Infinancial regulation, asuspicious activity report(SAR) orsuspicious transaction report (STR) is a report made by afinancial institution about suspicious or potentially suspicious activity as required under laws designed to countermoney laundering,financing of terrorism and otherfinancial crimes. The criteria to decide when a report must be made varies from country to country, but generally, it is anyfinancial transaction that either a) does not make sense to the financial institution; b) is unusual for that particular client; or c) appears to be done only for the purpose of hiding or obfuscating another, separate transaction. The report is filed with that country'sFinancial Intelligence Unit, which is typically a specialist agency designed to collect and analyse transactions and then report these to relevant law enforcement teams.
Front-line staff in the financial institution have the responsibility to identify transactions that may be suspicious and these are reported to a designated person who is responsible for reporting the suspicious transaction. This means that the front line staff can ask questions and in some cases refuse the transaction. However, the financial institution is not allowed to inform the client or parties involved in the transaction that a SAR has been lodged, otherwise known as tipping off under theFinancial Action Task Force's Recommendations.[1]
The Financial Action Task Force's Recommendations are widely recognized as the international standard in anti-money laundering and countering financing terrorism with endorsements from 180 nations.[2]FATF Recommendations set forth essential measures to combat money laundering and to protect domestic and international monetary systems including the application of preventive measures for the financial sector and other designated sectors; and the establishment of powers and responsibilities for the relevant competent authorities (e.g., investigative, law enforcement and supervisory authorities), including guidelines regarding suspicious activity reports.[2]
Most countries have laws that require financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and will have a designated agency to receive them. The agency to which a report is required to be filed for a given country is typically part of thelaw enforcement or financial regulatory department of that country. For example, in theUnited States, suspicious transaction reports[3] must be reported to theFinancial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), an agency of theUnited States Department of the Treasury. FinCEN maintains a team of analysts who meticulously review these Suspicious Activity Reports to detect potential money laundering activities. They also supply informational support to local law enforcement, along with national and international bodies including theInternational Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), theNational White-Collar Crime Center (NWCCC), and theNational Association of Attorneys General (NAAG), facilitating further actions.[4]
In Australia, the Suspicious Matter Report must be reported toAustralian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC), an Australian government agency. A 2020Bank Policy Institute study found that American SARs elicited a response from law enforcement in amedian of 4% of reports and that a tiny subset of those responses resulted in arrest and conviction, suggesting that 90% to 95% of SARs reports werefalse positives of unlawful activity.[5]
European Securities and Markets Authority reported around 52% of Suspicious Transaction and Order Reports in European Union wasinsider trading, whilemarket manipulation was around 47% for 2023.[6]
In 1992, the requirement to file suspicious activity reports (as well as the accompanying impliedgag order) in the United States was added by Section 1517(b) of theAnnunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act (part of theHousing and Community Development Act of 1992,Pub. L. 102–550, 106 Stat. 3762, 4060).[7]
SARs include detailed information about transactions that are or appear to be suspicious. The goal of SAR filings is to help the government identify individuals, groups, and organizations involved in fraud, such asterrorist financing,money laundering, and other crimes. The typical reporting limit for SARs begin at $2000.[8]
The purpose of a suspicious activity report is to detect and report known or suspected violations of law or suspicious activity observed by financial institutions subject to the regulations (for example, the United StatesBank Secrecy Act (BSA)). In many instances, SARs have been instrumental in enabling law enforcement to initiate or supplement major money laundering or terrorist financing investigations and other criminal cases.[9] Information provided in SAR forms also presents governments with a method of identifying emerging trends and patterns associated with financial crimes. The information about those trends and patterns is vital to law enforcement agencies and provides valuable feedback to financial institutions.[9]
Under theUnited States Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), financial institutions are required to assist U.S. government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering, such as:
The report can start with any employee of a financial services institution. The employees are trained to be alert for suspicious activity, such as situations where people are trying to wire money out of the country without identification, or activity by someone with no job who starts depositing large amounts of cash into an account. Employees are trained to ask questions about the transaction and communicate their suspicion up theirchain of command where further decisions are made about whether to file a report or not.[citation needed]
Many different types of finance-related industries are required to file SARs. These include:[10]
Most countries also require other types of transactions to be reported. For example, in the United States, there is aCurrency Transaction Report, which FinCEN requires businesses and individuals to report:[10][11]
In most countries, unauthorized disclosure of a SAR filing is an offense. In the United States, it is specifically a federal criminal offense.[12][13]
Financial institutions are required to undertake an investigation process prior to filing a SAR to ensure that the information reported is appropriate, complete, and accurate. This process will often include review by financial investigators, management and/or attorneys prior to filing.
To encourage complete candor and cooperation, there are disclosure and evidentiary privileges that protect SAR filers. First, an individual or organization is precluded from discovering the existence or contents of a SAR that includes the individual or organization's name. SARs filers are immune from thediscovery process.[14] Second, SAR filers enjoy immunity for all statements made in their SARs, regardless of whether those statements were allegedly made in bad faith.[15][16]
In most countries financial institutions and their employees face civil and criminal penalties for failing to properly file suspicious activity reports, including any combination of fines,[17] regulatory restrictions, loss of banking charter, or imprisonment.
The number of Suspicious Transaction and Order Reports for 2023 was in Germany more than two thousand, in France more than one thousand, and in Sweden more than five hundred, as reported byEuropean Securities and Markets Authority.[6]
