Susette La Flesche | |
|---|---|
| Inshata Theumba"Bright eyes" | |
 La Flesche in 1879 | |
| Born | c. 1854 |
| Died | May 26, 1903 Bancroft, Nebraska |
| Occupations | Writer, lecturer, interpreter, artist |
| Known for | Native American rights activism |
| Spouse | |
| Parent(s) | Joseph LaFlesche and Mary Gale |
| Relatives |
|
Susette La Flesche, laterSusette LaFlesche Tibbles and also calledInshata Theumba, meaning "Bright Eyes" (c. 1854–1903), was a well-knownNative American writer, lecturer, interpreter, and artist of theOmaha tribe inNebraska. La Flesche was aprogressive who was a spokesperson for Native American rights. She was ofPonca,Iowa, French, and Anglo-American ancestry. In 1983, she was inducted into theNebraska Hall of Fame. In 1994, she was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.[1]
Susette, also calledInshata Theumba (Bright Eyes),[2] was born inBellevue, Nebraska in about 1854, the eldest daughter of five children born toJoseph LaFlesche and his wife Mary Gale. Joseph was the son of the Frenchfur trader Joseph La Flesche, a wealthy immigrant from France,[3] and hisPonca wife,Waoowinchtcha, reportedly a relative of the Omaha chiefBig Elk.[4] After some years of trading with the Omaha while working withPeter Sarpy, the younger La Flesche was adopted as a son by the chiefBig Elk. He named him successor to his position. La Flesche, known as "Iron Eyes" became the last traditional chief of theOmaha.[4]
The La Flesches were a "prominent, affluent and acculturated family" among the Omaha.[2] La Flesche and Mary stressed the importance of education for their children: Louis, Susette, Rosalie, Marguerite and Susan,[5] and "favored assimilation".[2] They thought it offered the best future for their people. The La Flesche family supported the missionary schools and white teachers for their children.[5]
As chief, Joseph had a second wifeTa-in-ne (Elizabeth Esau), an Omaha woman, and they married around 1856.[5] The following year, 1857, their son Francis La Flesche was born, followed by other children.[5]
From 1862 to 1869, La Flesche attended Presbyterian Mission Boarding Day School on the reservation where she learned to read, write, and speak in English as well as cook and sew.[6] After thePresbyterian mission school on the reservation closed, Susette La Flesche attended Elizabeth Institute for young ladies, a private school inElizabeth, New Jersey, where she was followed by her younger sisters Marguerite and Susan. Her writing skills were recognized and encouraged during her school years. The New York Tribune published an essay she wrote her senior year.
Susette's siblings also became professionals:Susan LaFlesche Picotte became the first Native American physician and founded the first privately funded hospital on anIndian reservation; andRosalie La Flesche Farley became a financial manager for the Omaha nation, leasing grazing land that was excess to individual household needs. Marguerite LaFlesche Picotte was a teacher on theYankton Sioux reservation, having married Charles Picotte. Their half-brotherFrancis LaFlesche became anethnologist for theSmithsonian Institution, writing about the Omaha and theOsage, and making original recordings of their traditional songs.[7]
As a young woman, Susette La Flesche became more interested in politics and soon graduated and learned how to speak English. She first worked as a teacher on the Omaha reservation. She had always wanted to become a teacher and after graduating from school at the Elizabeth Institute for Young Ladies in New Jersey. After returning home that's where she began to teach, First in the mission school, later at the government school on the Omaha reservation. She also established a Sunday school[8] with the support of William and Julia Hamilton, who were noted to be the Presbyterian missionaries there since 1855.
Since her paternal grandmother and uncle were Ponca, she and her father traveled to Oklahoma to investigate conditions after the tribe's forcedremoval from Nebraska to Indian Territory. (The US government had reassigned the Ponca land in Nebraska to theGreat Sioux Reservation.)
La Flesche worked withThomas Tibbles, an editor with the OmahaWorld Herald, to publicize the poor conditions they found at the southern reservation: the Ponca had been moved too late in the year to plant crops, the government was late with supplies and promised infrastructure and improvements, andmalaria was endemic in the area.[9] Nearly one-third of the tribe died within the first two years as a result of the journey and conditions, among them the oldest son of ChiefStanding Bear. The chief left the Indian Territory with some followers to bury his son in the traditional homeland of Nebraska. They were arrested and confined toFort Omaha, by order of the federal government. Tibbles' coverage of the chief's imprisonment was instrumental in gaining Standing Bearpro bono legal services by two prominent defense attorneys, including the counsel for theUnion Pacific Railroad.[2] Standing Bear filed a suit ofhabeas corpus against the US government, challenging the grounds for his arrest.
In 1879 La Flesche acted asStanding Bear's interpreter during his lawsuit atFort Omaha, Nebraska. She also testified as to conditions on the reservation in Indian Territory.[5] Standing Bear successfully challenged the lack of grounds of his arrest and imprisonment, arguing before theUnited States District Court that Indians were persons under the law, and had all the rights of US citizens. Tibbles attended and reported the case, which gained national attention.[2]Standing Bear v. Crook (1879) was a landmarkcivil rights case, with the judge deciding that Indians had certain rights as "persons" and citizens under the US constitution. She began serving as a witness and interpreter on other cases where Native Americans sued the U.S. government. After this trial, she received the Indian name "Bright Eyes" for her work advocating for her community.[6]
Following the trial, La Flesche and her half-brother Francis accompanied Standing Bear and others on a speaking tour of the eastern United States, organized by Tibbles. In addition to taking turns interpreting for Standing Bear, Susette La Flesche spoke in her own right. During the tour, La Flesche and Tibbles also testified in Washington in 1880 before aCongressional committee about the Ponca removal. La Flesche spoke for the rights of Native Americans.[5] They met prominent American writers, such as the poetHenry Wadsworth Longfellow and writerHelen Hunt Jackson. In 1881 Jackson published a book about US treatment of Native Americans entitledA Century of Dishonor, and in 1884 the novelRamona, based on Indian issues inSouthern California.[2] Longfellow reportedly said of La Flesche, "This could beMinnehaha", referring to the legendary Indian heroine in his poemThe Song of Hiawatha.[5]
In 1887, La Flesche and Tibbles, by then married, accompanied Standing Bear on a 10-month speaking tour of England andScotland.[2] La Flesche continued to act as the chief's interpreter. They were heard by many who wanted to learn more about the American Indian issues in the United States.
After their return to Nebraska, LaFlesche and Tibbles became interested in the growingGhost Dance movement and issues among the restiveSioux bands. They went to thePine Ridge Agency in 1890 and wrote about its conditions, as well as theWounded Knee massacre. This work was likely the peak of LaFlesche's journalism career.[3] She continued to publish articles and columns in papers in Nebraska, including her husband'spopulistThe Independent.
La Flesche and Thomas Tibbles were married in July 1881, after his wife Amelia Owens died. During the next 14 years, the couple spent some time in Washington, DC (1893–1895), but lived mostly in Bancroft, Nebraska to live among the Omaha. While in Washington, La Flesche wrote and lectured on Native American issues. For instance, she gave an address to theAssociation for the Advancement of Women, on "The Position, Occupation, and Culture of Indian Women."[10]
In Nebraska, she spent time farming on her allotment of land as a tribal member on theOmaha Reservation and also writing. Her husband managed her father's property. They lived there most of the time. Until she died on May 26, 1903, at her home in Nebraska at the age of 49.[11]
Starita, Joe. (2010). "I Am A Man", St Martin's Griffin.
Media related toSusette La Flesche at Wikimedia Commons
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