Lee Chan-yeol (DPK) Electoral District A Baek Hye-ryeon (DPK) Electoral District B Kim Yeong-jin (DPK) Electoral District C Park Kwang-on (DPK) Electoral District D Kim Jin-pyo (DPK) Electoral District E
Suwon (Korean: 수원;Korean pronunciation:[sʰu.wʌn]) is the largest city and capital ofGyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital,Seoul. With a population of 1.2 million,[4] Suwon has more inhabitants thanUlsan,[4][5] though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.[6]
Traditionally known as the 'City ofFilial Piety',[7] modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul,[8] with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015.[9]
Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home toSamsung Electronics, Korea's largest and most profitable company.[10] The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong District in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016.[11] Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University,[12] which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football teamSuwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won theK League four times[13] and the Asian Super Cup twice.[14][15] The city is also home to the K League 1 teamSuwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz.
Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University.[16] It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.
Suwon means literally "water source".[17] The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning.[18][19] The name originally comes from the name of the stateletMosuguk [ko], from around theProto–Three Kingdoms period.[18] Afterwards, the area and what is nowHwaseong were together calledMaehol,Maetkol, orMulgol (매홀; 맷골; 물골;買忽).[20][18] In757 CE, the name was changed toSusŏng-gun (수성군;水城郡;lit. Susŏng County),[20][18] in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name.[19] In 940, its name was changed toSu-ju (수주;水州;lit. Su Province).[20][18] In the 11th century, it went by eitherSusŏng (different Hanja:隋城) orHannam (한남;漢南;lit. south of Han).[18] In 1310, it received the nameSuwon.[18]
In English, the name was formerly often spelt'Sou-wen'.[21]
The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at the latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.[18] One location where these materials have been found is atYeogisan [ko], which is now amonument of Gyeonggi Province [ko].[18]
It became part ofGoryeo after a military campaign led by KingTaejo.[18] In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part ofJoseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center ofGyeonggi Province.[18]
Until the late 18th century, Suwon's administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong,Hwaseong).[22][18] In 1796,King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan.[22][18] To protect this new city, he commanded the building ofHwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.[23]
An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.[18]
On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.[18][24]
Hwaseong Fortress in the Korean War
When theKorean War began, the United States Air Force49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea[25] with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon andGimpo.[26] While on this mission, on27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuingBattle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war.[27] Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later whileGeneral Douglas MacArthur was on site.[28] Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on4 July 1950.[29] The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, theBattle of Osan.
North KoreanT-34-85 caught on a bridge south of Suwon by US attack aircraft in the Korean War
North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed.[30] Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officerDonald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.[31][32][33]
Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.[34]
While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on16 December 1950, theGreek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to theUS 1st Cavalry Division.[35] The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilotGabby Gabreski was placed in charge ofSuwon Air Base.[26][36]
US 51st Fighter Interceptor Wing at Suwon Air Base, 1952
A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit.[37] This was renovated in 2013.[38]
In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon.[39][18] Seoul had left the province in 1949.[40] When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day (수원시민의 날). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (nowHwaseong Cultural Festival [ko]) was established to celebrate the occasion.[18]
Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun.[41] In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin.[42][18] In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong.[43][44][18]Gwonseon District andPaldal District were established in 1988.[18] It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994,[45][18] and again from Hwaseong in 1995.[18] It establishedYeongtong District in 2003.[18]
In preparation for the construction of a new planned cityGwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007[46][47] and 2019.[48][49] Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.[50]
Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities ofUiwang to the north-west,Yongin to the east,Hwaseong to the south-west, andAnsan to the west.[51] Suwon is near theYellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft)Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo[52] in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive theworld's largest tidal power station.[53]
Suwon is primarily composed ofPrecambrian metamorphic rock. It hasamphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from theMesozoic Era.[54]
Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from theJurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz,plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.[54]
Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed ofquartz,feldspar,biotite,amphibole, andmuscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.[54]
Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergonesilicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.[54]
Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong,Hwaseong. This is a20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.[54]
While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point isGwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin.[55]
Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon,Suwoncheon,Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards.[56] After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea atAsan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.[57]
Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland,[58] Suwon's lakes are small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs areChungmanje [ko], otherwise known as Seoho (서호) near Hwaseo Station;[59] Irwol Reservoir (일원 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir (밤밭 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University Station;[60]Manseokkeo [ko], otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir (일왕 저수지) in Manseok Park;[61] Pajang Reservoir (파장 저수지) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway;Gwanggyo Reservoir [ko] (광교 저수지) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (하광교 소류지) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (원천 저수지,신대 저수지) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir (금곡 저수지), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation.[62] Wangsong Reservoir (왕송 저수지), on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.[63]
The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier,[65] and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.[66]
Climate data for Suwon (1991–2020 normals, 1964–2023 extremes)
The city is composed of fourgu (districts).[16]Jangan District (장안구) andGwonseon District (권선구) were established on1 July 1988. On1 February 1993, parts of Jangan District and Gwonseon District became a new district,Paldal District (팔달구). The newest district isYeongtong District (영통구), which separated from Paldal District on24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42dong.[70]
Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil[71] andGwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011.[72]
Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).[4]
Mireukdang (미륵당), a small shrine toMaitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.[78][79]
Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.[80]
Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens.[83] Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong),[84] Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong),[85] and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong).[86] Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong).[87] There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong),[88] and there are two international schools in the city:Gyeonggi Suwon International School[89] and Suwon Chinese International School (수원화교중정소학교;水原華僑中正小學)[90]
Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge.[91] Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% throughrainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.[92]
Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart.[93]
PM10 sources on the Suwon–Yongin border:
Soil (25.4%)
Secondary sulphate (produced in the atmosphere by photochemical processes acting on sulphuric compounds) (22.1%)
Industry and oil combustion (13.8%)
Secondary nitrate (produced by oxidation of some volatile organic compounds) (12.3%)
The largest employer in Suwon isSamsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969.[94] Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club[95] and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon.[96][97][98][99] Other major companies in Suwon includeSK Chemical,[100]Samsung SDI,[101] andSamsung Electro-Mechanics.[102]
Samsung Electronics On September 1, 1973, Samsung Electronics moved its headquarters from Euljiro, Seoul to Suwon. This was to establish an electronic components facility process with Japan's SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. As a result, the status of Suwon City grew along with the growth of Samsung Electronics.
Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[23] The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls,[103] but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls,[23] and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.[104]
Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopherChŏng Yagyong.[23] Workers were paid for their labor for one of the first times in Korea's history,corvée labor having been common previously.[105] Construction details were meticulously recorded in the textHwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (화성 성역 의궤).[106] This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.[23]
SuwonHyanggyo (수원향교;水原鄕校) was a government-run school andConfucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province.[107] The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built.[108] The school houses memorial tablets toConfucius,Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.[109] It is open to the public on weekdays from9 a.m. till5 p.m., but it is closed at weekends.[108]
Bugugwon (부국원), built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugugwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic.[110] Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.[111]
Adams Memorial Hall [ko] served as a focal point for theindependence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under PastorWilliam Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and residents. Here, independence activists including ParkSeon-tae and LeeDeuk-su met weekly to discuss their activities.[112]
As is typical of urban South Korea,[clarification needed] Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations.[113]
Since 2013, Suwon has been home to the professional baseball teamKT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University untilSuwon Baseball Stadium remodeling was completed in time for their elevation to theKBO League in 2015.[118] The stadium was previously the home of theHyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season.[119]
Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams,Samsung Thunders andSamsung Life Blueminx respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001,[96][97] while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin.[98][99] Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, whenKT Sonicboom relocated from Busan to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium).[120]
Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps.[127] It is located at92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from10 a.m. to5 p.m.[127] Suwon's second national museum, the National Agricultural Museum of Korea, opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022.[128] It is located at154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from10 a.m. till6 p.m.[129]
There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at21 Changnyong-daero, Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualizing and explaining the construction of Hwaseong.[130] Another smaller museum,Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention.[131] Built privately in 2007 at463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets.[131] Ownership of Haewoojae was transferred to the city council in 2009.[132]
Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong.[133][134] Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon District, five in Jangan District, six in Paldal District, and nine in Yeongtong District.[133] The council also plans to build another in Imok-dong.[135]
Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum (일월 수목원) and Yeongheung Arboretum (영흥 수목원). These opened simultaneously on19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively.[136][137] The 10.15-hectare (25.1-acre) Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over 14.6 hectares (36 acres).[137] There are also 338 parks scattered through the city.[138] Some of these, e.g.,Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, andManseok Park, contain sizeable lakes.[139]
Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals,[140] while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions.[141]
Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo (경기일보) in Jangan District, and the Kyeongin Ilbo (경인일보) and Suwon Daily (수원일보) in Paldal District.[142]
National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong District. These are open to visits by appointment.[143]
Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches ofCGV (in Ha-dong, Ingye-dong, and Jowon-dong,[144] Hwaseo-dong[145]); four branches ofLotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong, Geumgok-dong, Iui-dong, and Seodun-dong[146]); and six branches ofMegabox (in Gwonseon-dong, Haenggung-dong, Homaesil-dong, Ingye-dong, Jeongja-dong, and Maesan-dong[147]). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall.[148]
There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France[149] and Alleyway in Gwanggyo.[150] Another large centre,Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2024.[151] This mall targets a younger customer base, and incorporates pop-up stores.[152] The first pop-up for the popular game 'Brawl Stars' was held here.[153] The warehouse-style discount store 'Traders' is located in the basement.[154]
In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities.[155][156] Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management,[157] and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.[158]
Suwon Station is served byKTX and other trains on theGyeongbu Line, which connectsSeoul toBusan.[159] From 1930 to 1972, theSuryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju,[160] and from 1937 to 1996, theSuin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon.[160] The Suin Line has since been reconstructed as part of theSeoul Metro.[160][161] Today, three Seoul Metro lines (14 stations) serve Suwon,[162] and there are plans for network expansion. Construction of an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024.[163] Another planned line—theDongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action.[164]
Suwon is also served by two inter-city bus terminals with nationwide connections:Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station,[165] andWest Suwon Bus Terminal in Guun-dong.[166] Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing.[167] Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city.[168] In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks.[169] Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors.[170] Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong.[171]
Suwon is served by several expressways. TheYeongdong Expressway (50) passes through the city, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon.[172] The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on theYongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin,[173] and thePyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok).[174] The Suwon exit of theGyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamedSuwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighboring Yongin.[175]
Suwon has invested in ecological transport.[176] The city was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless public bicycles.[177] Traversing Suwon by bicycle is facilitated by numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. In 2013, Suwon hosted theEcoMobility World Festival. For one month, streets in Haenggung-dong were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.[178] The experiment was not unopposed.[179]
Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon District was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat.[27] Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military.[180] The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan.[181]
While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of thewhite-breasted waterhen.[182] Secondly, theSuwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula—[183][184] was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea.[185] The species is considered endangered.[186][183][184]
Suwon was the birthplace ofChoi Ru-baek [ko] (?–1205), famed for his filial piety,[187][188] and of his noble wife Yŏm Kyŏng-ae (염경애;廉瓊愛, 1100–1146).[189] Also in ancient times, it was the home ofYi Ko (1341–1420), a Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon.[187] More recently, the eminent Silhak scholar and agricultural pioneerWoo Ha-yŏng [ko] (1741–1812) was born in the city[187]
Suwon was the birthplace of many independence activists during the Japanese colonial period. These include Im Myŏnsu (임면수;林勉洙,13 June 1874–29 November 1930),[187] Ch'a Injae (차인재;車仁載, 1895–1971),[190][191]Kim Sehwan [ko] (1889–1945)[187]Kim Hyanghwa [ko] (1897–?),[192][187] Pak Sŏnt'ae (박선태;朴善泰, 1901–1938),[187] Yi Sŏn'gyŏng (이선경;李善卿, 1902–1921),[187] Ch'oe Munsun (최문순;崔文順, 1903–?),[193] Kim Changsŏng (김장성;金長星,7 February 1913–9 March 1932),[187] and Hong Jong-cheol (홍종철;洪鐘哲,26 March 1920–22 July 1989).[187]
The influential feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, and journalistNa Hye-sok (1896–1948) was also born in Suwon[194][187]
Artists from Suwon include Yoon Han-hŭm (윤한흠;尹漢欽, 1923–22 August 2016).[195][196][197] and Kim Sung-bae (김성배;金成培, 1954–).[198]
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