Suzhou Industrial Park (originally called the Singapore Industrial Park). The project officially commenced on 12 May in the same year. SIP has a jurisdiction area of 288 km2 (111 sq mi), of which, the China-Singapore cooperation area covers 80 km2 (31 sq mi) with a planned residential population of 1.2 million.[82]
SIP is home to the Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, an area of universities and higher education institutions, includingSoochow University andXi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University. Suzhou Industrial Park is also a popular residential district for many foreigners who work and live in Suzhou, as well as 'new Suzhou' residents who migrate to the area in search of work opportunities.
The Suzhou Industrial Park Export Processing Zone was approved to be established by the government in April 2000, with a planning area of 2.9 km2 (1.1 sq mi). It is in Suzhou Industrial Park set up by China and Singapore. Inside the Export Processing Zone, all the infrastructures are of high standard.[83]
The Suzhou New District was established in 1990. In November 1992, the zone was approved to be the national-level hi-tech industrial zone. By the end of 2007, foreign-invested companies had a registered capital worth of US$13 billion, of which US$6.8 billion was paid in. SND hosts now more than 1,500 foreign companies. Some 40 Fortune 500 companies set up 67 projects in the district.[84]
Suzhou is on the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor which carries three parallel railways.Suzhou railway station, near the city center, is among the busiest passenger stations in China. It is served by theBeijing–Shanghai railway (mostly "conventional" trains to stations throughout China) and theShanghai-Nanjing intercity railway (high-speed D- and G-series trains providing frequent service primarily between Shanghai and Nanjing). It takes only 25 minutes to reachShanghai railway station on the fastest G-series trains and less than 1 hour to Nanjing.
Other stations on the Beijing–Shanghai railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway serve other points in the same corridor within Suzhou Prefecture-level city, such as Kunshan. In between Suzhou andKunshan South railway station,Suzhou Industrial Park railway station is also an important station for people visiting and living in the areas.
The northern part of the prefectural area, including Zhangjiagang, Changshu and Taicang, were the last areas to be connected by rail; theShanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway reached there in 2020.[86]
Port of Suzhou, on the right bank of the Yangtze River, dealt with 428 million tons of cargo and 5.86 millionTEU containers in 2012, which made it the busiest inland river port in the world by annual cargo tonnage and container volume.[87][88]
Wuxi Shuofang Airport, located 20 kilometers from Suzhou city center in the neighboring city of Wuxi, is the closest airport to Suzhou with commercial service.
TheSuzhou Metro currently has nine lines in operation and one line in construction. The masterplan consists of nine independent lines.Line 1 started operation on 28 April 2012,Line 2 started operation on 28 December 2013,[89] andLine 4 started operation in 2017.Line 5 began operation in June 2021, followed byLine 11 in June 2023, which connects toLine 11 of theShanghai Metro. The 3 most recent lines all opened in 2024:Line 6 in June,Line 8 in September, and finallyLine 7 in December.
Suzhou has public bus routes that run into all parts of the city. Fares are flat rated, usually 1 Yuan for a non-air-conditioned bus and 2 Yuan for an air-conditioned one.[citation needed] TheSuzhou BRT, a 25-kilometer (16 mi)-longbus rapid transit system opened in 2008, operates 5 lines using elevated busways and bus-only lanes throughout the city.
The Yunyan Pagoda, orHuqiu Tower, a tower that is now leaning due to lack of foundational support (half soil, half rock), built during the latter part of theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era (907–960 AD)The "xi shi" stone bridge
Opera:Kunqu originated in the Suzhou region, as does the much laterSuzhou Opera.Ballad-singing, or Suzhoupingtan, is a local form of storytelling that mixes singing (accompanied by thepipa andsanxian) with portions in spoken dialect.
Silk: throughout China's Imperial past, Suzhou silk has been associated with high-quality silk products, supplying silks to ancient royal families. By the 13th century, Suzhou was already the center of the profitable silk trade.
Song brocade: Suzhou Song-style brocade is one of China's three famous brocades, together with Nanjing Yun brocade and Sichuan Shu brocade.[90] This Song-style brocade, made of silk, has a thin yet strong material with flashy colors, exquisite patterns, and soft texture.[91] Suzhou's brocade production can be traced back to theFive Dynasties. It prospered in theSong dynasty. After the government moved the capital southward, the country's political and cultural center moved to theYangtze River area.
Suzhou is the original place of "Jasmine", a song sung by Chinese singers or actresses thousands of times on the occasions of almost every important meetings or celebrations. Jasmine is the symbol of Suzhou as well as Tai Hu Lake.
Suzhou Gardens: Gardens in Suzhou have an ancient history. The first garden in Suzhou belonged to the emperor of Wu State in Spring and Autumn period (600 BC). More than 200 gardens existed in Suzhou between the 16th and 18th centuries. Gardens in Suzhou were built according to the style of Chinese paintings. Every view in a garden can be seen as a piece of Chinese painting and the whole garden is a huge piece of Chinese paintings. At present, the Humble Administrator's Garden, built in 16th, is the largest private garden in Suzhou. It belonged to by Wang Xianchen, an imperial censor.[citation needed]
Suzhou embroidery together with embroidery of Hunan, Sichuan and Guangdong are called as the "Four Famous Embroideries". Suzhou tapestry method is done in fine silks and gold thread. Other art forms found in this area are sculpture, Song brocade, jade and rosewood carving. Suzhou embroidery, acknowledged as a cultural heritage, has involved many cultural practitioners in advancing technology and skills with ICH-resources to better engage in economic pursuits.[93]
The Suzhou Museum has a rich collection of relics from many eras. The collection includes revolutionary records, stele carving, folk customs, drama and verse, Suzhou embroidery, silk cloth, gardens, coins and Buddhist artifacts.[94]
The Suzhou Silk Weaving Technique Inheritance Center, operating under the auspices of the municipal cultural authorities, is dedicated to the live transmission of theIntangible cultural heritage ofSong brocade andKesi weaving. It pairs master artisans with apprentices in a workshop setting that is partially open to the public for observation, ensuring the continuity of these complex craft skills.[96]
Tang Yin (唐寅) (1470–1524) one of the most renowned painter in China history, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming dynasty, better known by his courtesy nameTang Bohu (Chinese:唐伯虎)[97]
Weng Tonghe (翁同龢) (1830–1904) Chinese Confucian scholar and imperial tutor of theTongzhi andGuangxu emperors in the lateQing dynasty, who is one of the most obdurate old guard defending the traditionalConfucianism practices while being stubbornly against reform efforts to westernise the country.[98]
Cheng Kaijia (程开甲) (1918–2018) A nuclear physicist and engineer. One of the key figure in China's nuclear weapons development and a founding father of theTwo Bombs, One Satellite project.
Tsung-Dao Lee (李政道) (1926–2024) Physicist, who won theNobel Prize in Physics in 1957 at the age of 30, for his work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions.[101]
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